Vaughan v. Mashburn ( 2016 )


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  •                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
    No. COA15-1230
    Filed: 21 June 2016
    Iredell County, No. 15 CVS 910
    MARIA VAUGHAN, Plaintiff,
    v.
    LINDSAY MASHBURN, M.D., and LAKESHORE WOMEN’S SPECIALISTS, PC,
    Defendants.
    Appeal by Plaintiff from order entered 27 August 2015 by Judge Stanley L.
    Allen in Iredell County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 29 March
    2016.
    Hedrick Gardner Kincheloe & Garofalo, LLP, by Patricia P. Shields and
    Joshua D. Neighbors; Shapiro, Appleton & Duffan, P.C., by Kevin M. Duffan;
    and Collum & Perry, PLLC, by Travis E. Collum, for Plaintiff.
    Parker Poe Adams & Bernstein, LLP, by Chip Holmes and John D. Branson,
    for Defendants.
    STEPHENS, Judge.
    This appeal presents the issue of whether a trial court abused its discretion in
    denying Plaintiff’s motion to amend a timely-filed complaint alleging medical
    malpractice in order to clarify a defective Rule 9(j) certification where (1) the motion
    to amend is made after the statute of limitations has expired, but (2) the evidence is
    undisputed that the actual Rule 9(j) review took place before the complaint was filed.
    Because Plaintiff’s amended complaint would not relate back to the filing date of the
    VAUGHAN V. MASHBURN
    Opinion of the Court
    original complaint, making the amendment futile, we are constrained to affirm the
    trial court’s denial of Plaintiff’s motion to amend.
    Factual and Procedural Background
    On 3 May 2012, Plaintiff Maria Vaughan underwent a hysterectomy performed
    by Defendant Lindsay Mashburn, M.D., a physician practicing obstetrics and
    gynecology as an employee of Defendant Lakeshore Women’s Specialists, PC.
    Vaughan alleges that, during the procedure, Mashburn inappropriately inflicted a
    surgical wound to Vaughan’s right uterer.          In preparation for filing a medical
    malpractice claim against Defendants, in mid-October 2014, Vaughan’s trial counsel
    contacted Nathan Hirsch, M.D., a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology who had
    performed more than one hundred hysterectomies. Counsel sent Hirsch all medical
    records related to Defendants’ alleged negligence for Hirsch’s review as required by
    Rule 9(j) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1,
    Rule 9(j)(1) (2015) (requiring that a medical malpractice “pleading specifically
    assert[] that the medical care and all medical records pertaining to the alleged
    negligence that are available to the plaintiff after reasonable inquiry have been
    reviewed by a person who is reasonably expected to qualify as an expert witness
    under Rule 702 of the Rules of Evidence and who is willing to testify that the medical
    care did not comply with the applicable standard of care”) (emphasis added). On 31
    October 2014, Hirsch informed Vaughan’s counsel that he had formed the opinion
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    VAUGHAN V. MASHBURN
    Opinion of the Court
    that the care and treatment provided to Vaughan by Defendants was a violation of
    the applicable standard of care and that he would testify to that opinion. Thus, the
    pre-suit review in Vaughan’s case complied in all respects with the requirements of
    Rule 9(j).
    However, the medical malpractice complaint Vaughan filed on 20 April 2015,
    stated “the Plaintiff avers that the medical care received by Maria Vaughn
    complained of herein has been reviewed . . . .” (Emphasis added). This certification
    language comes from a prior version of Rule 9(j):1
    The medical care in this action has been reviewed by
    persons reasonably expected to qualify as expert witnesses
    pursuant to Rule 702 of the North Carolina Rules of
    Evidence and are willing to testify that the medical care in
    this case did not comply with the applicable standard of
    care.
    N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 9(j)(1) (2009) (emphasis added). As Vaughan concedes,
    her certification omitted the required assertion that “all medical records pertaining
    to the alleged negligence that are available to the plaintiff after reasonable inquiry”
    were reviewed by the medical expert.
