Renee Nelson v. Department of Defense ( 2024 )


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  •                       UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
    MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD
    RENEE NELSON,                                   DOCKET NUMBER
    Appellant,                  DC-1221-21-0486-W-1
    v.
    DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE,                          DATE: March 20, 2024
    Agency.
    THIS ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 1
    Renee Nelson , Silver Spring, Maryland, pro se.
    Lauren S. Ruby , Falls Church, Virginia, for the agency.
    BEFORE
    Cathy A. Harris, Chairman
    Raymond A. Limon, Vice Chairman
    REMAND ORDER
    The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which
    dismissed her individual right of action (IRA) appeal for lack of jurisdiction . For
    the reasons discussed below, we GRANT the appellant’s petition for review,
    VACATE the initial decision, and REMAND the case to the Washington Regional
    Office for further adjudication in accordance with this Remand Order.
    1
    A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
    significantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
    but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
    required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contrast, a
    precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
    as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 
    5 C.F.R. § 1201.117
    (c).
    2
    BACKGROUND
    The appellant is employed as a GS-12 Program Analyst at the agency’s
    National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM) in Silver Spring, Maryland.
    Nelson v. Department of Defense, MSPB Docket No. DC-1221-21-0486-W-1,
    Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 1 at 2.      On September 19, 2020, she filed a
    whistleblower reprisal complaint with the Office of Special Counsel (OSC)
    alleging that the agency retaliated against her for her protected disclosures and
    activities. 
    Id. at 54
    . In April 2021, OSC issued a final determination letter on
    that complaint, OSC complaint number MA-20-2763, and closed out its
    investigation. 
    Id. at 21
    .
    The appellant filed the instant IRA appeal and provided more than 1,000
    pages of documents with her appeal.       IAF, Tab 1.     The administrative judge
    issued an order notifying the appellant of her jurisdictional burden and instructed
    her to file a concise statement detailing the elements of her claim, including a list
    of each alleged protected activity and personnel action. IAF, Tab 3 at 1-7. The
    appellant filed a response to the jurisdictional order and noted that OSC had
    issued another close-out letter in another complaint, OSC complaint number
    MA-21-1550. IAF, Tab 14 at 1, 11-12. The administrative judge subsequently
    issued an order separately docketing the appellant’s claims related to that OSC
    complaint as a new appeal, reasoning that the two appeals should not be joined
    because they involved different protected activities and disclosures and different
    personnel actions. IAF, Tab 15; see Nelson v. Department of Defense, MSPB
    Docket No. DC-1221-22-0024-W-1, Initial Appeal File (0024 IAF), Tab 3 at 1.
    After    considering    the    appellant’s   jurisdictional   pleadings,   the
    administrative judge issued an initial decision concluding that the appellant failed
    to meet her burden of proving Board jurisdiction over the instant appeal. IAF,
    Tab 17, Initial Decision (ID) at 1-10.     Specifically, he acknowledged that the
    appellant had filed a complaint with OSC and received a close-out letter advising
    her of her Board appeal rights. ID at 2-3; IAF, Tab 1 at 21-22. He also noted
    3
    that OSC’s close-out letter identified that the appellant alleged she had been
    subjected to retaliation for protected whistleblowing disclosures under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(8) and protected activity under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(9), including her
    filing of a prior Board IRA appeal in 2016 and contacting the agency’s Office of
    the Inspector General (OIG). ID at 2-3. However, the administrative judge did
    not make any findings regarding whether she exhausted her administrative
    remedy with OSC regarding these claims. Instead, he concluded that OSC had
    declined to investigate the appellant’s allegations of whistleblower retaliation
    because they were duplicative of issues that she raised her 2016 IRA appeal, and
    also declined to take corrective action in connection with the appellant’s claims
    under section 2302(b)(9). ID at 3.
    After reviewing the OSC close-out letter and the appellant’s jurisdictional
    pleadings, the administrative judge implicitly concluded that the appellant
    nonfrivolously     alleged   that   she   engaged   in   protected   activity   under
    section 2302(b)(9) in connection with her prior IRA appeal and her contacts with
    the OIG. ID at 4, 7. Regarding potential personnel actions, the administrative
    judge analyzed the appellant’s claim that she was subjected to a hostile work
    environment and acknowledged that the creation of a hostile work environment
    can constitute a personnel action in an IRA appeal. ID at 6. He nevertheless
    concluded that the appellant failed to nonfrivolously allege that the hostile work
    environment “took place on account of” her protected activity, and so she failed
    to meet her jurisdictional burden. ID at 4, 6-10. Consequently, he dismissed the
    appeal for lack of jurisdiction without holding the appellant’s requested hearing.
    ID at 1-2, 10.
    The appellant filed a petition for review. Petition for Review (PFR) File,
    Tab 1.     The agency has filed a response to the petition for review and the
    appellant has filed a reply. PFR File, Tabs 3-4.
    4
    DISCUSSION OF ARGUMENTS ON REVIEW
    On review, the appellant argues that the administrative judge erred by
    obligating her to prove more than was required and by separately adjudicating her
    three pending IRA appeals, thereby diminishing the strength of her claims. PFR
    File, Tab 1 at 1-8.   She also provides a chronological timeline of the events
    underlying each of her three IRA appeals, detailing her numerous purported
    disclosures, activities, and retaliatory personnel actions.   
    Id. at 12-30
    .   The
    appellant also identifies a number of statutory and regulatory provisions that she
    appears to believe the agency violated. 
    Id. at 9-12
    . Finally, she argues that the
    administrative judge abused his discretion and exhibited bias by staying
    discovery, thus preventing her from obtaining information related to her case. 
    Id. at 6-7
    .
    The administrative judge did not err by declining to join the appellant’s other
    pending Board appeals.
    The Board is authorized to join two or more appeals filed by the same
    appellant and hear and decide them concurrently if it determines that joinder
    would result in the appeals being processed more quickly and “would not
    adversely affect any party.    McCarthy v. International Boundary and Water
    Commission, 
    116 M.S.P.R. 594
    , ¶ 10 (2011) (quoting 
    5 U.S.C. § 7701
    (f)(2)),
    aff’d, 
    497 F. App’x 4
     (Fed. Cir. 2012); 
    5 C.F.R. § 1201.36
    (a)(2), (b).        The
    decision whether to join appeals is a matter of the sound discretion of the
    administrative judge in accordance with this guidance. McCarthy, 
    116 M.S.P.R. 594
    , ¶ 10.
    Regarding the appellant’s argument that her three pending Board appeals
    should have been considered together and that the administrative judge erred by
    declining to join her appeals, the first of her three appeals, MSPB Docket
    No. PH-1221-16-0453-W-1, was filed in September 2016, the initial decision was
    issued in 2017, four years prior to the appellant filing her second and third
    appeals, and a separate Board decision has already been issued in that appeal.
    5
    PFR File, Tab 1 at 1-8. Additionally, the responding agency in that appeal is the
    Department of the Army, while the Department of Defense (DoD) is the
    responding agency in this appeal and the third appeal, MSPB Docket
    No. DC-1221-22-0024-W-1.       Thus, the first appeal was correctly adjudicated
    separately.
    With respect to the instant appeal and the 0024 appeal, as the
    administrative judge noted in the order separately docketing the instant appeal,
    the claims contained in this appeal concern separate allegations of wrongdoing
    primarily related to the appellant’s allegation that she was subjected to a hostile
    work environment in retaliation for her first Board appeal and for cooperating
    with the agency’s OIG, while the 0024 appeal concerns her claim that she was
    subjected to a background investigation in retaliation for her disclosures
    concerning the agency’s collection of employee COVID-19 vaccination status
    information. IAF, Tab 15. The appellant also filed separate complaints with the
    Office of Special Counsel (OSC) and received separate OSC close-out letters
    concerning each of these claims. Compare IAF, Tab 1 at 21-22, 39, 54-55, with
    0024 IAF, Tab 1 at 14, Tab 10 at 69-72.
    Further, the record reflects that although the appellant identified the
    allegations that later became the basis for the 0024 appeal in her response to
    OSC’s close-out letter in the instant appeal, OSC’s investigating attorneys noted
    that it appeared the appellant was attempting to raise a new whistleblower
    retaliation claim at that time and informed her on two separate occasions that she
    could file a new complaint with OSC if she wished to separately pursue that
    claim. IAF, Tab 1 at 127, 133-34. Sometime after May 4, 2021, and prior to
    June 10, 2021, the appellant filed a new complaint, OSC complaint number
    MA-21-1550, which served as the basis for the 0024 appeal.          
    Id. at 133-34
    ;
    0024 IAF, Tab 1 at 14-15.      Because we agree that the two appeals concern
    distinct claims that the appellant separately raised and exhausted with OSC, we
    6
    do not find that the administrative judge abused his discretion in separately
    adjudicating the 0024 appeal and the instant appeal. ID at 2 n.1.
    The appellant exhausted her administrative remedy with OSC.
    To establish jurisdiction in an IRA appeal, an appellant must show by
    preponderant evidence that she exhausted her remedies before OSC and make
    nonfrivolous allegations of the following: (1) she made a disclosure described
    under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(8) or engaged in a protected activity described under
    
