Ayers v. Currituck Cty. Dep't of Soc. Servs. ( 2019 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA18-1007
Filed: 1 October 2019
Currituck County, No. 17 OSP 8518
JUDITH M. AYERS, Petitioner
v.
CURRITUCK COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES, Respondent
Appeal by Respondent from Final Decision entered 13 June 2018 by
Administrative Law Judge Melissa Owens Lassiter in the Office of Administrative
Hearings. Heard in the Court of Appeals 26 March 2019.
Hornthal, Riley, Ellis & Maland, L.L.P., by John D. Leidy, for petitioner-
appellee.
The Twiford Law Firm, by John S. Morrison, for respondent-appellant.
HAMPSON, Judge.
Factual and Procedural Background
Currituck County Department of Social Services (DSS) appeals from a Final
Decision of the Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) reversing a Final Agency Decision
by DSS to terminate the employment of Judith M. Ayers (Petitioner) and further
requiring Petitioner be retroactively reinstated to her same or similar position with
DSS with full back pay and payment of reasonable attorneys’ fees. The Record before
us reflects the following:
AYERS V. CURRITUCK CTY. DEP’T OF SOC. SERVS.
Opinion of the Court
Late in the afternoon on Friday, 3 November 2017, at approximately 4:45 p.m.,
Samantha Hurd (Hurd), Director of DSS, was working to compile statistics related to
DSS’s Child Protective Services Unit, including demographic information such as
race and gender of individuals and families with which DSS was engaged. In the
process of going though handwritten reports, Hurd identified several reports that
required some additional information or about which she had questions. As was the
customary practice, Hurd found Petitioner, the Supervisor of the Child Protective
Services Unit, to go through the reports about which Hurd had questions. On this
particular afternoon, Petitioner was working in a vacant office.
One report Hurd had questions about involved the “F family.”1 On the intake
form for the F family, the assigned social worker had listed the letters “NR” under
the race category. Hurd did not recognize the abbreviation and knew Petitioner, as
the supervisor of the unit, would be able to obtain the information. Hurd asked
Petitioner what NR meant, and Petitioner replied she was unsure.2 Petitioner then
volunteered a suggestion as to a possible meaning. Hurd believed Petitioner said NR
1 The family name is redacted from the Record to protect their privacy.
2 Although the evidence tends to show NR was not a customary abbreviation used by DSS, it,
nevertheless, apparently did not occur to either of the two senior DSS employees that NR likely stood
for “None Reported,” “Not Recorded,” “No Response,” “No Reply,” or something similar, particularly in
the context of the overall form, which also included NR under the column for School/Child Care. Hurd
later determined the abbreviation did indeed stand for “None Reported.” Had either of the two made
this connection, all that follows may well have been avoided.
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could mean “nigger rican.”3 The two left the vacant office to locate the actual file to
obtain the information. Embarrassed, Petitioner asked Hurd not to tell anyone what
had been said. Both Petitioner and Hurd are white females. Hurd later testified
Petitioner’s statement made “a significant impact” on her because it was vulgar,
crude, demeaning, and discriminatory, as it disparaged both African Americans and
Puerto Ricans.
Over the ensuing weekend, Hurd conferred with an attorney for DSS and a
personnel consultant about the incident, as well as consulting an excerpt from a guide
on the imposition of discipline of North Carolina public employees. On Monday, 6
November 2017, Petitioner was summoned to a pre-dismissal conference with Hurd.
Petitioner was provided a written summary of the allegations, including the specific
allegation that Petitioner had used the phrase “n----- rican.” The written notice
asserted Petitioner’s alleged actions constituted “unacceptable personal conduct, in
that it was conduct for which no reasonable person should be expected to be warned
of in advance, the willful violation of known or written work rules, and conduct
unbecoming of an employee of [DSS].”
3 It is important at this stage to note (as discussed below) Petitioner ultimately disputes that
she used this phrase, instead claiming she used a different iteration of the phrase. The ALJ, in the
Final Decision, found Petitioner used yet a third (and later a fourth) version of the phrase. Because
of these discrepancies and the underlying evidentiary disagreement between the parties, we set out
the offensive phrase here for context but will redact it for the remainder of the opinion.
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Opinion of the Court
In correspondence presented to Hurd either prior to or at the 6 November 2017
pre-dismissal conference, Petitioner wrote:
You stated that our meeting will be about the comment that I
made on Friday afternoon. I made the comment directly to you
while we were alone in the unoccupied social work office. You
asked what a race ‘code’ meant that was hand written . . . [, and]
we each paused attempting to decipher as it was not clear and it
was said as a random guess. I immediately commented that I
couldn’t believe I had just said that. I apologize for making that
comment. I know the comment was unacceptable. It would be
unacceptable in any setting, personal or professional.