    1 In 2011, our General Assembly amended Rule 9(j) to, inter alia, substitute “medical care and all
    medical records pertaining to the alleged negligence that are available to the plaintiff after reasonable
    inquiry have been reviewed” for “medical care has been reviewed” in subsections (j)(1) and (j)(2). See
    Session Law 2011-400, s. 3. This amendment thus created an additional requirement that plaintiffs
    certify the review of their medical records, as well as their medical care, by “persons reasonably
    expected to qualify as expert witnesses . . . .” See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 9(j)(1).
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    VAUGHAN V. MASHBURN
    Opinion of the Court
    On 10 June 2015, Mashburn filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule of Civil
    Procedure 12(b)(6), asserting that the complaint failed to state a claim upon which
    relief can be granted. On 12 June 2015, Defendants filed an answer, incorporating
    Mashburn’s motion to dismiss by reference. On 30 June 2015, Vaughan filed a motion
    for leave to file an amended complaint, seeking to amend the wording of the Rule 9(j)
    certification to clarify that “all medical records pertaining to the alleged negligence
    that are available to the plaintiff after reasonable inquiry” were reviewed by the
    medical expert. Attached to the motion to amend were an affidavit of Vaughan’s trial
    counsel, an affidavit of Hirsch, and Vaughan’s responses to Defendants’ Rule 9(j)
    interrogatories, each of which indicated that Hirsch, who reasonably expected to
    qualify as an expert witness pursuant to Rule 702, had reviewed Vaughan’s medical
    records before the complaint was filed.
    Following a hearing on 10 August 2015, on 27 August 2015, the trial court
    entered an order granting Defendants’ motion to dismiss and denying Vaughan’s
    motion to amend, stating two bases for its ruling:
    1. Plaintiff’s Original Complaint, filed April 20, 2015, did
    not comply with Rule 9(j) of the North Carolina Rules of
    Civil Procedure, as amended effective October 1, 2011, in
    that the pleading did not specifically assert that the
    Plaintiff’s medical expert reviewed all medical records
    pertaining to the alleged negligence that are available to
    the Plaintiff after reasonably inquiry [and]
    2. Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to File an Amended
    Complaint, filed on June 30, 2015, is . . . futile because the
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    VAUGHAN V. MASHBURN
    Opinion of the Court
    proposed amendment to Plaintiff’s Original Complaint
    does not relate back to the filing date of Plaintiff’s Original
    Complaint, and the statute of limitations ran on May 3,
    2015.[]2
    (Emphasis in original). From that order, Vaughan gave written notice of appeal on 5
    September 2015.
    Discussion
    Vaughan argues that the trial court erred in concluding that her proposed
    amendment was futile, and that, as a result, the court abused its discretion in denying
    her motion to amend and erred in dismissing the action. Specifically, Vaughan
    contends that the trial court was acting under a misapprehension of law, to wit, that
    Vaughan’s proposed amended complaint did not relate back to the date of the filing
    of the original complaint even though “uncontroverted evidence showed that an
    appropriate expert review occurred before the filing of the original complaint.”
    Recent precedent from this Court requires that we reject this argument.
    Motions to amend are governed by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1,
    Rule 15. Rule 15(a) provides that:
    A party may amend his pleading once as a matter of course
    at any time before a responsive pleading is served or, if the
    pleading is one to which no responsive pleading is
    permitted and the action has not been placed upon the trial
    calendar, he may so amend it at any time within 30 days
    after it is served. Otherwise a party may amend his
    pleading only by leave of court or by written consent of the
    2 Medical malpractice claims must be brought within three years of the last allegedly negligent act of
    the physician or medical care provider. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-15(c) (2015).
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    VAUGHAN V. MASHBURN
    Opinion of the Court
    adverse party; and leave shall be freely given when justice
    so requires.
