State v. Outlaw , 96 N.C. App. 192 ( 1989 )

385 S.E.2d 165 (1989)

STATE of North Carolina,
v.
Eric Wayne OUTLAW.

No. 896SC203.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

November 7, 1989.

Atty. Gen. Thornburg by Asst. Atty. Gen. Francis W. Crawley, Raleigh, for the State.

Appellate Defender Malcolm Ray Hunter by Asst. Appellate Defender Teresa A. McHugh, Raleigh, for defendant-appellant.

EAGLES, Judge.

Defendant assigns as error the trial judge's denial of his motion for directed verdict based on the insufficiency of the evidence to show that defendant transported cocaine. Defendant contends that the evidence at trial did not show that he transported cocaine because his truck never left his property. The defendant argues that at most the evidence showed that he attempted to transport cocaine.

"Defendant's motion to dismiss must be considered in light of all the evidence introduced by the State as well as that introduced by defendant." State v. Perry, 316 N.C. 87, 95, 340 S.E.2d 450, 456 (1986), citing G.S. 15-173 (1983), G.S. 15A-1227 (1983). "Thus the question presented is whether upon consideration of all the evidence, whether competent or incompetent, in the light most favorable to the State, there is substantial evidence that the crime charged in the bill of indictment was committed and the defendant was a perpetrator of that crime. Id. at 95, 340 S.E.2d at 456, citing State v. Riddle, 300 N.C. 744, 268 S.E.2d 80 (1980); State v. Scott, 289 N.C. 712, 224 S.E.2d 185 (1976).

Initially, we note that G.S. 90-95(h)(3) (Supp.1988) provides that "[a]ny person who sells, manufactures, delivers, transports, or possesses 28 grams or more of cocaine and any salt, isomer, salts of isomers, compound, derivative, or preparation thereof ... shall be guilty of a felony," which felony shall be known as "trafficking in cocaine...." The defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to show that he transported cocaine.

The word "transports" has not been defined in the North Carolina Controlled Substances Act, G.S. 90-86 et seq., or in any case discussing whether controlled substances were in fact transported. However, we note that the meaning of the word "transportation" has been discussed within the context of alcoholic beverages and common carrier cases.

In State v. Welch, 232 N.C. 77, 59 S.E.2d 199 (1950), a case involving transporting intoxicating liquor in a vehicle, our Supreme Court stated that "[t]he word ``transport' means to carry or convey from one place to another." Id. at 81, 59 S.E.2d at 202, citing Alexander v. R.R., 144 N.C. 93, 56 S.E. 697 (1907); Cunard Steamship Co. v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 100, 43 S. Ct. 504, 67 L. Ed. 894 (1922). "Hence, a person transports liquor when he carries or conveys it from one place to another on his person, or in some vehicle under his control, or in any other manner." Id., 59 S.E.2d at 203-2.

On the other hand, Alexander v. R.R., 144 N.C. 93, 56 S.E. 697 (1907) involved the transportation of goods by a common carrier within a specified time period. In Alexander, the court stated that transportation "did not mean simply to remove from one place, but includes also the idea of carrying to another place." Id. at 96, 56 S.E. at 698.

The United States Supreme Court in Cunard Steamship Company v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 100, 43 S. Ct. 504, 67 L. Ed. 894 (1922) determined that "transportation comprehends any real carrying about or from one place to another." Id. at 122, 43 S. Ct. at 506, 67 L.Ed. at 901. Cunard involved suits brought by steamship companies who operated passenger ships between this country and foreign ports. The companies sought exemption from certain provisions of the National Prohibition Act. In order to determine the rights of the parties under the 18th Amendment, the court addressed the meaning of the word "transportation." In defining transportation, the court said that "[i]t is not essential that the carrying be for hire, or by one for another; nor that it be incidental to a transfer of the possession or title. If one caries in his own conveyance, for his own purposes, it is transportation no less than when a public carrier, at the instance of a consignor, carries and delivers to a cosignee for a stipulated charge." Id., 43 S.Ct. at 506-7, 67 L. Ed. at 901.

Defendant has cited State v. Wells, 259 N.C. 173, 130 S.E.2d 299 (1963) and The Beverage Control Act of 1933 for the proposition that under alcoholic beverage laws transportation means to convey on a public street or highway. He states that this same limited definition should be applied to transportation of controlled substances.