After receiving Hurd’s written notice of the allegations at the pre-dismissal
conference, Petitioner prepared a further written response disputing the events as
recounted by Hurd and the grounds for her potential dismissal, stating in part:
Your synopsis is not exactly how I recall the exchange on
November 3, 2017. I do not recall saying the words as they are
spelled out in your letter, though I do not deny that I did say two
unrelated words in the tone of answering a nonsensical word
problem.
Petitioner went on to state: “Your assumption of my negative effect on the morale of
subordinates and service delivery are baseless. The syllables spoken were not used
to describe anyone. Separately or together they do not describe a race.”
On 8 November 2017, Hurd issued a letter with her decision to terminate
Petitioner. This correspondence stated that during the pre-dismissal conference,
Petitioner “acknowledged using the words ‘n----- rican’ during your conversation with
me and described this as ‘totally inappropriate and unacceptable’.” The letter
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Opinion of the Court
concluded: “After consideration of all of this information I have decided to terminate
your employment with [DSS] for unacceptable personal conduct.”
On 14 November 2017, Petitioner gave a written appeal to DSS, challenging
the grounds and procedure used in her termination. In this appeal, Petitioner wrote:
“You spell out in quotation marks what you claim I said. I did not say those remarks
as they are recounted by you.” Petitioner further stated: “You state that I
acknowledged using the words spelled out by you. I did not. I apologized for making
an illogical comment or ‘random guess’ that was unacceptable.” Petitioner then
asserted: “You state ‘at no time (in the pre dismissal conference) did you (I) deny using
the words’ that were spelled out. I did not deny nor did I agree with those words
spelled out by you.” On 21 November 2017, DSS, through Hurd, issued a Final
Agency Decision affirming the decision to terminate Petitioner’s employment.
On or about 15 December 2017, Petitioner filed a Petition for Contested Case
Hearing alleging she had been dismissed from her employment by DSS “without just
cause or due process.” The matter was heard before the ALJ on 19 April 2018. During
this evidentiary hearing, Petitioner disputed that she had said: “n----- rican.” Rather,
she maintained she had used the phrase: “nigra rican.” For clarification, Petitioner’s
counsel asked her to spell the words Petitioner thought she used, to which Petitioner
spelled out: “n-i-g-r-a” and “r-i-c-a-n.” Petitioner explained:
I guess I used neither of those words often or ever, and those
words are in my word bank because of people in my family.
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Opinion of the Court
My grandmother was from Norfolk, an old southern lady, and
she would refer to negroes as nigra. And as kids we didn’t know
if that was a good word or a bad word, but by our generation, it
was close enough that we just didn’t say it unless we were
imitating my grandmother.
And rican, my brother-in-law is from Ecuador, and he lived in
New York, so he would often tell stories or different situations
about stereotyping the different Latin American community up in
New York. And he would refer to people as rican.
That’s the only -- I can't say I intended to say any of this, but
those are the words that would be in my personal word bank.
On cross-examination, Petitioner conceded this was the first time she had
expressly articulated what she believed she had said on 3 November 2017, despite
prior opportunities to straighten the record. “I felt like the situation -- the incident -
- I said something improper whether it was nigra or n-i-g-g-e-r. What she heard was
improper, what I said was improper, and I still accept that.” Petitioner went on to
state, “I wouldn’t allow my social workers to say that.”
On 13 June 2018, the ALJ entered its Final Decision containing numerous
Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. In particular, as to the 3 November 2017
incident, the ALJ found:
23. During the conversation between Petitioner and Ms. Hurd,
Ms. Hurd asked more than once “what does this [‘NR’] mean?”
Finally, Petitioner responded, “I think it means “Negra-Rican.”
Petitioner believes she used the word “Negra” as her grandmother
used that word to refer to African-Americans. Ms. Hurd believes
Petitioner said the word “n-----”[.]
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The ALJ, having inserted a third iteration of the phrase into the record, further
found:
47. Petitioner felt that she had used the word “Negra,” and
conceded that at the time of the November 3, 2017 incident, and
in all subsequent discussions about it. She also consistently
conceded that using the word “Negra” was improper and
unacceptable in a work setting. Ms. Hurd misunderstood
Petitioner’s apology as an acknowledgement that she had used
the “n” word which Ms. Hurd believed Petitioner said. However,
Petitioner’s apology for saying “Negra” was not an
acknowledgement by Petitioner that she had used the “n” word as
Ms. Hurd alleged. Nonetheless, Ms. Hurd’s confusion was not
material to the November 3, 2017 incident and did not cause Ms.