    Generally, Rule 15 is construed liberally to allow
    amendments where the opposing party will not be
    materially prejudiced. Our standard of review for motions
    to amend pleadings requires a showing that the trial court
    abused its discretion.
    Fintchre v. Duke Univ., __ N.C. App. __, __, 
    773 S.E.2d 318
    , 322-23 (2015) (citations
    and brackets omitted). Futility of amendment is one reason that may justify a denial
    of a motion to amend. Id. at __, 773 S.E.2d at 323. However, “[w]hen discretionary
    rulings are made under a misapprehension of the law, this may constitute an abuse
    of discretion.” Rutherford Elec. Mbrshp. Corp. v. 130 of Chatham, LLC, __ N.C. App.
    __, __, 
    763 S.E.2d 296
    , 299 (2014) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted),
    appeal dismissed and disc. review denied, ___ N.C. ___, 
    769 S.E.2d 192
    (2015).
    Here, the trial court concluded that allowing Vaughan’s motion to amend
    would be futile because the amended complaint would not relate back to the filing
    date of her original complaint, a matter controlled by subsection (c) of Rule 15:
    A claim asserted in an amended pleading is deemed to have
    been interposed at the time the claim in the original
    pleading was interposed, unless the original pleading does
    not give notice of the transactions, occurrences, or series of
    transactions or occurrences, to be proved pursuant to the
    amended pleading.
    N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 15(c) (2015). In the two decades since Rule 9(j) was
    enacted, our State’s appellate courts have frequently considered the interplay
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    Opinion of the Court
    between its certification requirements and the amendment and “relate back”
    provisions of Rule 15(a) and (c).
    “Rule 9(j) serves as a gatekeeper, enacted by the legislature, to prevent
    frivolous malpractice claims by requiring expert review before filing of the action.
    Rule 9(j) thus operates as a preliminary qualifier to control pleadings rather than to
    act as a general mechanism to exclude expert testimony.” Moore v. Proper, 
    366 N.C. 25
    , 31, 
    726 S.E.2d 812
    , 817 (2012) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted;
    emphasis in original). Soon after Rule 9(j) was enacted, this Court held that “a
    medical malpractice complaint that fails to include [any] Rule 9(j) certification
    [cannot] be subsequently amended pursuant to Rule 15 to include the Rule 9(j)
    certification.” Keith v. Northern Hosp. Dist., 
    129 N.C. App. 402
    , 404, 
    499 S.E.2d 200
    ,
    202, disc. review denied, 
    348 N.C. 693
    , 
    511 S.E.2d 646
    (1998). More recently, our
    Supreme Court held that “permitting amendment of a complaint to add the expert
    certification where the expert review occurred after the suit was filed would conflict
    directly with the clear intent of the legislature.” Thigpen v. Ngo, 
    355 N.C. 198
    , 204,
    
    558 S.E.2d 162
    , 166 (2002) (emphasis added). Vaughan cites Thigpen as controlling
    the outcome of her appeal and “establish[ing] that a medical malpractice plaintiff
    may amend [her] Rule 9(j) certification and receive benefit of relation back under Rule
    15 so long as there is evidence ‘the review occurred before the filing of the original
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    VAUGHAN V. MASHBURN
    Opinion of the Court
    complaint’ in the form of an affidavit or otherwise,” such as the evidence presented to
    the trial court by Vaughan.
    We believe Vaughan misreads the holding of our Supreme Court in Thigpen.
    That case differs factually and procedurally from Vaughan’s matter in several
    respects, including that Thigpen actually filed an amended medical malpractice
    complaint to cure her failure to include any Rule 9(j) certification in her original
    complaint. 
    Id. at 200,
    558 S.E.2d at 164. “[S]ix days after the statute of limitations
    expired, [the] plaintiff filed an amended complaint including a certification that the
    ‘medical care has been reviewed’ by someone who would qualify as an expert.” 
    Id. The plaintiff’s
    case was dismissed by the trial court for failure to comply with the
    requirements of Rule 9(j).    