We note that neither Wells nor The Beverage Control Act of 1933 establishes that movement into the public sphere is a prerequisite to charging someone for unlawful transportation. First, Wells only mentions public streets or highways in the wording of the warrant. In Wells, our Supreme Court never articulated a definition for transportation and did not imply that transportation could only occur if conveyed within the public sphere. Finally, unlike the broad prohibitions against transporting controlled substances contained in the North Carolina Controlled Substances Act (Article 5, Chapter 90), the Beverage Control Act of 1933, 1933 S.L. Ch. 319, by its own terms merely deals with the regulation of alcohol if it is transported over the public highways.

Here, we believe that it is correct to view transportation as "any real carrying about or movement from one place to another." 262 U.S. at 122, 43 S. Ct. at 506, 67 L.Ed. at 901. Agent Wooten testified that defendant was in his truck and the truck's white "backup" lights were illuminated indicating that the defendant was in the process of backing out of his driveway. The defendant would have completed backing out of his driveway but for Agent Wooten's arrival with his blue light flashing. Moreover, defendant admits in his brief that he was in fact backing out of his driveway before Agent Wooten stopped him. He admits in his brief that he was taking the red tool box which contained "dope" from the house to the truck and in the truck to the end of the driveway. This is an admission of transportation of controlled substances. Accordingly the evidence of defendant's acts was sufficient to sustain a charge of felonious transportation of cocaine.

Next, the defendant assigns as error the trial judge's denial of his motion for directed verdict on the grounds that there was sufficient evidence to show that the defendant manufactured cocaine.

Defendant contends that the State failed to show that he manufactured the cocaine that was seized. "When the motion for nonsuit calls into question the sufficiency of circumstantial evidence, the question for the court is whether a reasonable inference of defendant's guilt may be drawn from the circumstances. If so, it is for the jury to decide whether the facts, taken singly or in combination, satisfy them beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is actually guilty." State v. Cutler, 271 N.C. 379, 383, 156 S.E.2d 679, quoting State v. Rowland, 263 N.C. 353, 139 S.E.2d 661 (1967).

The defendant recognizes that "this Court has held that there was sufficient evidence of manufacturing where the instruments of manufacture are found together with cocaine which was apparently manufactured." See State v. Muncy, 79 N.C.App. 356, 339 S.E.2d 466, disc. rev. denied, 316 N.C. 736, 345 S.E.2d 396 (1986); State v. Rich, 87 N.C.App. 380, 361 S.E.2d 321 (1987); State v. Brown, 64 N.C.App. 637, 308 S.E.2d 346 (1983), aff'd 310 N.C. 563, 313 S.E.2d 585 (1984). However, the defendant contends that the "packaging materials were not found in sufficient proximity to the cocaine to support an inference that the defendant manufactured that cocaine."

In State v. Perry, 316 N.C. 87, 340 S.E.2d 450 (1986), the defendant also argued that there was insufficient evidence to sustain a charge of trafficking in heroin by manufacturing. Id. at 98, 340 S.E.2d at 457. In Perry, police officers observed the defendant leaving an apartment carrying a shiny, silver package, which was later found in some bushes and held 390 glassine envelopes, each containing a small amount of heroin and mannitol. After the defendant's arrest, he said that the apartment he was observed leaving belonged to his girl friend, that he had a key and that he left a small amount of heroin under the bed. The police officers later discovered a light bill and phone bill in defendant's name with the address to the apartment that supposedly belonged to defendant's girl friend. The officers searched the apartment and found several items that are used in packaging and repackaging heroin including mannitol, rubber gloves, boxes with empty bindles or envelopes, a strainer, album covers, aluminum foil, scotch tape, rubber bands, measuring spoons and other items. Id. at 92, 340 S.E.2d at 454. Our Supreme Court held that this was "ample evidence to give rise to a reasonable inference that the defendant did manufacture heroin by packaging the controlled substance." Id. at 99, 340 S.E.2d at 458.

Like the defendant in Perry, Outlaw had just come out of the residence where the cocaine packaging materials were found. The materials were found in the defendant's home. Since the red tool box found in defendant's possession in the truck in the driveway contained packaged cocaine and packaging materials were found in the house and garage, the evidence taken together was sufficient to support a reasonable inference on the manufacturing charge. The trial judge properly submitted the issue to the jury.

For the reasons stated, we find no error.

No error.

JOHNSON and GREENE, JJ., concur.