Sia Grp., Inc. v. Patterson , 254 N.C. App. 85 ( 2017 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA16-1137
Filed: 20 June 2017
Onslow County, No. 16CVS2477
SIA GROUP, INC., Plaintiff,
v.
CLIFFORD G. PATTERSON, Defendant.
Appeal by defendant from a preliminary injunction entered 3 October 2016 by
Judge John E. Nobles, Jr. in Onslow County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of
Appeals 22 February 2017.
Crossley McIntosh Collier Hanley & Edes, PLLC, by Norwood P. Blanchard,
III, for plaintiff-appellee.
Poyner Spruill, LLP, by Andrew H. Erteschik and Kevin M. Ceglowski, for
defendant-appellant.
BERGER, Judge.
Clifford G. Patterson (“Defendant”) appeals from a preliminary injunction
entered on October 3, 2016 by Judge John E. Nobles, Jr. in Onslow County Superior
Court. Defendant has failed to establish this Court’s jurisdiction because he is unable
to show that the preliminary injunction deprived him of a substantial right. We
therefore dismiss this appeal as interlocutory.
Factual History
SIA GROUP, INC. V. PATTERSON
Opinion of the Court
Plaintiff, SIA Group, Inc. (“SIA”), is an insurance agency, which solicits, sells,
and services insurance and related financial products. SIA hired Defendant in
December 2002 as a “sales executive” to sell and service “property, casualty, and other
incidental insurance coverages” for commercial clients. When Defendant was hired
by SIA, he signed an employment agreement (“the Agreement”), which included non-
solicitation and non-disclosure covenants. For two years following Defendant’s
departure from SIA, the Agreement’s non-solicitation covenant barred Defendant
from soliciting or accepting business for himself in totum from those who were current
or prospective SIA clients for the three years prior to his departure from SIA, and
from “divert[ing] or attempt[ing] to divert” current or prospective SIA clients to an
SIA competitor. The Agreement’s non-disclosure covenant barred Defendant from
“divulg[ing], disclos[ing], or communicat[ing]” any confidential information which
related to SIA’s business, acted in SIA’s detriment, competed with SIA, or attempted
to adversely affect a relationship between SIA and its current or prospective clients.
In 2011, Defendant was promoted to a corporate position and a team leader
position at SIA. Through these positions, Defendant gained “complete access to all . . .
confidential files of . . . SIA Group’s customers and prospects, not just the customers
that [Defendant] himself serviced or solicited.” In February 2016, SIA modified its
compensation structure. This upset Defendant because he believed his performance
as one of SIA’s top salesmen should generate more income. On March 24, 2016,
-2-
SIA GROUP, INC. V. PATTERSON
Opinion of the Court
without the knowledge or consent of SIA, Defendant emailed an SIA customer list of
approximately 300 client names, addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses
from his SIA email address to his personal email address. In May 2016, Defendant
resigned from SIA and took a position with an SIA competitor, BB&T Insurance
Services, Inc.
Procedural History
On June 29, 2016, SIA filed suit against Defendant for breach of contract
alleging Defendant had violated the non-solicitation and non-disclosure covenants in
the Agreement. SIA also filed a motion for a preliminary injunction to prevent
Defendant from further violating the covenants.
On October 3, 2016, the trial court issued a preliminary injunction against
Defendant. In its order, the trial court found that Defendant had “solicit[ed] business
[while working for SIA’s competitor] from the clients he formerly serviced while
working for SIA” and concluded “it [was] appropriate to limit [the preliminary
injunction] to just those specific customers listed in the ‘customer list’ ” that
Defendant emailed to himself in March 2016. Pursuant to the preliminary injunction,
Defendant could not solicit or accept SIA clients who were on the customer list or
disclose “confidential information of any kind, nature, or description relating to SIA
Group’s business,” which included, but was not limited to, the customer list. It is
from this preliminary injunction that Defendant timely appealed.
-3-
SIA GROUP, INC. V. PATTERSON
Opinion of the Court
Analysis
Defendant argues that this Court must address this interlocutory appeal
because the trial court’s order issuing the preliminary injunction affects a substantial
right. He argues that the preliminary injunction affects his right to earn a living;
that this right is a substantial right; and that the substantial right doctrine,
therefore, confers jurisdiction on this Court. We disagree and dismiss Defendant’s
appeal.
“A trial court’s ruling on a motion for preliminary injunction is interlocutory.”
Bessemer City Express, Inc. v. City of Kings Mountain, 155 N.C. App. 637, 639, 573
S.E.2d 712, 714 (2002) (citing Rug Doctor, L.P. v. Prate, 143 N.C. App. 343, 345, 545
S.E.2d 766, 767 (2001)). “The appeals process is designed to eliminate the
unnecessary delay and expense of repeated fragmentary appeals, and to present the
whole case for determination in a single appeal from a final judgment.” Stanford v.
Paris, 364 N.C. 306, 311, 698 S.E.2d 37, 40 (2010) (citation and quotation marks
omitted). Therefore, “interlocutory appeals are discouraged except in limited
circumstances,” Id., and, “[a]s a general rule, there is no right of appeal from an
interlocutory order.” Larsen v. Black Diamond French Truffles, Inc., ___ N.C. App.
___, ___, 772 S.E.2d 93, 95 (2015).
“For appellate review to be proper, the trial court's order must: (1) certify the
case for appeal pursuant to N.C. R. Civ. P. 54(b); or (2) have deprived the appellant
-4-
SIA GROUP, INC. V. PATTERSON
Opinion of the Court
of a substantial right that will be lost absent review before final disposition of the
case.” Bessemer City Express, 155 N.C. App. at 639, 573 S.E.2d at 714 (citing N.C.
