Marquese Lewis v. Department of Defense ( 2024 )

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD
MARQUESE LEWIS, DOCKET NUMBER
Appellant, DC-1221-16-0695-W-2
v.
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, DATE: May 6, 2024
Agency.
THIS ORDER IS NONPRECEDENTIAL 1
David Fallon , Esquire, Albany, New York, for the appellant.
Elizabeth E. Pavlick , Esquire, and Lundi Shafiei , Esquire, Washington,
D.C., for the agency.
BEFORE
Cathy A. Harris, Chairman
Raymond A. Limon, Vice Chairman
REMAND ORDER
The appellant has filed a petition for review of the initial decision, which
denied her request for corrective action in this individual right of action (IRA)
appeal. For the reasons discussed below, we GRANT the appellant’s petition for
review, VACATE the initial decision’s analysis of the agency’s clear and
convincing burden but otherwise AFFIRM the initial decision, and REMAND the
1
A nonprecedential order is one that the Board has determined does not add
significantly to the body of MSPB case law. Parties may cite nonprecedential orders,
but such orders have no precedential value; the Board and administrative judges are not
required to follow or distinguish them in any future decisions. In contrast, a
precedential decision issued as an Opinion and Order has been identified by the Board
as significantly contributing to the Board’s case law. See 5 C.F.R. § 1201.117(c).
2
case to the Washington Regional Office for further adjudication in accordance
with this Remand Order. 2
BACKGROUND
The appellant transferred from the Department of Transportation to the
agency’s Washington Headquarters Services (WHS) in November 2014 as a
GS-13 Strategic Communications Specialist. Lewis v. Department of Defense,
MSPB Docket No. DC-1221-16-0695-W-1, Initial Appeal File (IAF), Tab 1 at 1,
Tab 7 at 75; Hearing Transcript (Oct. 16, 2017) (HT1) at 8-9 (testimony of the
appellant). The appellant worked for the WHS Corporate Communications
Division (CCD) from November 2014, until her June 2015 management-directed
reassignment to the Boards, Commissions, and Task Forces (BCTF) Support
Division. IAF, Tab 6 at 68-70, Tab 7 at 75.
In June 2015, the appellant filed a complaint with the Office of Special
Counsel (OSC) in which she alleged retaliation for whistleblowing. IAF, Tab 5
at 16-22. The appellant alleged that she made protected disclosures on or around
December 19, 2014, to the WHS Acting Deputy Director and, in January 2015, to
her first-line supervisor, A.D., that her former first-line supervisor, K.Y., engaged
in timecard falsification and that agency contractors falsified their time and
disregarded policies concerning work assignments. Id. at 16-22, 51-56. The
appellant alleged that the agency took the following actions in retaliation for her
disclosures: (1) terminated her during her probationary period on April 30,
2015; 3 (2) issued her a letter of reprimand (LOR) on June 9, 2015, after her
reinstatement; (3) reassigned her in June 2015 from the CCD at the Pentagon to
2
During the pendency of this appeal, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 2018 (NDAA), Pub. L. No. 115-91, 131 Stat. 1283, was signed into law on
December 12, 2017. Section 1097 of the NDAA amended various provisions of title 5
of the United States Code. Our disposition of this matter would be the same under both
pre- and post-NDAA law.
3
The agency subsequently rescinded the probationary termination after realizing that
the appellant had constitutional due process rights. IAF, Tab 6 at 5.
3
the BCTF at the Mark Center (which added approximately 30 minutes to her daily
commute) and removed some communications duties from her upon her
reassignment to the BCTF; (4) lowered her performance appraisal; 4 and (5) forced
her to take 80 hours of leave without pay (LWOP) because of the hostile work
environment in the CCD. IAF, Tab 5 at 16-22, 27-30, 32-34, Tab 6 at 16-70.
On May 24, 2016, OSC terminated its inquiry into her complaint and
apprised her of Board appeal rights. IAF, Tab 1 at 13-15. The appellant timely
filed this IRA appeal on June 29, 2016. IAF, Tab 1. The administrative judge
found that the Board has jurisdiction over this IRA appeal and set a hearing for
October 2017. IAF, Tab 14 at 1-3, Tab 30. The administrative judge dismissed
the appeal without prejudice based on the parties’ scheduling conflicts, IAF,
Tab 32 at 1-3, and “reopen[ed]” 5 the appeal on September 29, 2017, id. at 2;
Lewis v. Department of Defense, MSPB Docket No. DC-1221-16-0695-W-2,
Appeal File (W-2 AF), Tab 1.
After a hearing, the administrative judge denied the appellant’s request for
corrective action. 6 W-2 AF, Tabs 12-13, Tab 14, Initial Decision (ID) at 2, 28.
