In re T.N.C. ( 2020 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. 88A20
Filed 11 December 2020
IN THE MATTER OF: T.N.C., D.M.C.
Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) from orders entered on 24
October 2019 by Judge David V. Byrd in District Court, Wilkes County. This matter
was calendared in the Supreme Court on 23 November 2020, but was determined on
the record and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of the North
Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Erika Leigh Hamby for petitioner-appellee Wilkes County Department of Social
Services.
Matthew P. McGuire for appellee Guardian ad Litem.
Mary McCullers Reece for respondent-appellant mother.
MORGAN, Justice.
Respondent-mother appeared and was represented by counsel at a termination
of parental rights hearing held 5 June 2019. Respondent-mother contends that her
counsel’s brief cross-examination of a witness for the Wilkes County Department of
Social Services (DSS) during the termination hearing and her counsel’s acquiescent
closing arguments constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. Because respondent-
mother has not shown how she was prejudiced by the allegedly ineffective assistance
IN RE T.N.C., D.M.C.
Opinion of the Court
of her counsel, we affirm the trial court’s orders terminating respondent-mother’s
parental rights to the two juveniles who are the subject of this appeal.
Factual and Procedural Background
Respondent-mother is the mother of four children. Two of respondent-mother’s
children are the juveniles involved in this termination of parental rights matter:
T.N.C. (Tammy) and D.M.C. (Dan)1. DSS became involved with Tammy and Dan in
May 2016, after receiving reports of improper supervision of the children by the
parents, substance abuse by the parents, incidents of domestic violence between the
parents, and a lack of food within the family home. The children were placed initially
with a safety resource on 2 July 2016 and DSS began to offer case management
services to the family on 13 September 2016. At this point, however, respondent-
mother became incarcerated on methamphetamine-related charges. On 29 December
2016, DSS filed a petition alleging that Tammy, Dan, and their two stepsiblings were
neglected juveniles based on respondent-mother’s incarceration, and the failure of the
father of Tammy and Dan to make timely progress on his case plan. The trial court
adjudicated the children to be neglected juveniles and placed them in the custody of
DSS by court order entered on 20 April 2017.
1 Pseudonyms are substituted for the juveniles’ real names to protect their identities
and for ease of reading.
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IN RE T.N.C., D.M.C.
Opinion of the Court
Upon her release from incarceration, respondent-mother entered into her own
case plan on 11 April 2017 which required respondent-mother to attend parenting
classes, obtain substance abuse and mental health assessments and follow any
recommended treatments, obtain and maintain appropriate housing, establish and
maintain employment, and submit to drug screens when requested by DSS. However,
following respondent-mother’s absconsion from probation and subsequent conviction
for additional drug charges on 31 October 2018, DSS filed petitions to terminate
respondent-mother’s parental rights to Tammy and Dan on the ground of neglect and
the ground of willfully leaving the children in a placement outside the home for more
than twelve months without making reasonable progress toward correcting the
conditions that led to their removal from the home pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-
1111(a)(1)–(2). The trial court held a hearing on the termination petitions on 5 June
2019. Although respondent-mother was still in custody, she was present for the
proceedings and was represented by counsel.
During the termination of parental rights hearing, the active participation of
respondent-mother’s counsel consisted of a short cross-examination of one of DSS’s
witnesses in the course of the adjudication stage, along with the presentation of a
conciliatory closing argument after both the adjudication and disposition stages. For
the hearing’s adjudication phase, DSS presented the testimony of its social worker
who was assigned to the underlying neglect case. The social worker was the agency’s
sole adjudication witness. The cross-examination of the social worker by respondent-
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Opinion of the Court
mother’s counsel during adjudication focused upon the “significant amount of time
that [respondent-mother has] been incarcerated” and its prevention of respondent-
mother’s ability from attending approximately 60% of her allotted visitations with
Tammy and Dan. The total exchange between respondent-mother’s counsel and
DSS’s social worker during cross-examination of the witness consisted of the
following:
Q: And unfortunately the real[i]ty was if I’m doing my
math right, [respondent-mother] has been incarcerated for
approximately 60 percent of this case. Does that sound
about any [sic] accurate number?
A: I haven’t done the math, but she’s been in and out. We
had a stretch kind of from January until she, you know,
absconded, that we had a potential period to get some
things done but we were not able to maintain the housing
or employment; things of that type.