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D); and (2) the disclosure or protected
    activity was a contributing factor in the agency’s decision to take or fail to take a
    personnel action as defined by 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (a).        Corthell v. Department of
    Homeland Security, 
    123 M.S.P.R. 417
    , ¶ 8 (2016), overruled on other grounds by
    Requena v. Department of Homeland Security , 
    2022 MSPB 39
    . A nonfrivolous
    allegation is an allegation of “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a
    claim that is plausible on its face.” Hessami v. Merit Systems Protection Board,
    
    979 F.3d 1362
    , 1364, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2020); see 
    5 C.F.R. § 1201.4
    (s) (defining a
    nonfrivolous allegation as an assertion that, if proven, could establish the matter
    at issue). Any doubt or ambiguity as to whether the appellant made nonfrivolous
    jurisdictional allegations should be resolved in favor of finding jurisdiction.
    Skarada v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 
    2022 MSPB 17
    , ¶ 6 (2022).
    The Board generally first considers whether the appellant established that
    she exhausted her administrative remedy with OSC before turning to consider
    whether her claims constitute nonfrivolous allegations of protected disclosures or
    protected activities. See Carney v. Department of Veterans Affairs , 
    121 M.S.P.R. 446
    , ¶¶ 4-5 (2014) (stating that the first element to Board jurisdiction over an
    IRA appeal is exhaustion by the appellant of her administrative remedies before
    OSC and that the next requirement is that she nonfrivolously allege that she made
    a protected disclosure or engaged in protected activity).
    To satisfy the exhaustion requirement of 
    5 U.S.C. § 1214
    (a)(3), an
    appellant must have provided OSC with a sufficient basis to pursue an
    7
    investigation into her allegations of whistleblower reprisal.          Chambers v.
    Department of Homeland Security, 
    2022 MSPB 8
    , ¶ 10.              An appellant may
    demonstrate exhaustion through her initial OSC complaint or correspondence
    with OSC. 
    Id.,
     ¶ 11 & n.7. She need only show that she advised OSC of the
    “core of [her] retaliation claim,” thus giving “OSC sufficient basis to pursue an
    investigation.” Briley v. National Archives and Records Administration , 
    236 F.3d 1373
    , 1377-78 (Fed. Cir. 2001); see Chambers, 
    2022 MSPB 8
    , ¶ 10 (explaining
    that the appellant may give a more detailed account of his whistleblowing
    activities before the Board than he did to OSC (citing Briley, 
    236 F.3d at 1378
    )).
    The purpose of requiring an appellant to exhaust her remedies with OSC before
    filing an IRA appeal with the Board is to give OSC “the opportunity to take
    corrective action before involving the Board in the case.” 
    Id.
     Thus, “the Board’s
    jurisdiction over an IRA appeal . . . is . . . limited to those issues that have been
    previously raised with OSC.” 
    Id.
     Accordingly, we will first consider whether the
    appellant exhausted her administrative remedy with OSC and, if so, then consider
    whether she made nonfrivolous allegations that she made a protected disclosure
    or engaged in a protected activity that was a contributing factor to an agency
    personnel action. See Salerno, 
    123 M.S.P.R. 230
    , ¶ 5.
    The administrative judge did not make specific findings concerning which
    of the appellant’s protected disclosures or activities and personnel actions she
    exhausted with OSC, and instead concluded that she failed to nonfrivolously
    allege that she was subjected to a hostile work environment based on any
    potential protected activity. ID at 1-2, 10. In so doing, the administrative judge
    identified the appellant’s protected disclosures or activities under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(9) as her filing of several OIG complaints, a prior OSC complaint, and
    her 2016 Board IRA appeal. ID at 7.
    Although the appellant did not set forth a concise explanation of her
    purported disclosures and activities as requested by the administrative judge, she
    did provide detailed narrative statements and timelines identifying her various
    8
    disclosures and activities. IAF, Tab 1 at 8-19, Tab 4 at 3-12, Tab 7 at 1-10. She
    also   indicated   that   she   provided   specific   allegations   and   supporting
    documentation to OSC, and her correspondence with OSC included in the record
    reflects that she provided supporting information to OSC. IAF, Tab 1 at 46-53,
    97, Tab 4 at 7, Tab 7 at 9.
    Based on our review of the appellant’s lengthy initial appeal, we find that
    she exhausted the following alleged protected disclosures and activities with
    OSC: (1) in November 2015 and January 2017, she filed DoD OIG complaints,
    which were referred to the Department of the Army Inspector General regarding,
    among other things, alleged inaccurate Army Regulation 15-6 investigation
    results, destruction of evidence, interference with her equal employment
    opportunity (EEO) complaint process, being subjected to repeated harassment and
    retaliation, the U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command’s (MRMC)
    refusal to investigate her complaints, being denied evidence demonstrating that
    her agency shared her private protected employee information and private health
    information with individuals without a need to know, and the agency sabotaging
    her Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs (OWCP) worker’s compensation
    claim, IAF, Tab 1 at 463-65, 616-17, 855-58; (2) she filed a complaint with OSC
    alleging whistleblower reprisal in April 2015, 
    id. at 23
    ; Nelson v. Department of
    the Army, MSPB Docket No. PH-1221-16-0453-W-1, Initial Appeal File
    (0453 IAF), Tab 1 at 10; (3) she filed an IRA appeal with the Board in July 2016,
    IAF, Tab 1 at 47-48, 54, 68; (4) in 2016-2018 and 2019-2020 she submitted
    Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests seeking information regarding
    potential violations of the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) and Joint
    Ethics Regulations (JER) by agency contractors, 
    id. at 104
    ; and (5) on March 28,
    2017, she filed a complaint with the OIG for the Defense Health Agency (DHA)
    alleging harassment and retaliation by her supervisor for her prior ongoing
    whistleblowing activity, 
    id. at 62-69
    . The appellant certified to the truthfulness
    of the statements in her initial appeal. IAF, Tab 1 at 7; 0453 IAF, Tab 1 at 6.
    9
    Accordingly, we find that the appellant established by preponderant evidence that
    she exhausted her administrative remedy with OSC regarding these claims.
    As with the appellant’s alleged protected disclosures and activities, the
    administrative judge did not make a specific finding regarding whether the
    appellant exhausted with OSC any of the challenged personnel actions.         The
    administrative judge determined that the only challenged personnel action was the
    appellant’s claim that she was subjected to a hostile work environment, referring
    to OSC’s close out letter. ID at 1-4. In describing the appellant’s hostile work
    environment claim, the administrative judge characterized the claim as
    encompassing “general and sweeping” allegations of wrongdoing, including as
    examples, her allegations that agency officials denied her access to training,
    falsified and withheld information regarding training, attempted to access private
    medical and personal information, subjected her to unsubstantiated complaints,
    and engaged in a host of other wrongdoing. ID at 8-9.
    Although many of these alleged agency actions could be characterized as
    aspects of her hostile work environment claim, the appellant’s jurisdictional
    pleadings also include additional allegations that could, alone, constitute
    personnel actions.    Based on our review of the appellant’s jurisdictional
    pleadings, we find that she also exhausted the following alleged personnel actions
    with OSC: (1) beginning in 2014 or 2015 through the present, agency officials,
    including the appellant’s supervisor and other agency managers and Office of
    General Counsel (OGC) attorneys responsible for representing the agency in her
    prior IRA appeal, created a hostile work environment by failing to act or
    intervene on her behalf, conducting unlawful or incomplete investigations,
    requiring her to complete an unnecessary financial disclosure form, sabotaging
    her complaints, improperly attempting to obtain her medical records and OWCP
    information, and failing to properly process her OWCP injury claims, among
    other things, IAF, Tab 1 at 48, 54, 434, 615, Tab 4 at 7-9; PFR File, Tab 1 at 15;
    (2) she was denied a 2014 annual performance appraisal or bonus after NMHM
    10
    officials stripped her of her work duties without an alternative duty assignment or
    position description, IAF, Tab 1 at 350-56, 675, Tab 4 at 6; (3) her supervisor
    issued her a verbal and written reprimand on February 24, 2014, IAF, Tab 1
    at 360, 434; (4) she received downgraded 2015, 2016, and 2017 performance
    evaluations, IAF, Tab 1 at 9, 350, 411-12, 573; PFR File, Tab 1 at 15-17; (5) from
    March 28 through July 2017, her supervisor threatened her with discipline if she
    did not violate ethics regulations, IAF, Tab 4 at 7-8; PFR File, Tab 1 at 16;
    (6) she was denied a requested reasonable accommodation of telework for her
    February 24, 2014 workplace injury on various occasions, including in May and
    June 2014, March 28 through July 2017, and February 2020, IAF, Tab 1 at 48,
    Tab 4 at 7-8; and (7) at some point between March 28 and July 2017, she was
    threatened with discipline for participating in mandatory teamwork and workplace
    bullying training workshops, IAF, Tab 1 at 978-80, Tab 4 at 7-8. Consequently,
    we conclude that the appellant exhausted the above claims with OSC.
    The appellant nonfrivolously alleged that she engaged in protected activities and
    was subjected to covered personnel actions.
    The appellant nonfrivolously alleged that she engaged in protected
    activities under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(9).
    Under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(9)(C), it is a prohibited personnel practice to
    take an action against an employee because that employee “disclos[ed]
    information to the Inspector General . . . of an agency, or the Special Counsel, in
    accordance with applicable provisions of law.”      As set forth in greater detail
    above, the administrative judge correctly found, and the parties do not dispute on
    review, that the appellant engaged in protected activity under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(9) with respect to her 2015 through 2017 DoD and DHA OIG
    complaints and her 2015 OSC complaint. ID at 7; supra pp. 7-8; see Pridgen v.
    Office of Management and Budget, 
    2022 MSPB 31
    , ¶ 62 (clarifying that, under
    
