Nina Coleman v. Department of Homeland Security ( 2023 )

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD
NINA M. COLEMAN, DOCKET NUMBER
Appellant, DA-3443-17-0273-I-1
v.
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND DATE: April 6, 2023
SECURITY,
Agency.
THIS FINAL ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 1
Nina M. Coleman, Dallas, Texas, pro se.
Morgan Kinney, Washington, D.C., for the agency.
BEFORE
Cathy A. Harris, Vice Chairman
Raymond A. Limon, Member
Tristan L. Leavitt, Member 2
FINAL ORDER
¶1 The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which
dismissed her appeal of the agency action removing her from her Disaster
1
A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
significantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contrast, a
precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).
2
Member Leavitt’s name is included in decisions on which the three -member Board
completed the voting process prior to his March 1, 2023 departure.
2
Assistance Employee position because the authority under which she was
appointed specified that that she was appointed “without regard to the provisions
of Title 5.” For the reasons set forth below, we VACATE the initial decision and
DISMISS the appeal for lack of jurisdiction, relying on a different legal basi s
than the administrative judge.
BACKGROUND
¶2 Beginning June 8, 2008, the appellant was continuously employed with the
agency as a Disaster Assistance Employee (DAE) 3 under a series of temporary
appointments. Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 8 at 68‑91, 97. The legal authority
identified on the appellant’s Standard Form (SF) 50 for the appointment is Pub.
L. No. 93-288, known as the Stafford Act. 4 Id. at 97. By a letter dated
February 13, 2017, the appellant was informed that she was terminated, effective
immediately, based on one specification of failure to follow instructions and one
specification of failure to follow a written agency policy. IAF, Tab 8 at 60-63.
The termination letter informed the appellant that, because of the nature of her
appointment under the Stafford Act, she was not entitled to Board appeal rights,
but that she could appeal the final decision to the agency’s Cadre Management
and Training Branch Chief within 5 days. Id. at 62. The letter also informed the
appellant that, if she believed that her termination was the result of prohibited
discrimination, she could file a complaint with the agency’s Equal Employment
Opportunity office. Id.3
The agency noted and the appellant does not dispute that in November 2011, the
agency changed the designation of the DAE position title to “Reservist.” IAF, Tab 8
at 9, 82.
4
The legal authority for the appellant’s appointment was the Disaster Relief Act of
1974 (1974 Act), Pub. L. No. 93-288, 88 Stat 143, which was amended by the Disaster
Relief and Emergency Assistance Amendments of 1988 (1988 Act), Pub. L.
No. 100-707, 102 Stat. 4689. Section 102(a) of the 1988 Act renamed the 1974 Act
“The Robert T. Stafford Disaster and Emergency Assistance Act ” (Stafford Act)
(codified as amended at 42 U.S.C. § 5121 et seq.).
3
¶3 On April 13, 2017, the appellant filed the instant appeal with the Board
challenging her termination. IAF, Tab 1. The agency filed a motion to dismiss
the appeal for lack of jurisdiction. IAF, Tab 8 at 7-19. The administrative judge
informed the appellant in a show cause order that the Board may not have
jurisdiction over her appeal. IAF, Tab 12. The appellant filed a response to the
order. IAF, Tab 14. In an initial decision, the administrative judge dismissed the
appeal for lack of jurisdiction. IAF, Tab 15, Initial Decision (ID). The
administrative judge determined that because the appellant ’s appointment was a
temporary appointment made pursuant to the Stafford Act, her position was
excluded from coverage under chapter 75 of Title 5. ID at 5.
¶4 In reaching this decision, the administrative judge relied on an Office of
Personnel Management (OPM) regulation, 5 C.F.R. § 752.401(d)(12), which
states that “[a]n employee whose agency or position has been excluded from the
appointing provisions of Title 5, United States Code, by separate statutory
authority” is excluded from coverage of 5 U.S.C. chapter 75 unless there is a
provision specifically placing that employee under the protections of chapter 75.
Id. Citing similar language in the Stafford Act authorizing the agency to hire
temporary personnel “without regard to the provisions of Title 5 of the United
States Code,” the administrative judge determined that the Board lacked
jurisdiction to review the appellant’s termination. ID at 5; see 42 U.S.C.