Hurd to decide to dismiss or to discipline Petitioner.
The ALJ then made Conclusions of Law, including analyzing the facts of the
case in light of Warren v. North Carolina Department of Crime Control, 221 N.C. App.
376, 726 S.E.2d 920 (2012), and Granger v. University of North Carolina, 197 N.C.
App. 699, 678 S.E.2d 715 (2009). The ALJ concluded:
12. The undersigned agrees with the Fourth Circuit’s analysis in
Spriggs v. Diamond Auto Glass that the use of the “n” word is far
more than just a mere offensive utterance, and is a “pure
anathema to African-Americans” that creates an abusive working
and personal environment. . . . In this case, unlike Pamela
Granger in Granger, supra., Petitioner did not use the “n” word
in referring to another coworker in [DSS], but blurted out “Negra-
Rican” while trying to interpret the “NR” abbreviation on a form
during a private conversation with her supervisor. Unlike
Pamela Granger, Petitioner did not say she “would not hire
another black person,” was not overheard by one of her
subordinate employees or any other employee at work, and did
not expose [DSS] to embarrassment and potential legal liability.
. . . Petitioner surprised herself by saying what she said,
immediately regretted her statement, immediately told Ms. Hurd
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that she could not believe she had said that, and apologized to Ms.
Hurd.
13. While Ms. Hurd believed Petitioner spoke the “n” word during
their private conversation on November 3, 2017, the greater
weight of evidence demonstrated that Petitioner involuntarily
blurted out the phrase “Negro-Rican” during a momentary lapse
in judgment. Petitioner’s statement was not committed
maliciously, was not meant or said for any racially-motivated
reason, or with any racially motivated intent. Petitioner’s
explanation for making that statement was credible and
believable. Therefore, [DSS] failed to prove the first prong of
Warren by failing to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that
Petitioner engaged in the conduct alleged by [DSS].
Based on Conclusion of Law 13,4 the ALJ concluded no further analysis was
required because DSS failed to even prove Petitioner engaged in the specific conduct
alleged by DSS. The ALJ, nevertheless, went on to conclude DSS also erred in the
Final Agency Decision by failing to give proper weight to the fact no one other than
Hurd overheard the comment on 3 November 2017 and by failing to give proper
weight to Petitioner’s lack of disciplinary history during her almost 11 years of
service.
Based on the totality of the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the ALJ
determined:
15. The relevant facts and mitigating factors, including, but not
limited to, Petitioner’s disciplinary history, her years of service,
prior job performance, and the lack of any harm sustained by
Respondent, further supports a determination that Petitioner’s
conduct does not rise to the level of conduct that would justify the
4 Which now inserted a fourth iteration of the alleged comment as “Negro-Rican.”
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severest sanction of dismissal under the totality of facts and
circumstances of this contested case.
The ALJ then ultimately concluded: “Based on the foregoing analysis, [DSS] lacked
just cause to dismiss Petitioner from employment . . . .” Consequently, the ALJ
reversed the Final Agency Decision and ordered Petitioner to be reinstated with full
back pay and reimbursement of attorneys’ fees. DSS timely filed Notice of Appeal
from the ALJ’s Final Decision.
Appellate Jurisdiction
The parties agree this case is subject to Article 8 of Chapter 126 of the North
Carolina General Statutes, titled “Employee Appeals of Grievances and Disciplinary
Action.” The parties also agree Petitioner qualifies as a “career State employee” and
thus is afforded the benefit of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 126-35(a), which provides in part: “No
career State employee subject to the North Carolina Human Resources Act shall be
discharged, suspended, or demoted for disciplinary reasons, except for just cause.”
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 126-35(a) (2017). Under this Statute, an employee has the right to
appeal first to the agency head to obtain a final agency decision and then, in turn,
seek review of the final agency decision in the Office of Administrative Hearings
(OAH). Id. Under Section 126-34.02, an employee aggrieved by the final agency
decision appeals to OAH by filing a contested case. Id. § 126-34.02(a) (2017).