Q: Well, I’m just doing percentages based on the number of
visits you said she couldn’t have because she was
incarcerated. So it’s been a significant amount of time that
she’s been incarcerated?
A: Uh hum. She’s been in jail or incarcerated quite a lot.
Q: And obviously it’s true that the mother hasn’t been out
since last September?
A: That’s correct.
Q: I will state the obvious, she’s not done anything on her
plan that she could do during that nine months?
A: I don’t know what’s offered at that facility. I’ve not had
any contact with her since July 3rd, of 2018.
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IN RE T.N.C., D.M.C.
Opinion of the Court
[Respondent-Mother’s Counsel]: No further questions,
Your Honor.
As for his closing argument on adjudication, respondent-mother’s counsel offered this
presentation:
Well, Your Honor, unfortunately I cannot disagree with
most of the facts that [DSS’s counsel] has outlayed
regarding [respondent-mother’s] incarceration. I mean it’s
accurate. She was incarcerated when this started. She’s
incarcerated now. She’s going to be incarcerated for the
next three months. Obviously when she was out she did
make some progress. Parenting classes, never failed drug
tests, and I understand she had some -- but obviously, you
know, as I kind of discussed this with her with this stage
of the proceeding and her current situation, the court will
apply the law and obviously I would ask you not to find the
grounds but again I think you are someone as aware of the
laws in regards to this situation.
Seizing upon the conciliatory tone of this closing argument, the guardian ad litem’s
counsel subsequently argued that, “by [respondent-mother’s] own admission they
[DSS representatives] have proven the grounds that DSS has alleged.” At the
conclusion of the adjudication stage of the proceedings, the trial court announced its
determination of the existence of both grounds for termination of respondent-
mother’s parental rights which were alleged in DSS’s petitions. The hearing then
moved to the disposition phase, in which DSS presented two witnesses in an effort to
substantiate the agency’s position that it was in the best interests of the juveniles
Tammy and Dan to terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights.
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Opinion of the Court
Following DSS’s presentation of its case during the disposition stage,
respondent-mother’s counsel ended the closing argument on behalf of respondent-
mother with these observations:
As [the father’s counsel] said, these are always difficult
cases for a lot of reasons. One, and similarly as [DSS’s
counsel] outlined, obviously I represent [respondent-
mother] who is sitting here behind me and [respondent-
mother] one thing, I would actually echo this. [Respondent-
mother has] always been easy to deal with. [Respondent-
mother has] always been pretty good about what she wants
to do and so [respondent-mother is] not making any
excuses for where she’s at. It was her own actions that got
her there and as you heard, time has gone by and the kids
have been in custody for a while. The silver lining there
which I like to tell parents is and as we go through this, as
we’re trying to go through this, you always want your kids
to land somewhere good, land somewhere decent, where
they’re going to be happy, where they’re going to be taken
care of. Because no matter what [respondent-mother’s]
situation is or anybody’s situation is at the end of the day
that’s fine -- it’s about the kids being happy and taken care
of. So [respondent-mother] is certainly very appreciative
that they’ve landed in the spot that they are. She has told
the words she actually said to me -- I’m not putting this in
her mouth. This is her exact words to me. That she has a
lot of respect for what they do and what they’ve done for
her and her children. It’s -- it’s something she very much
appreciates and she likes hearing her children are happy
and they’re taken [sic] of, they’re protected, and they are --
I guess as much as I’m sure it hurts, they’re where they
want to be at this point in time. I find it encouraging that
they still ask about her. I agree with [DSS’s counsel] to
some extent. I think some of the questions are of concern. I
think that would be natural. But I also think some of it is
that there is a bond there and there is an affection with the
parents and I agree with [the father’s counsel], I can’t
remember the last time I heard the question asked are
either of these kids in therapy and the answer was no. So
there is some positives. Obviously the court has to make --
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Opinion of the Court
has to make the decision what is in the best interest of the
children. I can’t stand here and change the facts. I can’t
change the facts that [respondent-mother] is in custody
and won’t be out for three months. And in all candor I think
in being honest with herself and I [sic] least I would
probably tell her, I think it could take [respondent-mother]
a little while to get back on her feet and get herself set up
and try to basically take care of herself after the pain of
that but that’s going to take some time. Obviously she
wants her children. Obviously she never wanted her rights
terminated. But again, I’m not making any excuses for her
current situation. Because it’s -- even though it hurts on
this side, again, the kids are in a good situation. That’s all
anybody wants for their kids. Obviously, I’m ethically
bound -- I’m duty bound to ask you not to terminate her
rights. But obviously I understand the court is well versed
along those lines.