§ 5149(b)(1). The administrative judge also cited Thiess v. Witt, 100 F.3d 915,
916-17 (Fed. Cir. 1996), in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit determined that similar language elsewhere in the Stafford Act excluded
those appellants from coverage under certain provisions of 5 U.S.C. chapter 63
pertaining to leave. ID at 5.
¶5 The appellant has filed a petition for review arguing that the Board has
jurisdiction over her termination appeal and that the agency violated her
Constitutional due process rights in removing her. Petition for Review (PFR)
File, Tab 1 at 4-6. The agency has filed a response in opposition to the
4
appellant’s petition, and she has filed a reply and supplemental reply. PFR File,
Tabs 3-4, 6.
DISCUSSION OF ARGUMENTS ON REVIEW
We vacate the administrative judge’s finding that the language of 42 U.S.C.
§ 5149 precludes Board jurisdiction over the appellant’s appeal of her removal.
¶6 The Board’s jurisdiction is limited to those matters over which it has been
given jurisdiction by law, rule, or regulation. Maddox v. Merit Systems
Protection Board, 759 F.2d 9, 10 (Fed. Cir. 1985). The appellant has the burden
to prove by preponderant evidence that her appeal is within the Board ’s
jurisdiction. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.56(b)(2)(i)(A). A preponderance of the evidence is
that degree of relevant evidence that a reasonable person, considering the record
as a whole, would accept as sufficient to find that a contested fact is more likely
to be true than untrue. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.4(q).
¶7 As noted above, the administrative judge based her decision tha t the Board
lacked jurisdiction over the appellant’s appeal on OPM regulation 5 C.F.R.
§ 752.401(d)(12), coupled with language in the Stafford Act stating that
appointments were made under that hiring authority “without regard to the
provisions of Title 5.” ID at 5. However, in reaching this decision, the
administrative judge did not consider the Federal Circuit’s decision in Lal v.
Merit Systems Protection Board, 821 F.3d 1376 (2016). The appellant in Lal
appealed her removal as a Distinguished Consultant at the Department of Health
and Human Services, which was a position created under a statutory special
appointment authority, 42 U.S.C. § 209(f). Id. at 1377. The administrative judge
dismissed the appeal for lack of Board jurisdiction, concluding that section 209(f)
granted appointments “without regard to civil-service laws,” and that, under
5 C.F.R. § 752.401(d)(12), this language deprived the Board of jurisdiction over
the appellant’s removal appeal. Lal v. Department of Health and Human
Services, MSPB Docket No. DC-0752-14-0852-I-1, Final Order, ¶ 2 (Mar. 25,
2015). The Board agreed, affirming the initial decision. Id., ¶¶ 4-14; Lal,
5
821 F.3d at 1377-78. However, on appeal, the Federal Circuit reversed the Board,
concluding that under the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, Pub. L. No. 95-454,
92 Stat. 1111, and the Civil Service Due Process Amendments of 1990, Pub. L.
No. 101-376, 104 Stat. 461 (codified in relevant part at 5 U.S.C. § 7511), absent a
specific exclusion of appeal rights or exemption from section 7511’s definition of
“employee,” a statute broadly exempting an appointment from “the civil-service
laws” did not strip the Board of jurisdiction to hear an appeal from an adverse
action taken against that employee. Lal, 821 F.3d at 1379-80. Instead, the
Federal Circuit concluded, the Board must look to the language of the
appointment authority to determine whether it included a specific exclusion of
chapter 75 appeal rights. Id. at 1380-81. The court also concluded that to the
extent OPM’s interpretation of 5 C.F.R. § 752.410(d)(12) called for a contrary
result, it had “no force or effect.” Id. at 1381. Concluding that nothing in the
broad statutory language stating that appointments under section 209(f) were
made “without regard to the civil-service laws” exempted the appellant’s position
from section 7511(a)’s definition of “employee,” the Federal Circuit reversed and
remanded the Board’s decision. Id.¶8 Subsequently, in Malloy v. Department of State, 2022 MSPB 14, the Board
applied the Federal Circuit’s decision in Lal for the first time, reversing and
remanding the initial decision dismissing the appellant’s adverse action appeal for
lack of Board jurisdiction. In Malloy, the Board concluded that the implementing
language for the appointment authority at issue in that case only explicitly
excluded “chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of Title 5,” and made no
reference to chapter 75 appeal rights. Id., ¶ 12. Relying on Lal, the Board
concluded that because the appointing authority did not explicitly exclude
appointees from the protections of chapter 75 (specifically, those relating to
removal), as it did with chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53, the appellant
was not precluded from pursuing her appeal rights pursuant to chapter 75. Id.