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(9)(C), any disclosure of information to OSC is protected,
    regardless of the content).
    11
    Further, it is undisputed that the appellant alleged whistleblower reprisal in
    her 2016 Board IRA appeal, and so that prior appeal constitutes a protected
    activity under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(9)(A)(i), which includes the exercise of any
    appeal, complaint, or grievance right with regard to remedying a claim of
    whistleblower reprisal.      Nelson v. Department of the Army, PH-1221-16-0453-
    W-1, Initial Decision at 1-6 (Mar. 12, 2024); 0453 IAF, Tab 15; see Clay v.
    Department of the Army, 
    123 M.S.P.R. 245
    , ¶ 10 (2016) (explaining that a claim
    of retaliation for filing a prior Board appeal that included a claim of
    whistleblower     reprisal     was        a     protected    activity      under     
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(9)(A)(i)); Mudd v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 
    120 M.S.P.R. 365
    ,
    ¶ 7 (2013) (recognizing that the WPEA expanded the Board’s IRA jurisdiction to
    include reprisal for activity under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(A)(i)).
    Regarding the appellant’s filing of FOIA requests for information
    concerning potential FAR/JER violations by agency contractors during the period
    from 2016 through 2018 and 2019-2020, we conclude that this is not a protected
    disclosure under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(8).                While the Board has held that a
    disclosure of a violation of FOIA may constitute a protected disclosure under
    
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(8), the appellant has not pointed to any Board precedent, and
    we are aware of none, finding that the mere act of filing a request for information
    under FOIA, without more, constitutes a protected disclosure under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(8), even if her decision to do so was based on a personal belief that the
    request would produce evidence of illegality.            Cf. Bump v. Department of the
    Interior,   
    64 M.S.P.R. 326
    ,   332       (1994)   (concluding      that   the   appellant
    nonfrivolously alleged that he made a protected disclosure based on his specific
    allegations that the agency was violating FOIA).
    The appellant’s filing of a FOIA request also does not constitute protected
    activity under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(9) because a request for information under
    FOIA is not the “exercise of any appeal, complaint, or grievance right,” and does
    not concern “remedying a violation of [
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(8)].”                 See 5 U.S.C.
    12
    § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i); Graves v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 
    123 M.S.P.R. 434
    ,
    ¶ 18 (2016) (finding that the appellant had not exercised any appeal, complaint,
    or grievance right as described in section 2302(b)(9) when the appellant’s actions
    did not constitute an initial step toward taking legal action against an employer
    for a perceived violation of employment rights); cf. Mattison v. Department of
    Veterans Affairs, 
    123 M.S.P.R. 492
    , ¶¶ 7-8 (2016) (finding that the appellant’s
    claim of retaliation for filing a FOIA appeal in which he did not seek to remedy
    whistleblower reprisal arose under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(9)(A)(ii)). Accordingly,
    we find that the appellant nonfrivolously alleged that she engaged in protected
    activity under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(9) in connection with the following activities:
    (1) her November 2015 and January 2017 DoD OIG complaints; (2) her 2015
    OSC complaint alleging whistleblower reprisal; (3) her July 2016 Board IRA
    appeal; and (5) her March 2017 DHA OIG complaint.
    The appellant nonfrivolously alleged that she was subjected to personnel
    actions under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (a).
    As previously noted, the appellant exhausted with OSC her claims that the
    agency took the following personnel actions against her: (1) she was subjected to
    a hostile work environment caused by numerous agency officials during the
    period from 2014 or 2015 through the present; (2) she was denied a 2014
    performance appraisal and a bonus; (3) she received a verbal and written
    reprimand in February 2014; (4) she received reduced 2015, 2016, and 2017
    performance appraisals; (5) her supervisor threatened her with discipline in early
    2017 in connection with her compliance with ethics regulations; (6) her telework
    reasonable accommodation request was denied several times over the period from
    May 2014 through February 2020; and (7) she was separately threatened with
    discipline in early 2017 in connection with her participation in training
    workshops. Supra p. 9.
    Regarding actions (2) and (4), a “performance appraisal” is a covered
    personnel action.   
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (a)(2)(A)(viii); Rumsey v. Department of
    13
    Justice, 
    120 M.S.P.R. 259
    , ¶ 16 (2013) (clarifying that a “performance appraisal”
    constitutes a personnel action for the purposes of an IRA appeal, irrespective of
    whether the appraisal was tangibly lower than the prior year). Similarly, a denial
    of a performance-based award can constitute a personnel action.      See 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (a)(2)(A)(ix) (defining a personnel action to include a “decision
    concerning pay, benefits, or awards”); Mastrullo v. Department of Labor,
    