On 24 October 2019, the trial court entered orders in which it found the
existence of both alleged grounds for termination of the parental rights of respondent-
mother by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence and concluded that termination of
respondent-mother’s parental rights was in the best interests of both juveniles. The
trial court then terminated the parental rights of respondent-mother to the children
Tammy and Dan through entry of the termination orders.
Respondent-mother appeals to this Court from the trial court’s orders. Before
us, respondent-mother does not challenge the substance of the trial court’s
termination of parental rights orders. Instead, she contends that her trial counsel
provided ineffective assistance, thus rendering the termination proceedings
fundamentally unfair.
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Opinion of the Court
Analysis
North Carolina General Statutes Section 7B-1101.1(a) provides that a parent
in a termination of parental rights proceeding “has the right to counsel, and to
appointed counsel in cases of indigency, unless the parent waives the right.” N.C.G.S.
§ 7B-1101.1(a) (2019). Counsel necessarily must provide effective assistance, as the
alternative would render any statutory right to counsel potentially meaningless. See
State v. Sneed, 284 N.C. 606, 612, 201 S.E.2d 867, 871 (1974) (stating that the right
to counsel “is not intended to be an empty formality but is intended to guarantee
effective assistance of counsel.”); see also In re Bishop, 92 N.C. App. 662, 664, 375
S.E.2d 676, 678 (1989) (“By providing a statutory right to counsel in termination
proceedings, our legislature has recognized that this interest must be safeguarded by
adequate legal representation.”). “To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, respondent must show that counsel’s performance was deficient and the
deficiency was so serious as to deprive her of a fair hearing.” In re Bishop, 92 N.C.
App. at 665, 375 S.E.2d at 679 (citing State v. Braswell, 312 N.C. 553, 562, 324 S.E.2d
241, 248 (1985)). To make the latter showing, the respondent must prove that “there
is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, there would have been a
different result in the proceedings.” Braswell, 312 N.C. at 563, 324 S.E.2d at 248.
Respondent-mother contends in the instant case that the totality of counsel’s
actions during the termination of parental rights hearing “highlighted [respondent-
mother]’s weaknesses and extolled the reasonableness of an order terminating her
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Opinion of the Court
parental rights. [Respondent-mother] would have been better served by silence.” She
claims that her counsel violated his duty of zealous advocacy and implies that his
tempered representation of respondent-mother’s interests was “so deficient as to
amount in every respect to no representation at all,” quoting State v. Davidson, 77
N.C. App. 540, 546, 335 S.E.2d 518, 522 (1985), disc. review denied, 315 N.C. 393, 338
S.E.2d 882 (1986).
While a substantial amount of the tone of the advocacy of respondent-mother’s
counsel could reasonably be described as acquiescent in nature, nonetheless it is
implausible to categorize counsel’s statements here with the characterizations of the
accused by his defense counsel in Davidson, who made the following comments about
the defendant to the trial court during the sentencing phase of the case:
Your Honor, every now and then you get appointed
in a case where you have very little to say and this is one
of them. I have talked to [the defendant] in the jail on three
or four occasions. I talked to him, as you know, in the lock
up before the trial began. The information that he has
furnished me is not consistent with other information
available to the State and information furnished me by [the
prosecuting attorney] with regard to the man’s criminal
record. He has just completed doing a ten year sentence, he
tells me, for armed robbery and he did not make me aware
of that until after [the prosecuting attorney] had furnished
me certain materials that he had available to him.
As you very well know, I begged and pleaded with
him to take a negotiated plea. He was not willing to do that.
I informed this Court before the trial began and the record
reflects that I did not think that he had any available,
reasonable defense under the law of this state;
consequently, I had very little to say.
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Opinion of the Court
And, unless he would care to make a statement, I've
said all I care to.
Id. at 545, 335 S.E.2d at 521 (alterations in original). The Court of Appeals explained
that in its opinion in Davidson that defense counsel’s argument “consisted almost
exclusively of commentary entirely negative to defendant,” and the lower appellate
court expressed dismay that counsel “disparage[ed the defendant] before the court.”
Id. at 545, 335 S.E.2d at 521–22. The counsel’s advocacy at issue in Davidson, which
presented his client “in an entirely negative light,” created “a considerable
probability” that the statement “had an adverse impact” on the defendant’s treatment
by the tribunal. Id. at 546–47, 335 S.E.2d at 522. The defendant in Davidson,
therefore, was entitled to a new sentencing hearing accompanied by representation
that would not “undermine . . . confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 547, 335 S.E.2d at
522.