Specifically, as was the case here, “[a] career State employee may allege that he or
she was dismissed, demoted, or suspended for disciplinary reasons without just
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Opinion of the Court
cause.” Id. § 126-34.02(b)(3). Following the ALJ’s final decision, an aggrieved party,
here DSS, is entitled to judicial review by appeal to this Court, as further provided
under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-29(a). Id. § 126-34.02(a).
Thus, this matter is before this Court on appeal from the ALJ’s Final Decision
under N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 126-34.02(a) and 7A-29(a). Further, we note that while the
ALJ left open the issue of the amount of attorneys’ fees to be awarded to Petitioner,
this does not alter the final nature of the ALJ’s Final Decision for purposes of its
appealability under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-29(a). See Duncan v. Duncan, 366 N.C. 544,
546, 742 S.E.2d 799, 801 (2013) (“An order that completely decides the merits of an
action therefore constitutes a final judgment for purposes of appeal even when the
trial court reserves for later determination collateral issues such as attorney’s fees
and costs.” (citation omitted)).
Standard of Review
“ ‘It is well settled that in cases appealed from administrative tribunals,
questions of law receive de novo review, whereas fact-intensive issues such as
sufficiency of the evidence to support an agency’s decision are reviewed under the
whole-record test.’ ” Harris v. N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 798
S.E.2d 127, 132 (quoting N.C. Dep’t of Env’t & Natural Res. v. Carroll, 358 N.C. 649,
659, 599 S.E.2d 888, 894-95 (2004)), aff’d per curiam, 370 N.C. 386, 808 S.E.2d 142-
43 (2017).
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Opinion of the Court
“Where the petitioner alleges that the agency decision was based on error of
law, the reviewing court must examine the record de novo, as though the issue had
not yet been considered by the agency.” Blackburn v. N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 246
N.C. App. 196, 207, 784 S.E.2d 509, 518 (2016) (citation and quotation marks
omitted). As such, “[u]nder a de novo review, the court considers the matter anew
and freely substitutes its own judgment for that of the [ALJ].” Id. (alteration in
original) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
On the other hand, “[u]nder the whole record test, the reviewing court must
examine all competent evidence to determine if there is substantial evidence to
support the administrative agency’s findings and conclusions.” Henderson v. N.C.
Dept. of Human Resources, 91 N.C. App. 527, 530, 372 S.E.2d 887, 889 (1988) (citation
omitted). “When the trial court applies the whole record test, however, it may not
substitute its judgment for the agency’s as between two conflicting views, even
though it could reasonably have reached a different result had it reviewed the matter
de novo.” Carroll, 358 N.C. at 660, 599 S.E.2d at 895 (citation and quotation marks
omitted).
Issues
The relevant issues are (I) whether the ALJ’s Finding of Fact 23, regarding the
alleged conduct of Petitioner, is supported by substantial evidence in the Record; and
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Opinion of the Court
(II) whether the ALJ properly concluded that DSS failed to prove the first prong of
the Warren analysis—that Petitioner engaged in the conduct alleged by DSS.
Analysis
Before beginning our analysis of the ALJ’s Final Decision, it is helpful to review
the basic legal foundation for the Final Agency Decision, the ALJ’s Final Decision,
and thus our decision. As noted above, “[c]areer state employees, like petitioner, may
not be discharged, suspended, or demoted for disciplinary reasons without ‘just
cause.’ ” Warren, 221 N.C. App. at 379, 726 S.E.2d at 923 (quoting N.C. Gen. Stat. §
126-35(a)). By statute, “the burden of showing that a career State employee was
discharged, demoted, or suspended for just cause rests with the employer.” N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 126-34.02(d).
The Administrative Code provides two bases for the statutory “just cause”
standard: “(1) Discipline or dismissal imposed on the basis of unsatisfactory job
performance, including grossly inefficient job performance[; and] (2) Discipline or
dismissal imposed on the basis of unacceptable personal conduct.” 25 N.C. Admin.
Code 1J.0604(b)(1)-(2) (2018). Here, Petitioner’s dismissal was based on allegations
of unacceptable personal conduct. The Administrative Code further defines
unacceptable personal conduct as:
(a) conduct for which no reasonable person should expect to
receive prior warning;
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(b) job-related conduct which constitutes a violation of state or
federal law;
(c) conviction of a felony or an offense involving moral turpitude
that is detrimental to or impacts the employee's service to the
State;
(d) the willful violation of known or written work rules;
(e) conduct unbecoming a state employee that is detrimental to
state service;
(f) the abuse of client(s), patient(s), student(s) or a person(s) over
whom the employee has charge or to whom the employee has a
responsibility or an animal owned by the State;
(g) absence from work after all authorized leave credits and
benefits have been exhausted; or
(h) falsification of a state application or in other employment
documentation.