6
¶9 In the instant case, the administrative judge observed that the Stafford Act
authorized agencies to hire temporary personnel “without regard to the provisions
of Title 5,” and to “employ experts and consultants in accordance with [ 5 U.S.C.
§ 3109], without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of
chapter 53 [of Title 5] . . . .” ID at 5; see 5 U.S.C. § 5149(b)(1). Relying on this
language, as well as OPM’s language in 5 C.F.R. § 752.401(d)(12), the
administrative judge concluded that the Board lacked the authority to review the
termination of any employee hired under the Stafford Act, including the
appellant. ID at 5. Although not noted by the administrative judge, significantly,
the language of the Stafford Act does not exclude such employees from the
coverage of chapter 75.
¶10 In light of the Federal Circuit’s decision in Lal, and the Board’s decision in
Malloy, the administrative judge’s conclusion—that the “without regard to the
provisions of Title 5” language in the Stafford Act appointing authority
categorically precluded Board review of the termination of any employee hired
under the Act—was in error. Instead, as the Board noted in Malloy, to decide
whether an agency action falls within the coverage of chapter 75, the statutory
language authorizing the employee’s appointment must be examined to discern
whether the action is specifically excluded from the coverage of chapter 75. See
Lal, 821 F.3d at 1379-81; Malloy, 2022 MSPB 14, ¶¶ 9-13. We therefore vacate
the administrative judge’s finding in this regard.
We dismiss the appellant’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction because she does not
meet the statutory definition of “employee” under 5 U.S.C. § 7511(a)(1).
¶11 Although the holdings in Lal and Malloy instruct that the “without regard to
the provisions of Title 5” language of the Stafford Act is insufficient to
categorically exclude individuals appointed under that act from chapter 75
coverage, nothing in either decision altered the appellant’s obligation to
otherwise demonstrate that she meets the definition of an “employee” with
chapter 75 appeal rights in order to prove that the Board has jurisdiction over her
7
appeal. Specifically, the appellant still must show that she is an “employee” with
Board appeal rights as defined by 5 U.S.C. § 7511(a)(1). See Lal, 821 F.3d
at 1379-81.
¶12 The appellant argued below that the she qualifies as an “employee” under
section 7511(a)(1) because she was (1) an individual in the excepted service, who
(2) was not serving a probationary or trial period under an initial appointment
pending conversion to the competitive service. IAF, Tab 4 at 3; see ID at 3.
Under 5 U.S.C. § 7511(a)(1)(C), a nonpreference eligible in the excepted service
only qualifies as an “employee” with Board appeal rights if she:
(i) is not serving a probationary or trial period under an initial
appointment pending conversion to the competitive service; or
(ii) has completed 2 years of current continuous service in the same
or similar positions in an Executive agency under other than a
temporary appointment limited to 2 years or less.
5 U.S.C. § 7511(a)(1)(C). The Board has jurisdiction if either 5 U.S.C.
§ 7511(a)(1)(C)(i) or (ii) is satisfied. Van Wersch v. Department of Health and
Human Services, 197 F.3d 1144, 1151 (Fed. Cir. 1999).
¶13 As the administrative judge correctly noted, the appellant did not provide
any evidence demonstrating that she was serving in a probationary or trial period
or that her position was one that was pending conversion to the competitive
service. ID at 2. Instead, the administrative judge noted that the appointments
each had a “not to exceed date” and thus were temporary appointments in the
excepted service. ID at 2, 5. Indeed, as the administrative judge noted, the
condition-of-employment document signed by the appellant prior to the effective
date of her first temporary appointment states that the appellant’s appointment is
a “temporary civil service excepted position,” and that the appellant could be
“terminated at any time, with cause . . . or without ca use . . . .” ID at 2; IAF,
Tab 8 at 103.