By contrast, counsel’s actions and arguments in the case at bar were not
“altogether lacking in positive advocacy.” Id. at 545, 335 S.E.2d at 521. Respondent-
mother’s counsel mentioned multiple facts in her favor during closing arguments,
specifically noting that respondent-mother “did make some progress” on her case
plan, that she still had a bond with her children, and that she did not want her rights
to be terminated. Respondent-mother’s counsel spoke favorably of his client,
emphasizing her positive traits that she has “always been easy to deal with” and
“always been pretty good about what she wants to do and so [she]’s not making any
excuses for where she’s at.” Moreover, respondent-mother’s counsel unequivocally
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Opinion of the Court
asked the trial court to rule in his client’s favor during his closing arguments at the
close of both the adjudication and disposition phases of the hearing. Although
respondent-mother challenges the moderate tone of her counsel’s presentation on her
behalf, it strains credibility to characterize her counsel’s representation of her
interests as the equivalent of “no representation at all.” Id. at 546, 335 S.E.2d at 522(citation omitted); see also In re C.D.H., 265 N.C. App. 609, 613, 829 S.E.2d 690, 693
(2019) (explaining that a lack of positive advocacy does not necessarily equate to
ineffective assistance because “it is possible that ‘resourceful preparation reveal[ed]
nothing positive to be said for’ Mother” (alteration in original) (citation omitted)).
Furthermore, unlike defense counsel’s negative representations of defendant
during the sentencing phase of Davidson after the accused’s determination of guilt,
the observations by respondent-mother’s counsel of respondent-mother in the course
of both the adjudication and disposition phases in the case sub judice were positive
depictions of her. Any candor, acceptance, or recognition regarding respondent-
mother’s circumstances in her situation as a parent which her counsel strategically
elected to intersperse among his overt statements to trumpet and preserve
respondent-mother’s parental rights cannot be deemed by this Court to rise to the
level of ineffective assistance of counsel as demonstrated in Davidson.
As we earlier recognized in the recitation of the guidelines addressed in our
decision in Braswell which was applied by the Court of Appeals in its Bishop opinion,
in order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a party in the
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Opinion of the Court
position of respondent-mother here must show both that counsel’s performance was
deficient and that this deficiency was so serious as to deprive the party of a fair
hearing. We further instructed in Braswell that the gauge for the deprivation of a fair
hearing in this regard is the existence of a reasonable probability that, but for the
errors of the party’s counsel, there would have been a different result in the
proceedings. In the case before us, respondent-mother has failed to show deficient
performance by her counsel in the representation of her interests in either the tone
or content of the closing arguments, or in the brevity of the cross-examination by
respondent-mother’s counsel of the testifying witness for DSS during the adjudication
phase of the hearing. In light of the insufficient establishment of a deficient
performance by her counsel to amount to ineffective assistance of counsel,
consequently respondent-mother cannot show any prejudice suffered by her as to the
result in the proceedings.
The undisputed evidence presented at the termination of parental rights
hearing supports the trial court’s conclusions that at least one ground existed to
terminate the parental rights of respondent-mother and that termination was in
Tammy and Dan’s best interests. In the face of the strength of this evidence,
respondent-mother has not shown a reasonable probability that the outcome of the
termination hearing would have been different if her counsel’s representation of her
interests had been different.
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Opinion of the Court
This Court has addressed and resolved the only issue which respondent-
mother has brought before us in this appeal, which is whether she received ineffective
assistance from her counsel during the adjudication and disposition phases of the
hearing which led to the termination of respondent-mother’s parental rights to the
juveniles Tammy and Dan. We have determined that respondent-mother’s counsel
did not render ineffective assistance and consequently there was no prejudice to her
in the proceedings of the hearing. Respondent-mother has not challenged the trial
court’s findings of fact or conclusions of law in her pursuit of this appeal. As a result,
having found that respondent-mother did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel,
and having recognized that the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law
remain intact and binding by virtue of their unchallenged nature, we affirm the trial
court’s decision to terminate the parental rights of respondent-mother.
Conclusion
Based upon the foregoing facts, circumstances, and analysis, we affirm the
orders of the trial court which terminate the parental rights of respondent-mother.
AFFIRMED.
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