    123 M.S.P.R. 110
    , ¶ 14 n.5 (2015) (finding that the agency’s decision not to give
    the appellant a 40-hour time-off award constituted a personnel action); Hagen v.
    Department of Transportation, 
    103 M.S.P.R. 595
    , ¶ 13 (2006) (holding that the
    denial of a cash award is a personnel action). Regarding action (3), a written
    letter of reprimand is also a personnel action within the meaning of the
    whistleblower reprisal statutes.    Horton v. Department of Veterans Affairs,
    
    106 M.S.P.R. 234
    , ¶ 18 (2007).
    With respect to actions (5) and (7), a threatened action can constitute a
    personnel action under the Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012
    (WPEA) when it warns of future discipline. 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (b)(8)-(9) (providing
    that a threat to take a personnel action because of a protected activity or
    disclosure is prohibited); see Rebstock Consolidation v. Department of Homeland
    Security, 
    122 M.S.P.R. 661
    , ¶ 10 (2015) (explaining that the term “threaten” in
    
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
     should be interpreted broadly and can encompass warnings of
    possible future discipline); Campo v. Department of the Army, 
    93 M.S.P.R. 1
    ,
    ¶¶ 7-8 (2002) (finding that a memorandum of warning that included the threat of
    disciplinary action for any further misconduct was a personnel action).
    Regarding action (6), a denial of reasonable accommodation is not
    separately enumerated as a personnel action under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (a)(2)(A), and
    the appellant has not otherwise explained why she believes that it fits the
    definition of “personnel action” under that subparagraph.      See Reid v. Merit
    Systems Protection Board, 
    508 F.3d 674
    , 679 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (declining to
    consider a conclusory allegation of a denial of reasonable accommodation for a
    14
    disability as a “personnel action”). Nevertheless, the cancellation of a telework
    agreement can constitute a personnel action to the extent that it represents a
    significant change in an employee’s duties, responsibilities, and working
    conditions. Rumsey, 
    120 M.S.P.R. 259
    , ¶ 23. Accordingly, we will consider the
    appellant’s allegation that she was denied a reasonable accommodation request,
    which impacted her ability to telework, as a part of her allegation that she was
    subjected to a significant change in duties, responsibilities, and working
    conditions, discussed in greater detail below, but not as a standalone claim that
    she was subjected to a personnel action under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (a).               See
    Covarrubias v. Social Security Administration, 
    113 M.S.P.R. 583
    , ¶ 15 n.4 (2010)
    (finding a nonfrivolous allegation of a significant change in working conditions
    based, in part, on disability discrimination), overruled on other grounds by
    Colbert v. Department of Veterans Affairs, 
    121 M.S.P.R. 677
    , ¶ 12 n.5 (2014).
    The appellant made a nonfrivolous allegation that her protected activities were a
    contributing factor in at least one personnel action.
    As set forth above, to establish the Board’s jurisdiction over her claims, the
    appellant must nonfrivolously allege that a protected disclosure or activity was a
    contributing factor in the agency’s decision to take or fail to take a personnel
    action as defined by 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (a).       Edwards v. Department of Labor,
    