    Id. Thus, among
    other issues, the Supreme Court
    considered whether
    an amended complaint which fails to allege that review of
    the medical care in a medical malpractice action took place
    before the filing of the original complaint satisfies the
    requirements of Rule 9(j). We hold it does not. . . . In light
    of the plain language of the rule, the title of the act, and
    the legislative intent previously discussed, it appears
    review must occur before filing to withstand dismissal.
    Here, in her amended complaint, [the] plaintiff simply
    alleged that [the] plaintiff’s medical care has been reviewed
    by a person who is reasonably expected to qualify as an
    expert witness. There is no evidence in the record that
    plaintiff alleged the review occurred before the filing of the
    original complaint. Specifically, there was no affirmative
    affidavit or date showing that the review took place before
    the statute of limitations expired. Allowing a plaintiff to
    file a medical malpractice complaint and to then wait until
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    VAUGHAN V. MASHBURN
    Opinion of the Court
    after the filing to have the allegations reviewed by an
    expert would pervert the purpose of Rule 9(j).
    
    Id. at 204,
    558 S.E.2d at 166-67 (citation, internal quotation marks, and some
    brackets omitted; some emphasis added). In other words, the Court held that, where
    an amended complaint is allowed to correct a flawed Rule 9(j) certification, the
    amendment must specify that the required review occurred before the original
    complaint was filed in order to satisfy the requirements of Rule 9(j).         However,
    contrary to Vaughan’s assertion on appeal, the above-quoted language does not stand
    for the proposition that the inclusion of an “affirmative affidavit or date showing that
    the review took place before the statute of limitations expired” will entitle a plaintiff
    to (1) amend her Rule 9(j) certification or (2) receive benefit of relation back under
    Rule 15. In Thigpen, our Supreme Court simply did not address those questions, as
    it noted in holding that discretionary review had been improvidently allowed as to
    the issue “of whether a plaintiff who files a complaint without expert certification
    pursuant to Rule 9(j) can cure that defect after the applicable statute of limitations
    expires by amending the complaint as a matter of right and having that amendment
    relate back to the date of the original complaint.” 
    Id. at 204-05,
    558 S.E.2d at 167.
    Thus, Thigpen is inapposite to Vaughan’s appeal.
    Instead, we conclude that this Court’s recent decisions in Alston v. Hueske, __
    N.C. App. __, 
    781 S.E.2d 305
    (2016) and 
    Fintchre, supra
    , are dispositive and require
    that we affirm the decision of the trial court in Vaughan’s case.
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    VAUGHAN V. MASHBURN
    Opinion of the Court
    In Alston, as here, we reviewed a trial court’s denial of a plaintiff’s motion to
    amend her medical malpractice complaint to comply with the Rule 9(j) certification
    requirement and the court’s resulting dismissal of the plaintiff’s entire action. Id. at
    __, 781 S.E.2d at 307. The Alston plaintiff’s original complaint alleged compliance
    with Rule 9(j) as follows:
    29. Prior to commencing this action, the medical records
    were reviewed and evaluated by a duly Board Certified [sic]
    who opined that the care rendered to Decedent was below
    the applicable standard of care.
    30. . . . The medical care referred to in this complaint has
    been reviewed by person(s) who are reasonably expected to
    qualify as expert witnesses, or whom the plaintiff will seek
    to have qualified as expert witnesses under Rule 702 of the
    Rules of Evidence, and who is willing to testify that the
    medical care rendered plaintiff by the defendant(s) did not
    comply with the applicable standard of care.
    
    Id. (emphasis added).
    This Rule 9(j) certification, like that in Vaughan’s original
    complaint, did not track the statutory language. Like Vaughan, alerted to this defect
    by the defendant’s answer and motion to dismiss after the expiration of the statute of
    limitations, the plaintiff “requested leave to amend the pleadings in order to clearly
    comply with Rule 9(j) . . . .” 