¶14 Reviewing the SF-50s in the appellant’s submitted personnel file, the
administrative judge also observed that the SF-50 documenting the appellant’s
8
first temporary appointment identified her appointment as a “not to exceed”
(NTE) appointment. 5 ID at 2. Additionally, box 34 of each of the SF-50s
documenting the subsequent temporary appointment renewals identified the
appointment type as within the excepted service, the appellant’s tenure as “none,”
and her work schedule as “intermittent.” IAF, Tab 8 at 72, 75, 78, 82-83, 86, 89,
97. Each of the appellant’s temporary appointments also specified an NTE date
that was less than 2 years in the future, and none of the appointments exceeded a
2-year period, disqualifying the appellant from coverage under
section 7511(a)(1)(C)(ii). Id.; see Roy v. Merit Systems Protection Board,
672 F.3d 1378, 1381 (2012) (noting that the language of section 7511(a)(1)(c)(ii)
“leaves no room to doubt that the two-year continuity requirement must be
satisfied by service in the same or similar permanent positions”) (emphasis in
original); see also OPM Guide to Processing Personnel Actions, 6 Ch. 35 at 15,
available at https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/data-analysis-
documentation/personnel-documentation/processing-personnel-actions/gppa35.
pdf (noting that a temporary appointment is one made for a limited period of time
with a specific NTE date determined by the authority under which the
appointment is made).
¶15 Further, nothing in the language of the Stafford Act specifies that
appointments made under the Act are subject to a probationary or trial period or
that they are positions “pending conversion to the competitive service.” See
5
Although “the SF-50 is not a legally operative document controlling on its face an
employee’s status and rights,” it still can be considered as evidence when determining
the nature of an action. Grigsby v. Department of Commerce, 729 F.2d 772, 776 (Fed.
Cir. 1984).
6
While OPM guides and handbooks lack the force of law, the Board has held that they
are entitled to deference in proportion to their power to persuade. See Warren v.
Department of Transportation, 116 M.S.P.R. 554, ¶ 7 n.2 (2011) (addressing an OPM
retirement handbook), aff’d, 493 F. App’x 105 (Fed. Cir. 2013); Luten v. Office of
Personnel Management, 110 M.S.P.R. 667, ¶ 9 n.3 (2009) (granting “some deference”
to an OPM retirement handbook). Here, OPM’s Guide is persuasive as to its definition
of a temporary appointment).
9
generally 42 U.S.C. § 5121 et seq. To the contrary, the statutory provisions of
the Stafford Act grant agencies the authority to appoint “temporary personnel,
experts, and consultants” and to incur obligations “arising out of the temporary
employment of additional personnel . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 5149(b) (emphasis
added).
¶16 Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal for lack of Board jurisdiction because
the appellant has failed to demonstrate that she meets the statutory definition of
an “employee” with Board appeal rights under 5 U.S.C. § 7511(a)(1). 7
NOTICE OF APPEAL RIGHTS 8
You may obtain review of this final decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(a)(1). By
statute, the nature of your claims determines the time limit for seeking such
review and the appropriate forum with which to file. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b).
Although we offer the following summary of available appeal rights, the Meri t
Systems Protection Board does not provide legal advice on which option is most
appropriate for your situation and the rights described below do not represent a
statement of how courts will rule regarding which cases fall within their
jurisdiction. If you wish to seek review of this final decision, you should
immediately review the law applicable to your claims and carefully follow all
filing time limits and requirements. Failure to file within the applicable time
limit may result in the dismissal of your case by your chosen forum.
7
It appears that the appellant is requesting to join an Individual Right of Action (IRA)
appeal to this matter. PFR File, Tab 6 at 3; see Coleman v. Department of Homeland
Security, MSPB Docket No. DA-1221-17-0500-W-1. However, because the Board lacks
jurisdiction over the appellant’s removal appeal in the instant case, her request is
denied. The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision in her IRA
appeal and the Board will issue a separate decision in that case.
8
Since the issuance of the initial decision in this matter, the Board may have updated
the notice of review rights included in final decisions. As indicated in the notice, the
Board cannot advise which option is most appropriate in any matter.
10
Please read carefully each of the three main possible choices of review
below to decide which one applies to your particular case. If you have questions
about whether a particular forum is the appropriate one to review your case, you
should contact that forum for more information.