    2022 MSPB 9
    , ¶ 8, aff’d, No. 2022-1967, 
    2023 WL 4398002
     (Fed. Cir. July 7,
    2023); Salerno, 
    123 M.S.P.R. 230
    , ¶ 5. One way to establish this criterion is the
    knowledge/timing test, under which an employee may nonfrivolously allege that
    the disclosure or activity was a contributing factor in a personnel action through
    circumstantial evidence, such as evidence that the official who took the personnel
    action knew of the disclosure or activity and that the personnel action occurred
    within a period of time such that a reasonable person could conclude that the
    disclosure or activity was a contributing factor in the personnel action.
    Salerno, 
    123 M.S.P.R. 230
    , ¶ 13.      However, the Board has held that if an
    administrative judge determines that an appellant failed to satisfy the
    15
    knowledge/timing test, he shall consider other evidence, such as evidence
    pertaining to the strength or weakness of the agency’s reasons for taking the
    personnel action, whether the whistleblowing was personally directed towards the
    official taking the action, or whether these individuals had a desire or motive to
    retaliate against the appellant. Dorney v. Department of the Army, 
    117 M.S.P.R. 480
    , ¶ 15 (2012).
    In the initial decision, the administrative judge appears to have found that
    the appellant failed to nonfrivolously allege contributing factor, in part, because
    she failed to specify how the individuals responsible for the wrongful actions
    against her were aware of her protected activity or why she believed they took the
    actions with animus towards her for her protected activities. ID at 7, 9. We agree
    with the administrative judge’s observation that many of the appellant’s claims
    lack sufficient specificity to support a nonfrivolous allegation.         While a
    nonfrivolous allegation is not a stringent standard, the appellant’s general
    assertion that NMHM, DHA, and MRMC leadership and staff, and officials from
    other agencies all had knowledge of her protected disclosures and activities prior
    to taking the challenged personnel actions, without any specific allegations about
    how they became aware of her disclosures or activities, is vague and conclusory
    and insufficient to meet the knowledge prong of the knowledge/timing test. IAF,
    Tab 4 at 4-6, Tab 7 at 2. We turn now to address each purported personnel action
    to determine whether the appellant nonfrivolously alleged that her protected
    disclosures or activities were contributing factors in each of the personnel
    actions.
    The appellant failed to nonfrivolously allege contributing factor with
    respect to personnel actions 2, 3, 5, and 7.
    Regarding personnel action (2), the appellant alleged that on February 24
    and 28, 2014, she was moved to another department and “stripped” of her work
    duties without an alternative duty assignment or a position description for
    6 months, resulting in her not being issued a performance appraisal or bonus on
    16
    an unspecified date in 2014. IAF, Tab 1 at 350-56, 675, Tab 4 at 6. Although the
    date range for the 2014 performance period and the date the appellant alleges that
    she was denied a performance appraisal and a bonus are not specified, the 2013
    performance year ran from November 2012 through November 2013 and the
    appellant received her annual appraisal bonus for that year on December 11,
    2013. IAF, Tab 1 at 412, 675. Before being moved to a different department,
    during the period from 2006 through 2013, the appellant regularly received her
    annual performance appraisal bonuses in the summer or fall, during the months
    from August through December.        
    Id. at 412
    .   Assuming that, consistent with
    previous practice, the appellant’s 2014 appraisal should have been issued by the
    end of December 2014 at the latest, all of the appellant’s protected activities
    occurred during the period from April 2015 through 2017, and so this purported
    personnel action took place prior to any of the alleged protected activities at issue
    in this appeal. Accordingly, the appellant’s protected activities could not have
    been a contributing factor in the agency’s decision to take this personnel action.
    See El v. Department of Commerce, 
    123 M.S.P.R. 76
    , ¶ 10 (2015) (explaining that
    because the subject personnel action predated the disclosure, the disclosure could
    not have contributed to the personnel action), aff’d per curiam, 
    663 F. App’x 921
    (Fed. Cir. 2016); Davis v. Department of Defense, 
    106 M.S.P.R. 560
    , ¶ 12 (2007)
    (same), aff’d, 
    278 F. App’x 1009
     (Fed. Cir. 2008). The same is true of personnel
    action (3), which concerns the appellant’s claim that her supervisor issued her a
    verbal and written reprimand on February 24, 2014. IAF, Tab 1 at 360, 434.
    Consequently, we conclude that the appellant failed to nonfrivolously allege
    contributing factor in connection with these personnel actions.
    Regarding personnel actions (5) and (7), the appellant generally alleged
    that her “new duty station supervisor” threatened her with discipline if she did not
    violate FAR/JER ethics regulations, and other unspecified individuals threatened
    her with punishment for participating in teamwork and workplace bullying
    training workshops during the period from March 28 through July 2017. IAF,
    17
    Tab 1 at 978-80, Tab 4 at 7-8.       However, the appellant has not specifically
    identified who threatened her, whether those individuals had knowledge of any of
    her protected activities, whether her protected activities were personally directed
    at them, or whether the individuals would have had a motive to retaliate against