Gen. Stat. §§ 1–277(a) and 7A–27(d)(1) (2001)). In this case, the trial court’s order
was not certified for immediate appeal; nor does it affect a substantial right.
To establish that a court order affects a substantial right, appellant must show
that “the right itself [is] substantial; and . . . the deprivation of that substantial right
. . . potentially work[s] injury to the party if not corrected before appeal from final
judgment.” Id., 573 S.E.2d at 714 (citation, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).
North Carolina courts “have recognized the inability to practice one’s livelihood and
the deprivation of a significant property interest to be substantial rights.” Id. at 640,
573 S.E.2d at 714 (citations omitted). However, “[n]ot every order which affects a
person’s right to earn a living is deemed to affect a substantial right.” A & D
Environmental Services, Inc. v. Miller, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 776 S.E.2d 733, 735
(2015). “Rather, whether such an order affects a substantial right depends on the
extent that a person’s right to earn a living is affected.” Id. at ___, 776 S.E.2d at 735.
This Court has previously held a preliminary injunction affects an individual’s
substantial right to earn a living when the “preliminary injunction . . . effectively
prevents a person from [engaging in] ‘a realistic opportunity to use his own skill and
talents,’ ” but not where the injunction “merely limits a person’s ability to earn a
living.” Id. at ___, 776 S.E.2d at 735-36 (citations omitted) (emphasis in original).
-5-
SIA GROUP, INC. V. PATTERSON
Opinion of the Court
Accordingly, this Court found that a defendant-employee’s substantial right to earn
a living was not impacted by a preliminary injunction that “d[id] not prevent [the
d]efendant from working in [the p]laintiff’s industry, but . . . limit[ed] [the
defendant’s] activities by not allowing him to call on or service a narrowly defined
group of customers” in that industry. Id. at ___, 776 S.E.2d at 736. In A & D
Environmental Services, this Court did not find it had jurisdiction to address the
merits of an appealed preliminary injunction that barred the defendant from
soliciting or servicing individuals with whom he had previously conducted business.
Id. at ___, 776 S.E.2d at 736. This Court explained the preliminary injunction’s
restrictive scope was not so large that it left “very few, if any, viable prospects or
customers for a defendant to call on.” Id. at ___, 776 S.E.2d at 736 nn.1-2. See
Consolidated Textiles v. Sprague, 117 N.C. App. 132, 134, 450 S.E.2d 348, 349 (1994)
(holding that a defendant’s substantial right, that of earning a living, was not
impacted where a preliminary injunction enforcing a covenant not to compete barred
the defendant from contacting the plaintiff’s “customers actively solicited within the
year prior to [the defendant’s] resignation” because it “appear[ed] to only restrict him
from contacting approximately three hundred customers—a fraction of the thousands
that remain[ed] available” (citations omitted)).
In the case sub judice, from the time when Defendant separated from SIA to
the issuance of the preliminary injunction, Defendant sold insurance policies to
-6-
SIA GROUP, INC. V. PATTERSON
Opinion of the Court
“numerous” clients he serviced while employed at SIA and earned over $180,000.00
in commissions from the newly-generated policies. Before the injunction was issued,
Defendant was neither “prevented” nor “limited” from soliciting, accepting, or
generating business in the insurance industry. Only after the preliminary
injunction’s issuance was Defendant restricted from soliciting or accepting business
from the approximately 300 SIA clients contained in the customer list, exclusive of
those clients who named Defendant as their broker of record.
Therefore, the preliminary injunction does not prevent or “destroy”
Defendant’s ability to earn a living or sustain a livelihood. See Copypro, Inc. v.
Musgrove, 232 N.C. App. 194, 197, 754 S.E.2d 188, 191 (2014) (“[W]hen the entry of
an order [for] . . . a preliminary injunction has the effect of destroying a party’s
livelihood, [it] affects a substantial right. . . .” (citation omitted)). Its terms “merely
limits [Defendant’s] activities by not allowing him to [solicit or passively accept
business from] a narrowly defined group of customers.” A&D Environmental
Services, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 776 S.E.2d at 736. Defendant continues to have a
“realistic opportunity to use his own skill and talents” to generate new client
relationships outside the customer list on which the preliminary injunction focuses.
Id. at ___, 776 S.E.2d at 735 (citations and quotation marks omitted). Defendant did
not establish that the trial court’s preliminary injunction affected his ability to earn
a living to the extent at which it affects a substantial right. “Because it is the
-7-
SIA GROUP, INC. V. PATTERSON
Opinion of the Court
appellant’s burden to present appropriate grounds for this Court’s acceptance of an
interlocutory appeal, and Defendant[ has] not met [his] burden, Defendant[’s] appeal
must be dismissed.” Larsen, 241 N.C. App. at 79, 772 S.E.2d at 96 (citation, quotation
marks, and brackets omitted). Furthermore, we will not grant Defendant’s petition
for a writ of certiorari to address the merits of this appeal at this stage of litigation.
Conclusion
As Defendant has failed to establish that the trial court’s preliminary
injunction affected a substantial right, we have no appellate jurisdiction to consider
this interlocutory appeal. We also deny Defendant’s petition for a writ of certiorari.
Accordingly, we must dismiss.
DISMISSED.
Judges CALABRIA and HUNTER, JR. concur.
-8-