(1) Judicial review in general. As a general rule, an appellant seeking
judicial review of a final Board order must file a petition for review with the U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which must be received by the court
within 60 calendar days of the date of issuance of this decision. 5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(1)(A).
If you submit a petition for review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit, you must submit your petition to the court at the
following address:
U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
717 Madison Place, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20439
Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.
(2) Judicial or EEOC review of cases involving a claim of
discrimination. This option applies to you only if you have claimed that you
11
were affected by an action that is appealable to the Board and that such action
was based, in whole or in part, on unlawful discrimination. If so, you may obtain
judicial review of this decision—including a disposition of your discrimination
claims—by filing a civil action with an appropriate U.S. district court (not the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit), within 30 calendar days after you
receive this decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2); see Perry v. Merit Systems
Protection Board, 582 U.S. ____ , 137 S. Ct. 1975 (2017). If you have a
representative in this case, and your representative receives this decision before
you do, then you must file with the district court no later than 30 calendar days
after your representative receives this decision. If the action involves a claim of
discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, or a disabling
condition, you may be entitled to representation by a court-appointed lawyer and
to waiver of any requirement of prepayment of fees, costs, or other security. See
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f) and 29 U.S.C. § 794a.
Contact information for U.S. district courts can be found at their respe ctive
websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.
Alternatively, you may request review by the Equal Employme nt
Opportunity Commission (EEOC) of your discrimination claims only, excluding
all other issues. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). You must file any such request with the
EEOC’s Office of Federal Operations within 30 calendar days after you receive
this decision. 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1). If you have a representative in this case,
and your representative receives this decision before you do, then you must file
with the EEOC no later than 30 calendar days after your representative receives
this decision.
If you submit a request for review to the EEOC by regular U.S. mail, th e
address of the EEOC is:
12
Office of Federal Operations
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
P.O. Box 77960
Washington, D.C. 20013
If you submit a request for review to the EEOC via commercial delivery or
by a method requiring a signature, it must be addressed to:
Office of Federal Operations
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
131 M Street, N.E.
Suite 5SW12G
Washington, D.C. 20507
(3) Judicial review pursuant to the Whistleblower Protection
Enhancement Act of 2012. This option applies to you only if you have raised
claims of reprisal for whistleblowing disclosures under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or
other protected activities listed in 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D).
If so, and your judicial petition for review “raises no challenge to the Board’s
disposition of allegations of a prohibited personnel practice described in
section 2302(b) other than practices described in section 2302(b)(8), or
2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D),” then you may file a petition for judicial
review either with the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or any court
of appeals of competent jurisdiction. 9 The court of appeals must receive your
petition for review within 60 days of the date of issuance of this decision.
5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(B).
9
The original statutory provision that provided for judicial review of certain
whistleblower claims by any court of appeals of competent jurisdiction expired on
December 27, 2017. The All Circuit Review Act, signed into law by the President on
July 7, 2018, permanently allows appellants to file petitions for judicial review of
MSPB decisions in certain whistleblower reprisal cases with the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit or any other circuit court of appeals of competent jurisdiction.
The All Circuit Review Act is retroactive to November 26, 2017. Pub. L. No. 115 -195,
132 Stat. 1510.
13
If you submit a petition for judicial review to the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Federal Circuit, you must submit your petition to the court at the
following address:
U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
717 Madison Place, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20439
Additional information about the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit is available at the court’s website, www.cafc.uscourts.gov. Of particular
relevance is the court’s “Guide for Pro Se Petitioners and Appellants,” which is
contained within the court’s Rules of Practice, and Forms 5, 6, 10, and 11.
If you are interested in securing pro bono representation for an appeal to
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, you may visit our website at
http://www.mspb.gov/probono for information regarding pro bono representation
for Merit Systems Protection Board appellants before the Federal Circuit. The
Board neither endorses the services provided by any attorney nor warrants that
any attorney will accept representation in a given case.
Contact information for the courts of appeals can be found at their
respective websites, which can be accessed through the link below:
http://www.uscourts.gov/Court_Locator/CourtWebsites.aspx.
FOR THE BOARD: /s/ for
Jennifer Everling
Acting Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.