State v. Beesskove , 34 Mont. 41 ( 1906 )

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BRANTLY

delivered the opinion of the court.

The defendant was, upon his plea of not guilty to an information charging him with murder, found guilty of murder in the first degree, and by the judgment of the court was condemned to death. He has appealed from the judgment and from an order denying him a new trial. He has also attempted to appeal from the order of the court overruling his motion in arrest of judgment. The integrity of the judgment is questioned upon the grounds: That the court erred in overruling defendant’s motion in arrest of judgment, in the admission and exclusion of evidence, in giving and refusing instructions to the jury; that the jury were guilty of misconduct; and that the verdict is contrary to the law and the evidence.

1. Touching the attempted appeal from the order overruling the motion in arrest of judgment, it is sufficient to say that no appeal lies from such an order on behalf of defendant. (Penal Code, sec. 2272.) It is an intermediate order which may be reviewed on appeal from the judgment, and not otherwise. (Penal. Code, see. 2321.)

2. The principal question submitted for decision arises out of the contention of counsel for defendant that the information does not contain sufficient substantial allegations to give the court jurisdiction of the offense of which the defendant was convicted. It is said that no venue is laid in the information, and for that reason it .was insufficient to put the defendant upon his defense.

The information, omitting formal parts, is as follows: “In the district court of the fourth judicial district, in and for Missoula county, Montana, on this 6th day of September, A. D. 1905, in the name and on behalf and by the authority of the state of Montana, K. F. W. Beesskove is accused by the county attorney of Missoula county, Montana, by this information of the crime of murder in the first degree, committed as follows: That said K. F. W. Beesskove did, on or about the 22d day of June, A. D. 1905, willfully, deliberately, feloniously, premeditatedly and of his malice aforethought, make an assault in and upon one William Burrig, and a certain gun then and there loaded with gun-powder and leaden ball, and by him the said K. F. W. Beesskove then and there had and held, he, the said K. F. W. Beesskove, did then and there feloniously, willfully, deliberately, premeditatedly and of his malice aforethought, shoot off and discharge at, upon and against the said William Burrig, with intent then and there to kill and murder the said William Burrig, and with the leaden balls out of the said gun so shot off and discharged, he, the said K. F. W. Beesskove, did then and there feloniously, willfully, deliberately, premeditatedly and of his malice aforethought strike, penetrate and wound the said William Burrig, thereby inflicting in and upon the body of said William Burrig a mortal wound, of which the said mortal wound the said William Burrig did then and there die. All of which is contrary to the form, force and effect of the statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace and dignity of the state of Montana.”

The sufficiency of the information was not challenged by demurrer, nor during the trial by other appropriate method, the question now submitted being first presented in the case by motion in arrest of judgment. This course saved the adverse ruling for review by this court, however, if under the law the allegation of venue is jurisdictional, and if, further, it cannot be understood from the allegations in the information before us that the crime sought to be charged was committed in Missoula county.

It is well settled upon reason and authority that the circumstances of time and place are of the substance of the charge, though, as to the time, it is sufficient if it is charged that the offense was committed at a time prior to the finding of the indictment or the filing of the information. If the time is an essential ingredient of the offense, the allegation must be precise. This was the rule at common law (4 Blackstone’s Commentaries, 307), and has prevailed in the several states of the Union, except where by statute the specific allegation of venue has been declared not essential (State v. Shull, 40 Tenn. 42; Shannon’s Code, Tenn. 1896, sec. 7088), or where the venue stated in the margin or caption is declared sufficient after verdict (Nicholas v. People, 40 Ill. 395; State v. De Lay, 30 Mo. App. 357; State v. Simon, 50 Mo. 370). Mr. Bishop, in his text, declares this to be the rule and cites the cases generally in support of it. (3 Bishop’s Criminal Procedure, 360, and cases collected in note.) The reason of the rule is that the local jurisdiction of the crime is in the county where it is committed, and the charge must show that fact; furthermore, the defendant is entitled to know the cause of the accusation, so that he may prepare his defense. (Const., Art. Ill, sec. 16.)

While in this state much of the particularity required at the common law has been dispensed with, and no defect or imperfection in form, which does not prejudice the substantial rights of the defendant, can affect a judgment of conviction (Penal Code, secs. 1812, 2600), still time and place are essential elements and must be so alleged as to enable a person of common understanding to know what is intended by the eharge (Penal Code, sec. 1832). This is apparent from the provisions of section 1811 of the Penal Code; for among them is the requirement that the indictment or information shall, with the exception stated, allege that the offense was committed within the jurisdiction of the court and at a time prior to the finding of the indictment or the filing of the information. If it be borne in mind that the common law is in force in this, state, except so far as it has been supplanted by oar Codes, the conclusion cannot be escaped that the provisions of the Penal Code cited (sections 1832,1811,1812), and others germane to the subject, while dispensing with mere matters of form, still require all the substantial allegations necessary under the common-law rule.

Does the information before us meet the requirements of this rule? The only mention of' the county is found in the caption in the description of the court in which, and of the officer by whom, the charge is preferred. In the charging part the word “county” is not used at all. The only reference words found there are in the expression “then and there.” The first of these evidently refers to the preceding date alleged as the date of the crime, while the other as clearly refers to some place where the defendant then was, the description or designation of which has been omitted. If such an expression as “in the county aforesaid,” or “said county,” or the like, had been used, the reference to the caption would have been clear and unequivocal, and any person of common understanding would at once conclude that the pleader meant to say that the offense was committed in Missoula county. As it is, it is only by the merest inference that one who has had experience in such things would reach this conclusion.