25 N.C. Admin. Code 1J.0614(8)(a)-(h) (2018). Here, DSS asserted Petitioner’s
alleged unacceptable personal conduct included: (a) conduct for which no reasonable
person should expect to receive prior warning; (d) the willful violation of known or
written work rules; and (e) conduct unbecoming a state employee that is detrimental
to state service.
This Court has articulated a three-part analytical approach to determine
whether just cause exists to support a disciplinary action against a career State
employee for alleged unacceptable personal conduct:
The proper analytical approach is to first determine whether the
employee engaged in the conduct the employer alleges. The
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Opinion of the Court
second inquiry is whether the employee's conduct falls within one
of the categories of unacceptable personal conduct provided by the
Administrative Code. Unacceptable personal conduct does not
necessarily establish just cause for all types of discipline. If the
employee's act qualifies as a type of unacceptable conduct, the
tribunal proceeds to the third inquiry: whether that misconduct
amounted to just cause for the disciplinary action taken. Just
cause must be determined based upon an examination of the facts
and circumstances of each individual case.
Warren, 221 N.C. App. at 383, 726 S.E.2d at 925 (citation and quotation marks
omitted). The North Carolina Supreme Court has further emphasized that an
“appropriate and necessary component” of a decision to impose discipline on a career
State employee is the consideration of certain factors, including: “the severity of the
violation, the subject matter involved, the resulting harm, the [career State
employee’s] work history, or discipline imposed in other cases involving similar
violations.” Wetherington v. N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 368 N.C. 583, 592, 780 S.E.2d
543, 548 (2015).
In this case, the ALJ concluded DSS failed to meet its burden under the first
prong of the Warren analysis because the ALJ found Petitioner uttered the phrase
“Negra-Rican” or “Negro-Rican” rather than “N----- Rican” as alleged by DSS; thus,
according to the ALJ, DSS failed to prove that Petitioner engaged in the conduct
alleged. The ALJ went on, however, to further conclude DSS committed errors in its
analysis of whether dismissal was the appropriate disciplinary measure by failing to
take into account whether anyone else overheard the comment and by failing to
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Opinion of the Court
consider Petitioner’s lack of any prior disciplinary history. Therefore, the ALJ
concluded in light of Petitioner’s disciplinary history, years of service, prior job
performance, and the lack of harm to DSS, under the totality of the circumstances,
dismissal was not warranted. As a result, the ALJ determined DSS lacked just cause
to dismiss Petitioner and reversed the Final Agency Decision.
I. Finding of Fact 23
DSS challenges a number of the ALJ’s Findings of Fact as unsupported by the
evidence. We, however, for purposes of this appeal need only address one of the
challenged Findings of Fact:
23. During the conversation between Petitioner and Ms.
Hurd, Ms. Hurd asked more than once “what does this
[‘NR’] mean?” Finally, Petitioner responded, “I think it
means “Negra-Rican.” Petitioner believes she used the
word “Negra” as her grandmother used that word to refer
to African-Americans. Ms. Hurd believes Petitioner said
the word “n-----”[.]
It is apparent from the ALJ’s Final Decision that this was the critical finding driving
the ALJ’s analysis both in terms of applying the Warren factors and in its
consideration of the totality of the circumstances surrounding the imposition of
discipline on Petitioner.
DSS argues the ALJ should have accepted Hurd’s testimony as more credible
because Petitioner only provided her version of the alleged comment for the first time
at the hearing before the ALJ. However, “[t]he credibility of witnesses and the
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Opinion of the Court
probative value of particular testimony are for the [ALJ] to determine, and [the ALJ]
may accept or reject in whole or part the testimony of any witness.” N.C. Dep’t of
Pub. Safety v. Ledford, 247 N.C. App. 266, 287, 786 S.E.2d 50, 64 (2016) (alterations
in original) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
Nevertheless, we are compelled to conclude the ALJ’s Finding is still not
supported by the evidence in the Record, even relying solely upon Petitioner’s
testimony. Petitioner’s testimony was clear and unequivocal that the phrase she used
was “nigra rican” and not “Negra-Rican,” as found by the ALJ. Petitioner even spelled
out the phrase in response to her own attorney’s questioning. In addition, Petitioner
went on to explain:
I guess I used neither of those words often or ever, and those
words are in my word bank because of people in my family.