    her.   These claims amount to little more than conclusory allegations of
    wrongdoing insufficient to satisfy the contributing factor criterion even at the
    nonfrivolous allegation stage. See Chambers, 
    2022 MSPB 8
    , ¶ 18 (finding that
    conclusory and unsubstantiated speculation are insufficient to amount to a
    nonfrivolous allegation of a retaliatory motive) (citing Sherman v. Department of
    Homeland Security, 
    122 M.S.P.R. 644
    , ¶ 9 n.5 (2015); Jones v. Department of the
    Treasury, 
    99 M.S.P.R. 479
    , ¶ 8 (2005)).        Accordingly, we conclude that the
    appellant failed to nonfrivolously allege that her protected activities were a
    contributing factor in the agency’s decision to take these actions.
    The appellant nonfrivolously alleged contributing factor with respect to
    personnel action (4).
    The appellant directed some of the complaints contained in her July 2016
    IRA appeal and underlying April 2015 OSC complaint at the same supervisor who
    was responsible for issuing her July 2015 and June 2016 performance appraisals.
    Compare 0453 IAF, Tab 1 at 12 (identifying the appellant’s supervisor, referred
    to here as Supervisor A, as one of the retaliating officials), with IAF, Tab 1 at 412
    (identifying that same individual as the official who issued the appellant’s 2015
    and 2016 annual appraisals).       Additionally, although the appellant did not
    personally direct her protected disclosures or activities toward a supervisor
    (referred to here as Supervisor B) who was responsible for issuing her June 2017
    annual appraisal, she stated in her jurisdictional pleadings that she believed that
    this supervisor was a “scapegoat” and that it was the NMHM Director—one of the
    subjects of her 2015 OSC complaint and 2016 IRA appeal—who directed “all
    decision and actions that take place at the NMHM.”         IAF, Tab 1 at 112, 412
    18
    (identifying Supervisor B as the official who issued the appellant’s 2017 annual
    appraisal).
    An appellant may establish that a protected activity was a contributing
    factor in a personnel action by proving that the official taking the action had
    constructive knowledge of the protected disclosure, i.e., that an individual with
    actual knowledge of the disclosure influenced the official accused of taking the
    retaliatory action. Bradley v. Department of Homeland Security, 
    123 M.S.P.R. 547
    , ¶ 15 (2016). Consequently, to the extent that the appellant is alleging that
    the NMHM Director was aware of her protected activities and influenced
    Supervisor B to provide her with a reduced 2017 annual appraisal, we find that
    fact, coupled with the fact that the reduced 2015, 2016, and 2017 appraisals
    occurred within 1 to 2 years of the appellant’s OSC complaint and IRA Board
    appeal, is sufficient to meet the contributing factor criterion at the jurisdictional
    stage. See Skarada, 
    2022 MSPB 17
    , ¶ 19 (observing that a personnel action taken
    within approximately 1 to 2 years of the appellant’s disclosure satisfies the
    contributing factor knowledge/timing test); Mastrullo, 
    123 M.S.P.R. 110
    , ¶ 21
    (same). Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the appellant nonfrivolously
    alleged that her 2015 OSC complaint and 2016 Board IRA appeal were a
    contributing factor in the agency’s decision to reduce her 2015, 2016, and 2017
    performance appraisals.
    We remand the appeal for the administrative judge to make additional
    jurisdictional findings and to subsequently provide the appellant with her
    requested hearing on the merits of her appeal.
    Finally, we turn now to consider an issue thus far left unaddressed,
    personnel action (1), which concerns the appellant’s claim that she was subjected
    to a hostile work environment.     As previously noted, the administrative judge
    concluded that the appellant failed to nonfrivolously allege that she was subjected
    to a hostile work environment based on the litany of actions she alleged were
    taken against her over the course of several years, reasoning that the appellant
    19
    had failed to link the purportedly retaliatory actions to any specific protected
    activity, and so she failed to establish that the hostile work environment was
    created “on account of” her prior protected activities. ID at 7-8. We disagree and
    instead conclude that the appellant has alleged wrongful actions by the agency in
    connection with her hostile work environment claim that, individually or
    collectively, rise to the level of a significant change in her duties or working
    conditions       sufficient   to   constitute   a    personnel   action   under     
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (a)(2)(A)(xii) for the purposes of an IRA appeal.
    After the administrative judge issued the decision in this case, the Board
    clarified that the creation of a hostile work environment may constitute a
    personnel action under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (a)(2)(A)(xii) to the extent that it
    represents a significant change in duties, responsibilities, or working conditions.
    Skarada, 
    2022 MSPB 17
    , ¶ 16. To meet this standard, an agency’s actions must,
    individually or collectively, have practical and significant effects on the overall
    nature     and    quality     of   an   employee’s     working   conditions,      duties,   or
    responsibilities.      
    Id.
        In determining whether a hostile work environment is
    present, the Board will consider the totality of the circumstances, including
    agency actions that may not individually rise to the level of a personnel action.
    