Under the statute, the charge must be in ordinary and concise language, and so direct as to enable, not those of learning and experience, to understand it, but the man of ordinary understanding (section 1832, supra); for the purpose of the information is not only to state jurisdictional facts, but to inform a man of ordinary understanding what the charge is. We do not think that the information in this case meets these requirements, and therefore conclude that the district court was in error in not granting the motion in arrest of judgment. The result is that the judgment must be reversed, and the eause remanded for a new trial.

3. In aid of the motion for new trial, the defendant filed the affidavits of two jurors, in which both stated in effect that they did not understand the instructions of the court; that, after reading them, they were of the impression that they required the jury to find the defendant guilty either of murder of the first degree or to acquit him; and that, being of the opinion that he should not be acquitted, they voted for the verdict of murder of the first degree, rather than declare him innocent. It is insisted by counsel for defendant that these affidavits show such misconduct on the part of the jury as to entitle the defendant to a new trial on • the ground of such misconduct.

While there is some contrariety in the decisions of courts upon the question whether jurors should be heard to impeach their own verdict, we think reason and great weight of authority condemn the practice which permits it. (See 29 Am & Eng. Ency. of Law, 1008, 1009, with notes.) In any event it should not be tolerated further than the statute permits. (Penal Code, see. 2192.) This section provides for the one exception, namely, eases where the verdict has been decided by lot, or by any means other than a fair expression on the part of all the jurors. In such case the impeaching affidavit may be made by members of the jury. (Code Civ. Proc., see. 1171.) This express exception, under the rule “expressio unius est exclusio alterius,” it would seem excludes all other exceptions. Early in the history of the state, the supreme court of California declared it to be the rule, founded on necessary policy, that such affidavits cannot be admitted to impeach a verdict. (People v. Baker, 1 Cal. 404.) This rule was adhered to until 1862, when the legislature provided for the single exception of the case where the verdict was founded by a resort to chance. With this modification, the rule now prevails. (People v. Azoff, 105 Cal. 632, 39 Pac. 59; People v. Soap, 127 Cal. 408, 59 Pac. 771.) The sections of our statute cited were adopted from that state, and, since the interpretation given to them embodies the better rule,' we approve and adopt it. Beyond this the court ought not to receive such evidence, for the obvious reason that, after the verdict has been rendered, members of the jury would be subject to all sorts of influences intended to induce them to repent of their decision and lend their aid in having it revoked. They might even be tampered with and corrupted so that the integrity of the verdict would rest, not upon the integrity and honesty of the jury during their deliberations, but upon their susceptibility to such influences after their duties have been faithfully performed under their oaths. The case at bar illustrates the danger such practice invites. The court explicitly and clearly instructed the jury, in one paragraph of the charge, that they could find the defendant guilty of any grade of unlawful homicide or acquit him, according to their view of the evidence under their oaths. After reaching a verdict they were brought into court, and through their foreman returned it, all of them answering to their names and concurring therein. Several weeks later two of them solemnly swore that they understood that the instruction meant that they should convict the defendant of murder in the first degree or acquit ,him, leaving them no alternative. Very naturally, the question at once arises: “What influenced these men to do this ? Why did they keep silent so long ? Had they so read the instructions as they swear they did, and forgotten them? Their statements could not be contradicted. The result is that, if their affidavits were to be heard, the court could not do otherwise than grant a new trial on the statements made in them. We think the court properly rejected them as not competent.

4. The court’s rulings upon the admission and exclusion of evidence were correct except in one instance. The homicide was the culmination of a dispute as to the ownership of certain wood, the defendant insisting that it was on ground within the boundaries of his homestead claim on the public land. He had controversies with all of his neighbors as to his rights — among others with one Franklin — and seems to have entertained the idea that the deceased with Franklin and others were engaged in a conspiracy to drive him from the settlement. Franklin was called as a witness to prove that the wood was entirely outside of defendant’s boundaries. Among other things, he testified in chief that he and the defendant had had trouble, but denied that he had ever tried to frighten him. On cross-examination he was asked if he had not told one of the other witnesses that he had done so. He was not permitted to answer. The question as put did not call the attention of the witness to the circumstances of time and place of his alleged statement, so as to lay the ground for the introduction of contradictory evidence, under the statute (Code Civ. Proe., sec. 3380); it was nevertheless legitimate cross-examination, and an answer should have been permitted. (Kipp v. Silverman, 25 Mont. 296, 64 Pac. 884.)

5. The defendant requested an instruction to the effect that, in determining the weight to be given to the testimony of every witness, the jury had a right to consider his appearance on the stand, his manner of testifying, his apparent candor or lack of it, Ms apparent fairness and means of knowledge, together with all the other facts and circumstances appearing in the evidence. The court failed to submit this and gave instead section 3123 of the Code of Civil Procedure, supplemented by an addition to the effect that, if the jury believed that any witness had willfully and deliberately testified falsely to any material matter, they were at liberty to disregard his testimony entirely, except so far as it was corroborated by other credible evidence in the ease. The instruction requested should have been given. It called the attention of the jury particularly to matters which they should consider in weighing the testimony, and the defendant had a right to have this done. In other respects, we think the charge was full and fair, covering all the phases of the case.

6. Though counsel contended earnestly that the verdict is contrary to the evidence, we think it sufficient to go to the jury, and, though it is conflicting in important particulars, we cannot say that their finding thereon was wrong.

The judgment and order are reversed, and the district court is directed to grant the defendant a new trial.

Reversed and remanded.

Mr. Justice Milburn and Mr. Justice Holloway concur.