My grandmother was from Norfolk, an old southern lady, and
she would refer to negroes as nigra. And as kids we didn’t know
if that was a good word or a bad word, but by our generation, it
was close enough that we just didn’t say it unless we were
imitating my grandmother.
And rican, my brother-in-law is from Ecuador, and he lived in
New York, so he would often tell stories or different situations
about stereotyping the different Latin American community up in
New York. And he would refer to people as rican.
That’s the only -- I can't say I intended to say any of this, but
those are the words that would be in my personal word bank.
Thus, the ALJ’s Finding is not supported by the evidence in the Record. It is
then apparent the ALJ carried out the remainder of its analysis under the
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misapprehension of the exact phrase used and that the ALJ’s understanding of the
exact phrase used was central to both the rest of the ALJ’s Findings and its
Conclusions of Law. Therefore, we vacate the ALJ’s Final Decision in its entirety and
remand this matter for the ALJ to reconsider its factual findings in light of the
evidence of record and to make new conclusions based upon those factual findings.
II. Failure to Prove First Prong of Warren
In particular, the ALJ’s erroneous Finding directly impacted its Conclusions of
Law 12 and 13:
12. The undersigned agrees with the Fourth Circuit’s analysis in
Spriggs v. Diamond Auto Glass that use of the “n” word is far
more than just a mere offensive utterance, and is a “pure
anathema to African-Americans” that creates an abusive working
and personal environment. . . . In this case, unlike Pamela
Granger in Granger, supra., Petitioner did not use the “n” word
in referring to another coworker in [DSS], but blurted out “Negra-
Rican” while trying to interpret the “NR” abbreviation on a form
during a private conversation with her supervisor. Unlike
Pamela Granger, Petitioner did not say she “would not hire
another black person,” was not overheard by one of her
subordinate employees or any other employee at work, and did
not expose [DSS] to embarrassment and potential legal liability.
. . . Petitioner surprised herself by saying what she said,
immediately regretted her statement, immediately told Ms. Hurd
that she could not believe she had said that, and apologized to Ms.
Hurd.
13. While Ms. Hurd believed Petitioner spoke the “n” word during
their private conversation on November 3, 2017, the greater
weight of the evidence demonstrated that Petitioner involuntarily
blurted out the phrase “Negro-Rican” during a momentary lapse
in judgment. Petitioner’s statement was not committed
maliciously, was not meant or said for any racially-motivated
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reason, or with any racially motivated intent. Petitioner’s
explanation for making that statement was credible and
believable. Therefore, [DSS] failed to prove the first prong of
Warren by failing to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that
Petitioner engaged in the conduct alleged by [DSS].
It is clear that based on its erroneous finding that Petitioner used the phrase
“Negra-Rican” or “Negro-Rican,” the ALJ concluded Petitioner had not used a racial
epithet intentionally or with racial animus but rather suffered only a momentary
lapse in judgment by offering an inappropriate response to her supervisor to the
question of the meaning of “NR.” Irrespective of whether the ALJ’s analysis on this
point stands on firm footing, the evidence in this case simply does not support these
conclusions.
The evidence reflects Petitioner either used the word “n----- rican” or the
variant “nigra rican.” In any event, the phrase employed by Petitioner constitutes a
racial epithet. See Friend v. Leidinger, 588 F.2d 61, 68 (4th Cir. 1978) (Butzner, J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part) (describing “nigras” as an epithet); see also
Gwin v. BFI Waste Services, LLC, 718 F. Supp. 2d 1326, 1332 (N.D. Ala. 2010)
(including “nigra” in a long string of racial epithets and referring to it as “a somewhat
pervasive mispronunciation of the word ‘negro’ ”); Webster’s Third New International
Dictionary 1528 (1971) (defining “nigra” as a version of negro “often taken to be
offensive”). We fail to see how using a variant of an epithet that is commonly
understood to be a complete anathema is any less of an anathema. See Spriggs v.
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Diamond Auto Glass, 242 F.3d 179, 185 (4th Cir. 2001) (noting “n-----” is “pure
anathema to African–Americans”); Ayissi–Etoh v. Fannie Mae, 712 F.3d 572, 580
(D.C. Cir. 2013) (Kavanaugh, J., concurring) (“No other word in the English language
so powerfully or instantly calls to mind our country’s long and brutal struggle to
overcome racism and discrimination against African–Americans.”).