The administrative judge found that two of the appellant’s three disclosures were
protected by Federal whistleblower laws—alleged time card falsification by K.Y.,
her former CCD first-line supervisor, and alleged creation of a hostile work
4
The appellant worked for the Department of Transportation before joining the agency
in November 2014, HT1 at 8-9, so this was her first performance appraisal at WHS,
IAF, Tab 6 at 62-67. The appellant received an overall Fully Successful rating and a
$520 performance award. Id. at 66. The record does not reflect her overall
performance ratings at the Department of Transportation.
5
It appears that the administrative judge intended to “refile,” rather than “reopen,” the
appeal because administrative judges lack the authority to “reopen” or “reinstate” an
appeal. See Carroll v. Office of Personnel Management, 114 M.S.P.R. 310, ¶ 9 (2010).
6
Immediately preceding the first day of the hearing, the administrative judge allowed
the appellant to raise a claim that she disclosed that her CCD first-line supervisor, A.D.,
engaged in an abuse of authority by creating a hostile work environment. ID at 2 n.2.
The agency objected to the appellant’s request, but the administrative judge found that
the appellant exhausted this disclosure with OSC before filing the IRA appeal. Id.(citing IAF, Tab 5 at 89-91). The agency does not challenge this ruling on review.
Petition for Review File, Tab 5.
4
environment by A.D., her then-CCD first-line supervisor. ID at 5-12, 15-17. The
administrative judge found that the appellant’s disclosure that agency contractors
disregarded policies related to work assignments was not a protected disclosure
but a debatable policy disagreement. ID at 12-15. The administrative judge
further found that the appellant’s two protected disclosures were a contributing
factor in the five personnel actions at issue, ID at 17-18, but that the agency met
its burden to show by clear and convincing evidence that it would have taken all
of the personnel actions even absent the appellant’s protected whistleblowing,
ID at 18-28.
The appellant has timely filed a petition for review, 7 the agency has
responded in opposition, and the appellant has filed a reply to the agency’s
response. 8 Petition for Review (PFR) File, Tabs 3, 5-6.
DISCUSSION OF ARGUMENTS ON REVIEW
Once an appellant establishes jurisdiction over her IRA appeal, she is
entitled to a hearing on the merits of her claim, which she must prove by
preponderant evidence. 9 Salerno v. Department of the Interior, 123 M.S.P.R.
7The appellant requested an extension of time to file her petition for review, which the
Office of the Clerk of the Board granted. Petition for Review File, Tabs 1-2.
8
In her reply brief, the appellant raises a new argument and asserts that the agency
conceded in its closing summation that it terminated her during her probationary period
because it initially believed that she was a “whistleblower[.]” PFR File, Tab 6 at 14.
We have reviewed both the hearing transcript and the hearing recording and, although
agency counsel does use the word “whistleblower,” it is clear from the context and the
rest of the agency counsel’s statement that she meant to say “probationer.”
Hearing Transcript (Oct. 17, 2017) at 406-07 (statement of agency counsel); W-2 AF,
Tab 13. In any event, statements made by an agency representative during a closing
argument are generally not evidence. See Hartsock-Shaw v. Office of Personnel
Management, 107 M.S.P.R. 17, ¶ 10 (2007). Moreover, a reply brief is limited to the
issues raised by another party in the response to the petition for review. 5 C.F.R.
§ 1201.114(a)(4). This issue was not raised in the agency’s response. Therefore, we
have not considered this argument as part of our analysis. See Boston v. Department of
the Army, 122 M.S.P.R. 577, ¶ 5 n.3 (2015) (declining to consider new arguments first
raised in a reply brief.)
9
Preponderant evidence is the degree of relevant evidence that a reasonable person,
considering the record as a whole, would accept as sufficient to find that a contested
5
230, ¶ 5 (2016). If the appellant makes such a showing, the burden shifts to the
agency to prove by clear and convincing evidence that it would have taken the
same action in the absence of the disclosure. 10 Id.; see 5 U.S.C. § 1221(e)(2)
(setting forth the agency’s clear and convincing evidentiary burden). The Board
will consider the following factors to determine if an agency has met this burden:
(1) the strength of the agency’s evidence in support of the action; (2) the
existence and strength of any motive to retaliate on the part of the agency
officials who were involved in the decision; and (3) any evidence that the agency
takes similar actions against employees who are not whistleblowers but who are
otherwise similarly situated. Carr v. Social Security Administration, 185 F.3d
1318, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 1999); see Whitmore v. Department of Labor, 680 F.3d
1353, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (recognizing that “[e]vidence only clearly and
convincingly supports a conclusion when it does so in the aggregate considering
all the pertinent evidence in the record, and despite the evidence that fairly
detracts from that conclusion”).
On review, the appellant does not challenge the administrative judge’s
finding that her disclosure about agency contractors disregarding policies about
work assignments was not protected, considering that the administrative judge
found that she otherwise established a prima facie case of whistleblower reprisal.