    Id. “[T]he trial
    court denied the [plaintiff’s] request under
    Rule 15(a). . . . reason[ing that] the legislature intended 9(j) be satisfied from the
    beginning, at the time the complaint was filed.” 
    Id. On appeal,
    the plaintiff first argued that the trial court erred in dismissing the
    complaint under “a hyper-technical reading of the rule [that] conflicts with the
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    Opinion of the Court
    purpose of Rule 9(j), to prevent frivolous malpractice claims [because a] reading of
    the whole record show[ed] that [the plaintiff’s] claim is not frivolous.” Id. at __, 781
    S.E.2d at 310. We rejected this contention, noting that
    Rule 9(j) requires “the medical care and all medical
    records” be reviewed by a person reasonably expected to
    qualify as an expert witness and who is willing to testify
    the applicable standard of care was not met. According to
    the complaint, the medical care was reviewed by someone
    reasonably expected to qualify as an expert witness who is
    willing to testify that [the] defendants did not comply with
    the applicable standard of care. However, the complaint
    alleges medical records were reviewed by a “Board
    Certified” that said the care was below the applicable
    standard of care. Thus, the complaint does not properly
    allege the medical records were reviewed by a person
    reasonably expected to qualify as an expert witness.
    
    Id. In so
    holding, this Court noted that, due to the imprecise language of the
    certification in the original complaint, the Court did “not have enough information to
    evaluate whether this witness could reasonably be expected to qualify as an expert
    in this case.” 
    Id. The Alston
    Court then considered the trial court’s denial of the plaintiff’s
    motion to amend her original complaint so as to clarify her compliance with the
    requirements of Rule 9(j). Citing Keith, the Court observed that, “[b]ecause the
    legislature has required strict compliance with this rule, our courts have ruled that
    if a pleader fails to properly plead his case in his complaint, it is subject to dismissal
    without the opportunity for the plaintiff to amend his complaint under Rule 15(a)[,]”
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    Opinion of the Court
    and that, further, “[b]ecause th[e] plaintiff did not file the complaint with the proper
    Rule 9(j) certification before the running of the statute of limitation, the complaint
    cannot have been deemed to have commenced within the statute.” Id. at __, 781
    S.E.2d at 310, 311.
    Vaughan attempts to distinguish Alston from her own case by noting that,
    unlike in Alston where the Court did “not have enough information to evaluate
    whether th[e] witness could reasonably be expected to qualify as an expert[,]” id. at
    __, 781 S.E.2d at 310, here the evidence is undisputed that Vaughan fully complied
    with the review requirements of Rule 9(j) before the complaint was filed. However,
    in affirming the trial court’s denial of the plaintiff’s motion to amend, the Alston Court
    did not discuss or even mention the lack of clarity regarding whether the review
    required by Rule 9(j) had actually been completed before the original complaint was
    filed. See id. at __, 781 S.E.2d at 310-11. Likewise, the Court did not qualify its
    holding that, where a “plaintiff did not file the complaint with the proper Rule 9(j)
    certification before the running of the statute of limitation, the complaint cannot have
    been deemed to have commenced within the statute.” Id. at __, 781 S.E.2d at 311.
    In Fintchre, this Court also considered the interplay of Rule 9(j) and Rule 15.
    In that matter, as in Vaughan’s case,
    the trial court concluded that [the] plaintiff had failed to
    file a complaint containing the required Rule 9(j)
    certification within three years of the acts that caused her
    alleged injuries based on [the] plaintiff’s failure to allege
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    VAUGHAN V. MASHBURN
    Opinion of the Court
    that all medical records pertaining to the alleged
    negligence were reviewed by a person who [the] plaintiff
    reasonably expected to qualify as an expert witness. The
    trial court further concluded that plaintiff’s motion to
    amend the 9(j) certification in her second complaint . . . was
    futile because the statute of limitations elapsed.