Indeed, Petitioner conceded: “I felt like the situation -- the incident -- I said
something improper whether it was nigra or n-i-g-g-e-r. What she heard was
improper, what I said was improper, and I still accept that.” Prior to her dismissal,
Petitioner wrote to Hurd: “I apologize for making that comment. I know the comment
was unacceptable. It would be unacceptable in any setting, personal or professional.”
As such, Petitioner, herself, effectively conceded whichever variant she used was
improper and unacceptable. She also conceded in her testimony that she would not
permit her own subordinates to use such language.
More to the point, this renders unsound the ALJ’s Conclusion that DSS failed
to meet the first prong of the Warren analysis. The purpose of requiring a specific
allegation of the conduct alleged to support disciplinary action is to provide the
employee with “a sufficiently particular description of the incidents [supporting
disciplinary action] . . . so that the discharged employee will know precisely what acts
or omissions were the basis of [her] discharge.” Blackburn, 246 N.C. App. at 209, 784
S.E.2d at 519 (alterations in original) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Here,
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AYERS V. CURRITUCK CTY. DEP’T OF SOC. SERVS.
Opinion of the Court
DSS’s allegations sufficiently informed Petitioner that the basis of her termination
was her use of a racial epithet in her conversation with Hurd. The fact Petitioner
only admitted to using a dialectic variant of the phrase alleged does not mean DSS
failed to prove Petitioner did not engage in the conduct alleged. We therefore
conclude under either version of the evidence, DSS met its initial burden of proving
Petitioner engaged in the conduct alleged under Warren. Consequently, we reverse
the ALJ’s conclusion that DSS “failed to prove the first prong of Warren[.]”
It is further clear the ALJ’s conclusions and consideration of the “totality of the
circumstances” were also grounded in its misapprehension of the evidentiary record.
As such, on remand, the ALJ should make new findings of fact supported by the
evidence in the record and continue its analysis under Warren of whether Petitioner
engaged in unacceptable conduct constituting just cause for her dismissal or for the
imposition of other discipline.5 Warren, 221 N.C. App. at 383, 726 S.E.2d at 926;
Harris, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 798 S.E.2d at 138. “The [ALJ] may, in its discretion,
hold additional hearings in this matter.” Warren, 221 N.C. App. at 383, 726 S.E.2d
at 926.
Conclusion
5 Based on our decision vacating the ALJ’s Final Decision as unsupported by the evidence in
the whole record and remanding for additional proceedings, we express no opinion as to whether the
ALJ erred by ruling DSS lacked just cause to terminate Petitioner for the conduct alleged.
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AYERS V. CURRITUCK CTY. DEP’T OF SOC. SERVS.
Opinion of the Court
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, we vacate the Final Decision and
remand this matter for new findings of fact and conclusions of law.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
Judge DIETZ concurs.
Judge TYSON concurs in result with separate opinion.
-2-
No. COA18-1007 – Ayers v. Currituck Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs.
TYSON, Judge, concurring.
The majority’s opinion concludes the decision of the ALJ should be remanded
for further findings of fact.
I. Background
Petitioner Judith M. Ayers is a longtime employee of Currituck County DSS
and a career state employee. At the time of her hearing and termination, she was
Supervisor of the Child Protective Services Unit. She had never been previously
disciplined by DSS and had been consistently awarded exemplary performance
reviews.
Ayers was considered “first choice” for the DSS director’s job but had turned it
down, which allowed Hurd to be promoted. Hurd worked as a subordinate to Ayers.
There is a history of “friction” between these two individuals. The factual inquiry
before the ALJ was and is solely the credibility of Ayers and Hurd, and DSS carries
the burden of proof.
The evidence shows and the ALJ found Hurd approached Ayers late on a
Friday afternoon when no other employees were present to question the meaning of
a notation on a report Ayers did not prepare. After Ayers stated she did not know the
answer to Hurd’s question and declined to speculate, Hurd persisted and made the
allegation at issue.
The ALJ weighed the credibility of the two witnesses and the evidence,
factually found and concluded DSS had failed to prove the first prong of the Warren
AYERS V. CURRITUCK CTY. DEP’T OF SOC. SERVS.
TYSON, J., concurring
test to support Ayers’ termination. Warren v. N.C. Dep’t of Crime Control, 221 N.C.
App. 376, 379, 726 S.E.2d 920, 923 (2012). The ALJ further found and stated the
relevant facts, including Ayers’ lack of disciplinary history, her years of exemplary
service, job performance and reviews, and the lack of any harm sustained by either
DSS or Hurd, in support of her conclusion DSS failed to carry its burden to show
Ayers’ conduct rose to the level of conduct to justify the sanction of dismissal.