PFR File, Tab 3 at 15-16. The agency has not filed any cross -petition for review
to challenge the administrative judge’s findings that the appellant established a
prima facie case of whistleblower reprisal, and we find no basis to disturb these
well-reasoned findings. ID at 4-18; see Clay v. Department of the Army,
123 M.S.P.R. 245, ¶ 6 (2016) (finding no reason to disturb the administrative
judge’s findings when she considered the evidence as a whole, drew appropriate
inferences, and made reasoned conclusions).
fact is more likely to be true than untrue. 5 C.F.R. § 1201.4(q).
10
Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof that produces in the
mind of the trier of fact a firm belief as to the allegations sought to be established. It is
a higher standard than preponderance of the evidence. 5 C.F.R. § 1209.4(e).
6
The only dispositive issue on review is whether the agency proved by clear
and convincing evidence that it would have taken all five personnel actions even
absent the appellant’s protected whistleblowing. 11 PFR File, Tab 3 at 16. The
appellant claims that the agency failed to meet its clear and convincing burden for
all five personnel actions. Id. at 16-27. She asserts that the evidence relied on to
support her probationary termination was “woefully deficient to support any
adverse action” considering that the agency rescinded it shortly thereafter as
erroneous. Id. at 16-17. She further asserts that the agency officials involved in
her probationary termination had a strong motive to retaliate because she
disclosed wrongdoing by her former CCD supervisor, K.Y., and she disclosed a
hostile work environment in the CCD, which was substantiated by an agency
investigation that specifically criticized CCD leadership. Id. at 17-18; W-2 AF,
Tab 5 at 44-45. Moreover, she contends that the administrative judge failed to
undertake “any detailed analysis of the Carr factors” and misstated the facts that
supported the agency’s actions. PFR File, Tab 3 at 19, 22-24. For the reasons set
forth below, we agree that the administrative judge’s Carr factor analysis is
incomplete.
The administrative judge found that the appellant, A.D., and the WHS
Acting Deputy Director all testified credibly during the 2-day hearing.
ID at 10-11. Nevertheless, the administrative judge found that the agency proved
by clear and convincing evidence that it would have taken all five personnel
actions even in the absence of the appellant’s whistleblowing. The administrative
judge found that the appellant’s misconduct, i.e., sending mass emails that
disparaged contractor staff in violation of A.D.’s orders, deserved some discipline
(as described in the June 9, 2015 LOR). ID at 26. She further found that,
although A.D. was improperly advised by Human Resources (HR) staff to
11
To the extent that the appellant asserts on review that the administrative judge
improperly shifted the agency’s clear and convincing burden to herself, PFR File, Tab 3
at 24, 26, the appellant has not described how the administrative judge shifted that
burden to her, nor do we find any error by the administrative judge.
7
terminate the appellant during her probationary period, this error was not based
upon the appellant’s whistleblowing because there was no evidence that the HR
staff knew of the appellant’s whistleblowing activity. Id. The administrative
judge found further that none of the appellant’s CCD coworkers who made the
same disclosures to the WHS Acting Deputy Director and A.D. suffered any
disciplinary action because of those disclosures, ID at 26; that there was no
connection between the appellant’s performance evaluation or her use of 80 hours
of LWOP and her whistleblowing, ID at 27; and that the appellant’s reassignment
to the BCTF upon her reinstatement, with its concomitant change in her
communications duties, was made by a different WHS official who wanted to
give the appellant a fresh start in an important and respected WHS office,
ID at 27. 12
Although the administrative judge made some findings about the strength
of the evidence in support of the appellant’s probationary termination and the
June 9, 2015 LOR, ID at 26-28, she did not make any findings about the existence
and strength of any motive to retaliate by the agency officials who were involved
in any of the personnel actions at issue ( Carr factor 2). 13 An initial decision must
identify all material issues of fact and law, summarize the evidence, resolve
12
The administrative judge also noted that the appellant previously requested
reassignment from the CCD to a different unit within WHS before her now-rescinded
probationary termination. ID at 27; HT1 at 67 (testimony of the appellant).
13
The administrative judge’s minimal Carr factor 1 evaluation of the appellant’s
performance appraisal, reassignment to the BCTF, and use of 80 hours of LWOP was
limited to finding no connection between the appellant’s whistleblowing and these
personnel actions. ID at 27. Moreover, it appears that the administrative judge used an
inappropriate Carr factor 1 standard for these personnel actions. The Board has
recognized that Carr factor 1 does not apply straightforwardly when the personnel
action is not disciplinary and, therefore, does not require supporting evidence of
misconduct. See Gonzales v. Department of the Navy, 101 M.S.P.R. 248, ¶ 12 (2006).