    Id., ¶ 18
    .       In Skarada, the Board found that the appellant in that case
    nonfrivolously alleged he was subjected to a personnel action when the agency
    excluded him from meetings and conversations, subjected him to multiple
    investigations, accused him of fabricating data violating the Privacy Act, refused
    his request for a review of his position for possible upgrade, yelled at him on
    three occasions, and failed to provide him the support and guidance needed to
    successfully perform his duties. 
    Id.
    In this case, the appellant alleged a number of wrongful actions by the
    agency that she claims amounted to an ongoing hostile work environment
    including, for example, that DHA OIG officials failed to intervene on her behalf
    while investigating her complaint, specific named supervisors, coworkers, and
    20
    OGC attorneys responsible for representing the agency in her prior IRA appeal
    denied her access to FAR and JER Contracting Officer Representative (COR)
    training necessary to perform her job duties, falsified and withheld information
    related to corrective training requirements, sabotaged or failed to process her
    complaints in order to conceal violations of law, forced her to file unnecessary
    financial disclosure forms, denied her the opportunity to make corrections to her
    personnel file and her OWCP work injury claims, attempted to improperly obtain
    her medical records and OWCP information, and “continually subjected [her] to
    unsubstantiated, and unfounded false complaints and employee character
    assassinations” and investigations. IAF, Tab 1 at 25-36, 48, 54, 434, 615, Tab 4
    at 7-10; PFR File, Tab 1 at 15. Further, as we previously found, although the
    appellant’s allegation that several agency supervisors, including the NMHM
    Director, denied her the reasonable accommodation of telework during the period
    from March through July 2017 and October 2019 through February 2020 is not a
    separate personnel action, we have considered it in the context of her allegation
    that she was subjected to a significant change in duties, responsibilities, and
    working conditions. See supra pp. 13-14.
    Additionally, with her appeal the appellant submitted a copy of the DHA
    OIG’s investigative finding that, from April 2016 to June 2017, an unnamed
    supervisor subjected her to a hostile work environment. IAF, Tab 1 at 62, 75.
    The appellant provided documentation alleging that although the investigation
    was limited to her supervisor, who she claimed served as a “scapegoat” for the
    agency and was terminated as a result of the findings, she also complained to the
    OIG that the actions were taken “with the full knowledge, approval, and direction
    of the NMHM Director” who was previously named in her 2016 IRA appeal and
    who was the true harasser. Id. at 112; PFR File, Tab 1 at 19. The administrative
    judge discounted the OIG findings, in part, because the OIG investigation covered
    only harassment beginning in April 2016 and the appellant’s first IRA appeal was
    filed in August 2016; however, the appellant also engaged in earlier protected
    21
    activities, including by filing OSC and DoD OIG complaints in 2015. ID at 8;
    IAF, Tab 1 at 65-69, 119.
    Based on the foregoing, we find that the appellant’s contentions regarding
    her hostile work environment claim, if accepted as true, collectively amount to a
    nonfrivolous allegation of a significant change in working conditions sufficient to
    rise to the level of a personnel action. See Skarada, 
    2022 MSPB 17
    , ¶ 18; see
    also Mattil v. Department of State, 
    118 M.S.P.R. 662
    , ¶ 22 (2012) (finding that an
    agency’s failure to process an appellant’s EEO complaint and OWCP claims in its
    usual manner may be broadly construed as a significant change in working
    conditions, which would be a personnel action); Covarrubias, 
    113 M.S.P.R. 583
    ,
    ¶¶ 8, 15 n.4 (finding that the appellant made a nonfrivolous allegation of a
    significant change in working conditions when she alleged, among other things,
    that her supervisors harassed her and closely monitored her whereabouts, to
    include following her to the bathroom).
    Assessing whether the appellant has nonfrivolously alleged that her
    protected activities were a contributing factor in the creation of the hostile work
    environment, however, is a much more difficult task. As the administrative judge
    correctly noted, the appellant’s jurisdictional pleadings addressing the nature of
    her hostile work environment claim are voluminous, span multiple years, identify
    dozens of agency officials from different agency subcomponents, and are not
    organized in a manner conducive to resolving the specific questions of which
    agency officials knew what, and when. The Board has held that it is not required
    to pore through the record in order to construe or make sense of pleadings filed
    by a party, and an appellant’s submissions that lack clarity run the risk of being
    found to have failed to meet the requisite burden of proof. See, e.g., Keefer v.
    Department of Agriculture, 
    92 M.S.P.R. 476
    , ¶ 18 n.2 (2002); Luecht v.
    Department of the Navy, 
    87 M.S.P.R. 297
    , ¶ 8 (2000).
    As set forth above, we have concluded that the administrative judge viewed
    the appellant’s jurisdictional pleadings too narrowly in determining that the only
    22
    purported personnel action that she raised and exhausted with OSC was her claim
    that she was subjected to a hostile work environment sufficient to rise to the level
    of a personnel action under 
    5 U.S.C. §2302
    (a)(2)(A)(xii).        Instead, we have
    addressed additional personnel actions the appellant identified in her submissions
    to OSC and have now concluded that she nonfrivolously alleged that her 2015
    OSC complaint and 2016 Board IRA appeal were a contributing factor in the
    agency’s decision to reduce her 2015, 2016, and 2017 performance appraisals,
    thereby satisfying her jurisdictional burden as to those claims. Supra pp. 18; see
    Skarada, 
    2022 MSPB 17
    , ¶ 13 (explaining that, in cases when an appellant has
    alleged multiple personnel actions, the Board has jurisdiction over the appeal
    when the appellant exhausts her administrative remedy and makes a nonfrivolous
    allegation that at least one alleged personnel action was taken in reprisal for at
    least one alleged protected disclosure).
    The Board’s ordinary practice after finding that an appellant met her
    jurisdictional burden in an IRA appeal is to remand the appeal with an instruction
    to the administrative judge to issue a decision based on the written submissions,
    or, when a hearing was requested, to provide the appellant with her requested
    hearing on the merits of her appeal.       See Spencer v. Department of the Navy,
    