II. Standard of Review
The majority opinion correctly states the standard of review from Harris.
Harris v. N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 252 N.C. App. 94, 99, 798 S.E.2d 127, 132, aff’d
per curiam, 370 N.C. 386, 808 S.E.2d 142 (2017) (“It is well settled that in cases
appealed from administrative tribunals, questions of law receive de novo review,
whereas fact-intensive issues such as sufficiency of the evidence to support an
agency’s decision are reviewed under the whole-record test.”).
“It also is appropriate to note that the ‘whole record’ test is not a tool of judicial
intrusion; instead, it merely gives a reviewing court the capability to determine
whether an administrative decision has a rational basis in the evidence.” Brewington
v. N.C. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 254 N.C. App. 1, 19, 802 S.E.2d 115, 128 (2017), cert.
denied, 371 N.C. 343, 813 S.E.2d 857 (2018) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
Like the jury, the ALJ is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and
the weight given to the evidence as the finder of fact. She is the only “lie detector” in
2
AYERS V. CURRITUCK CTY. DEP’T OF SOC. SERVS.
TYSON, J., concurring
the hearing. State v. Looney, 294 N.C. 1, 26, 240 S.E.2d 612, 626 (1978) (quoting
United States v. Barnard, 490 F.2d 907 (9th Cir. 1973)) (describing the role of the jury
as finders of fact in a jury trial). Her resolutions of credibility, weight, and factual
findings, like the jury’s “verdict” or truth, are not open to appellate review. DSS
carries the burden to show prejudicial and reversible error on appeal.
III. Issues
The sole issues before the ALJ are the credibility of the two witnesses: one who
asserts the allegation and the other who denies it, and whether DSS carries and
sustains its burden of proof. The issues before this Court are not credibility, but: (1)
whether the ALJ’s findings of fact are supported by evidence presented to the ALJ;
and, (2) whether the ALJ erred by concluding just cause did not exist and reversing
DSS’ decision to terminate Ayers’ employment.
IV. Analysis
Career and non-exempt state employees may not be discharged, suspended, or
demoted for disciplinary reasons without “just cause.” Warren v. N.C. Dep’t of Crime
Control, 221 N.C. App. 376, 379, 726 S.E.2d 920, 923 (2012).
This requires the reviewing tribunal to examine two things: (1) “whether the
employee engaged in the conduct the employer alleges”; and, (2) “whether that
conduct constitutes just cause for the disciplinary action taken.” N.C. Dep’t of Env’t
& Natural Res. v. Carroll, 358 N.C. 649, 665, 599 S.E.2d 888, 898 (2004) (citation
3
AYERS V. CURRITUCK CTY. DEP’T OF SOC. SERVS.
TYSON, J., concurring
omitted). There are two categories of just cause for discipline: “unsatisfactory job
performance” and “unacceptable personal conduct.” Id.
The ALJ weighed the credibility of the witnesses, considered all the evidence
in the “whole record,” and concluded DSS had failed to prove that the first prong of
the Warren test was met. The ALJ further stated the accuser-director had erred in
applying her own Warren test, and also noted Ayers’ exemplary reviews and past job
performance. DSS complains about these additional conclusions. These conclusions
and evidence are clearly part of the “whole record,” but DSS wholly fails to show these
statements or findings are error or explain its own failure to offer credible testimony
and carry its burden of proof.
Our standard of review constricts appellate review to the legal conclusions of
the ALJ. We are not the “lie detector” judging the witnesses’ credibility, and may not
re-weigh the evidence. Nor may we consider or assert arguments never made before
the ALJ. The ALJ heard the evidence, weighed the credibility of the witnesses,
entered findings supported by the evidence, made a decision, and issued her
conclusions and ruling. Accepting, rejecting, or resolving any conflicts in the
witnesses’ testimony or the evidence is solely within the province of the ALJ as finder
of fact.
On remand, based upon the whole record, the ALJ is entirely free to accept or
reject the testimony and judge the credibility of any witness, and weigh and resolve
4
AYERS V. CURRITUCK CTY. DEP’T OF SOC. SERVS.
TYSON, J., concurring
all factual disputes in the evidence before her as the sole judge and finder of facts.
Ayers carries no burden at the hearing.
It is for the ALJ and not within this Court’s prerogative or authority to
determine factually who said what. As noted in the majority’s opinion, nothing in
this Court’s opinion and mandate suggests, compels, directs, or orders a contrary
result from the ALJ previously ordered upon remand.
5