Rather, the Board must consider whether the agency had legitimate reasons for
imposing the action when evaluating the strength of the agency’s evidence. Id. Thus,
on remand, the administrative judge must thoroughly analyze the appellant’s
performance appraisal, reassignment to the BCTF, and use of 80 hours of LWOP under
this appropriate Carr factor 1 standard.
8
issues of credibility, and include the administrative judge’s conclusions of law
and legal reasoning, as well as the authorities on which that reasoning rests.
Mastrullo v. Department of Labor, 123 M.S.P.R. 110, ¶ 14 (2015). The U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held that, although the agency’s
treatment of similarly situated whistleblowers “may illuminate any motive to
retaliate under Carr factor 2, it does not show the agency’s treatment of
non-whistleblower employees accused of similar misconduct, the precise inquiry
considered under Carr factor 3.” Siler v. Environmental Protection Agency ,
908 F.3d 1291, 1299 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
The appellant contends that A.D. had a strong motive to retaliate because
her disclosures of a hostile work environment led directly to the agency’s
March 2015 Assessment Report, which found that leadership in the CCD was “not
effective” and the “number one concern expressed throughout the assessment.”
PFR File, Tab 3 at 17-18; W-2 AF, Tab 5 at 45; Hearing Transcript (October 17,
2017) (HT2) at 263 (testimony of A.D.). The Assessment Report’s conclusions
about CCD leadership, however, focused almost exclusively on K.Y., the former
supervisor, and E.S., a contract supervisor, not A.D., whom WHS had promoted
2 months earlier to fix the hostile work environment in the CCD. W-2 AF, Tab 5
at 45. Nevertheless, responsible agency officials “may well be motivated to
retaliate even if they are not directly implicated by the disclosures” at issue.
Whitmore, 680 F.3d at 1370.
The administrative judge also never made any findings about the agency’s
treatment of similarly situated non-whistleblowers ( Carr factor 3). The
administrative judge noted that A.D. never disciplined the appellant’s CCD
coworkers who made the same December 2014 and January 2015 disclosures, but
she did not describe which Carr factor this fact supported or how this affected her
overall analysis of the agency’s clear and convincing burden. An agency need not
introduce evidence of every Carr factor to prove its case, but the “risk associated
with having no evidence on record” for a particular factor falls on the
9
Government. Miller v. Department of Justice, 842 F.3d 1252, 1262 (Fed. Cir.
2016) (noting that, although the absence of any evidence relating to Carr factor 3
can effectively remove that factor from the analysis, the Government bears the
risk associated with having no evidence on record for this factor); see Mithen v.
Department of Veterans Affairs, 122 M.S.P.R. 489, ¶ 36 (2015) (describing how
the Board does not view the Carr factors as discrete elements, each of which the
agency must prove by clear and convincing evidence, but will weigh the factors
together to determine whether the evidence is clear and convincing as a whole),
aff’d, 652 F. App’x 971 (Fed. Cir. 2016); see also Siler, 908 F.3d at 1299(holding that Carr factor 3 cannot favor the Government when the Board finds an
absence of relevant comparator evidence). The appellant alleged that agency
officials, including A.D., treated K.Y., her non-whistleblower former CCD
supervisor who failed to submit required telework reports, differently by failing
to discipline her. PFR File, Tab 3 at 18; HT2 at 234 (testimony of A.D.). The
administrative judge did not address this allegation. We make no finding as to
whether K.Y. is an appropriate comparator under Carr factor 3 and leave it for
the administrative judge to make that determination in the first instance on
remand. See Whitmore, 680 F.3d at 1373 (noting that “[d]ifferences in kinds and
degrees of conduct between otherwise similarly situated persons within an agency
can and should be accounted for to arrive at a well-reasoned conclusion regarding
Carr factor three.”).
Thus, we agree with the appellant that the administrative judge’s Carr
factor analysis is incomplete. We vacate all of the administrative judge’s
findings regarding the agency’s clear and convincing burden and remand this
appeal to the Washington Regional Office for further adjudication. On remand,
the administrative judge may further develop the record and, if necessary, hold a
supplemental hearing. The administrative judge must explicitly address all three
Carr factors on remand. See, e.g., Mithen v. Department of Veterans Affairs,
119 M.S.P.R. 215, ¶¶ 23-24 (2013) (remanding the case to the administrative
10
judge for an assessment of the clear and convincing issue, including rendering
credibility determinations); Massie v. Department of Transportation,
118 M.S.P.R. 308, ¶¶ 7-8 (2012) (remanding the case for consideration of the
evidence as a whole under Whitmore).
ORDER
For the reasons discussed above, we REMAND this case to the Washington
Regional Office for further adjudication in accordance with this Remand Order.
FOR THE BOARD: ______________________________
Gina K. Grippando
Clerk of the Board
Washington, D.C.