Oltz v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. , 166 Mont. 217 ( 1975 )

531 P.2d 1341 (1975)

Tafford E. OLTZ, Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
TOYOTA MOTOR SALES, U.S.A., INC., and Toyota Motor Company, Ltd., Defendants and Respondents.

No. 12667.

Supreme Court of Montana.

Submitted November 20, 1974. Decided February 18, 1975.

Bennett & Bennett, Lyman H. Bennett, Jr., argued, Bozeman, for plaintiff and appellant.

Berg, Angel, Andriolo & Morgan, Charles F. Angel, argued, Bozeman, for defendants and respondents.

JOHN C. HARRISON, Justice.

This is an appeal from a summary judgment and order of the district court, Gallatin County. This action is a sequel to Brandenburger v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., decided by this Court on August 7, 1973, and reported in Mont., 513 P.2d 268.

In his complaint plaintiff Tafford Oltz sought damages for personal injuries and property damage suffered in the same accident involved in Brandenburger. Recovery was predicated on an alleged breach of implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, negligence, and strict liability in tort. The action was submitted to the court on the pleadings, the transcript of the Brandenburger case and this Court's decision in that case. Both parties requested summary judgment, and the court granted defendants' motion.

Defendants Toyota argue that the jury verdict in Brandenburger finding Oltz guilty of gross negligence which contributed to Brandenburger's death is res judicata on the question of whether Oltz was guilty of any negligent act which contributed to the accident. It is plaintiff's position that a judgment in favor of a plaintiff in an action against two or more defendants is not res judicata or conclusive as to the rights and liabilities of the defendants among themselves in a subsequent action between them, unless those rights and liabilities were expressly put in issue in the first action by a cross claim or other adversary pleading or such issues were tried by consent and determined by judgment in the first action.

The difficulty in plaintiff's position on appeal is that he chose to put his case to decision by a request for a summary judgment in his favor based on Brandenburger. The verdict of the jury and the decision of this Court in Brandenburger are res judicata on certain controlling fact. The facts established in that case are: That Oltz was found grossly negligent in the operation of his vehicle and that such negligence contributed to Brandenburger's death. The effect of this decision is that it is res judicata to all parties in the instant case in that Oltz was grossly negligent and contributed to the death of Brandenburger and Toyota was either guilty of negligence in the manufacture and design or that the vehicle was in a defective and unreasonably unsafe condition, either of which contributed to the death of Brandenburger. We have no way of knowing upon which theory the jury found against Toyota in Brandenburger.

As between the parties here, this Court's decision in Brandenburger made no determination that defendants were strictly liable to plaintiff for any injuries suffered by him. That issue was not before the Court. The decision of this Court found that the doctrine of strict liability in tort was applicable in Montana; that the instructions given on the issue were correct; that there was sufficient evidence to show that the vehicle was in a defective and unreasonably dangerous condition; and, that such condition contributed as a proximate cause of Brandenburger's death.

Having found that plaintiff's gross negligence was a proximate cause of Bradenburger's death, there is no way we can logically find that such gross negligence was not a proximate and contributing cause of his own personal injuries. The test for proximate cause in Montana is the "but for" test. Ford v. Rupple, 161 Mont. 56, 504 P.2d 686. It is obvious the jury in Brandenburger determined that "but for" plaintiff Oltz's gross negligence in operating the Toyota, it would not have left the highway. Therefore, such gross negligence is not only a proximate contributing cause of Brandenburger's death, but also a proximate contributing cause of his own injuries.

We have carefully examined the authorities cited by both parties and hold that where, as here, in a strict liability case involving an alleged manufacturing defect that was unknown to the operator and which apparently had nothing to do with causing the accident in question but merely contributed to the operator's injuries, his own contributory negligence in the operation of the vehicle so as to cause it to leave the highway is a proper defense. Adams v. Ford Motor Co., 103 Ill. App. 2d 356, 243 N.E.2d 843; General Motors Corporation v. Walden, (CCA 10th Cir.1969), 406 F.2d 606.

The summary judgment granted by the trial court is affirmed.

JAMES T. HARRISON, C.J., and DALY and CASTLES, JJ., concur.

HASWELL, Justice (specially concurring):

I concur in the result. However, in my view, the rule of collateral estoppel rather than res judicata is involved here. See: Gessell v. Jones, 149 Mont. 418, 427 P.2d 295, for the distinction.