    327 F.3d 1354
    , 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2003); Shope v. Department of the Navy,
    
    106 M.S.P.R. 590
    , ¶ 5 (2007). In certain circumstances, however, the Board has
    remanded the appeal for the administrative judge to further develop the record on
    the issue of jurisdiction.    See Wilcox v. International Boundary and Water
    Commission, 
    103 M.S.P.R. 73
    , ¶¶ 15-16; Wells v. Department of Homeland
    Security, 
    102 M.S.P.R. 36
    , ¶¶ 4, 9-10 (2006).
    Given the extensive nature of the appellant’s allegations underlying her
    hostile work environment claim and the fact that the administrative judge issued
    the initial decision in this case without the benefit of our decision in Skarada, we
    remand the appeal for the administrative judge to make new findings on the issue
    of whether the appellant can establish that her protected activities were a
    23
    contributing factor in the creation of a hostile work environment that constituted
    a personnel action under 
    5 U.S.C. § 2302
    (a)(2)(A)(xii).         On remand, the
    administrative judge may permit the parties to supplement the record on this
    question.   In so doing, the administrative judge may instruct the appellant to
    provide detailed submissions identifying, with specificity, how each allegedly
    retaliating official was responsible for creating a hostile work environment, and
    whether and how each official was aware of the appellant’s protected activities.
    See Keefer, 
    92 M.S.P.R. 476
    , ¶ 18 n.2 (cautioning that an appellant who fails to
    articulate his claims with reasonable clarity and precision risks being found to
    have failed to meet his burden).
    After supplementing the record on this issue, the administrative judge
    should then make a new jurisdictional determination that incorporates the
    findings on jurisdiction contained in this order, and then provide the appellant
    with her requested hearing on the merits of her appeal. If the appellant proves by
    preponderant evidence that her protected activities were a contributing factor in
    one or more of the personnel actions, the administrative judge shall order
    corrective action unless the agency proves by clear and convincing evidence that
    24
    it would have taken the same actions absent the protected activity. 2           Salerno,
    
    123 M.S.P.R. 230
    , ¶ 5; 
    5 U.S.C. § 1221
    (e).
    ORDER
    For the reasons discussed above, we remand this case to the Washington
    Regional Office for further adjudication in accordance with this Remand Order.
    To the extent necessary, the administrative judge should permit the parties to
    supplement the record with additional argument, evidence, and testimony before
    proceeding to a hearing on the merits of the appellant’s IRA appeal.
    FOR THE BOARD:                           ______________________________
    Gina K. Grippando
    Clerk of the Board
    Washington, D.C.
    2
    We find no merit to the appellant’s argument that the administrative judge abused his
    discretion and was biased against her and in favor of the agency because he issued a
    stay on discovery before issuing his jurisdictional finding. PFR File, Tab 1 at 6-7. An
    administrative judge has broad discretion to regulate the proceedings before him,
    including the authority to rule on discovery motions, and absent an abuse of discretion,
    the Board will not reverse an administrative judge’s discovery related rulings. Kingsley
    v. U.S. Postal Service, 
    123 M.S.P.R. 365
    , ¶ 16 (2016); Defense Intelligence Agency v.
    Department of Defense, 
    122 M.S.P.R. 444
    , ¶ 16 (2015). Additionally, an appellant is
    not entitled to discovery in an IRA appeal if she fails to raise a nonfrivolous allegation
    of Board jurisdiction. See Sobczak v. Environmental Protection Agency, 
    64 M.S.P.R. 118
    , 122 (1994) (stating that an appellant is entitled to discovery in an IRA appeal only
    when he sets forth nonfrivolous jurisdictional allegations). Further, there is a
    presumption of honesty and integrity on the part of administrative judges that can only
    be overcome by a substantial showing of personal bias, and the Board will not infer bias
    based on an administrative judge’s case-related rulings; a party’s disagreement with an
    administrative judge’s evidentiary rulings is insufficient to show bias. Vaughn v.
    Department of the Treasury, 
    119 M.S.P.R. 605
    , ¶ 18 (2013); Diggs v. Department of
    Housing and Urban Development, 
    114 M.S.P.R. 464
    , ¶ 9 (2010). Although we have
    now concluded that the appellant nonfrivolously alleged Board jurisdiction over her
    IRA appeal, we still find that the appellant’s conclusory assertion of bias, unsupported
    by any objective evidence, is insufficient to meet this high standard.
    

Document Info

Docket Number: DC-1221-21-0486-W-1

Filed Date: 3/20/2024

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 3/21/2024