    __ N.C. App. at __, 773 S.E.2d at 323 (internal quotation marks omitted). The
    plaintiff conceded that the language of the Rule 9(j) certification was deficient, but
    argued that,
    because she complied with the substantive requirements of
    Rule 9(j) before she filed her first action, filed her first
    action within the statute of limitations, and filed her
    second action within one year of taking a voluntary
    dismissal of her first action, the trial court should have
    granted her motion to amend the Rule 9(j) certification in
    her second complaint.
    
    Id. In rejecting
    this argument, the Fintchre Court relied in part on the reasoning of
    McKoy v. Beasley, 
    213 N.C. App. 258
    , 
    712 S.E.2d 712
    , appeal dismissed, 
    365 N.C. 352
    ,
    
    718 S.E.2d 150
    , disc. review denied, __ N.C. __, 
    732 S.E.2d 343
    (2011), in which we
    considered the interplay between Rule 9(j) and another route for attempting to cure
    a defective certification, to wit, by means of a Rule 41 dismissal and subsequent filing
    of a second action. See 
    id. at 260,
    712 S.E.2d at 713. We affirmed the trial court’s
    dismissal of the second action “[s]ince the original complaint, that was filed within
    [the applicable statute of] limitations period was defective, the subsequent complaint
    must be dismissed.” 
    Id. at 263,
    712 S.E.2d at 715 (noting that a “defective original
    complaint cannot be rectified by a dismissal followed by a new complaint complying
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    Opinion of the Court
    with Rule 9(j), where the second complaint is filed outside of the applicable statute of
    limitations”).
    Relying, inter alia, on this discussion from McKoy, the Fintchre Court affirmed
    the trial court’s dismissal of that plaintiff’s action based on the futility of her motion
    to amend:
    Both complaints failed to allege that a person reasonably
    expected to qualify as an expert had reviewed all available
    medical records pertaining to the alleged negligence.
    Because the second complaint was filed following the
    expiration of the statute of limitations, [the] plaintiff must
    rely on the first complaint in order to have timely filed her
    medical malpractice action. We hold that where [the]
    plaintiff failed to file a complaint including a valid Rule
    9(j) certification within the statute of limitations, granting
    [the] plaintiff’s motion to amend her second complaint
    would have been futile, as the trial court found.
    Fintchre, __ N.C. App. at __, 773 S.E.2d at 325 (emphasis added). As with Alston,
    Vaughan draws our attention to distinctions between her case and Fintchre, namely:
    (1) that Fintchre concerned amending a complaint after a voluntary dismissal
    pursuant to Rule 41(a); and (2) that Vaughan, unlike the plaintiff in Fintchre, did not
    file two complaints with non-conforming Rule 9(j) certifications, the second of which
    was filed after notice of the first certification’s deficiency. As with the distinctions
    Vaughan notes from Alston, we are not persuaded that these distinctions with
    Fintchre played a meaningful role in the Court’s reasoning or holding. Indeed, as
    noted in the concurring opinion in Fintchre, in that matter, as here, it was clear that
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    Opinion of the Court
    the plaintiff had actually complied with the substance of Rule 9(j) and that her
    certification failure did not violate the intent of the rule:
    [I]t is undisputed that [the] plaintiff complied with the
    requirement that her medical care and records be reviewed
    by a medical expert before her first complaint was filed and
    that [the] defendants had notice of that fact. Thus, the
    intent of Rule 9(j), to wit, requiring expert review of medical
    malpractice claims to prevent frivolous lawsuits, was
    plainly met before [the] plaintiff filed her first complaint.
    The obvious failure of [the] plaintiff’s trial counsel to word
    the Rule 9(j) certification of compliance as specified in the
    statute is a highly technical failure which here results in
    the dismissal of a medical malpractice case which is not
    frivolous for the reasons Rule 9(j) is designed to prevent. I
    am thus sympathetic with the position of [the] plaintiff,
    who is thereby denied any opportunity to prove her claims
    before a finder of fact. I question whether such a harsh and
    pointless outcome was intended by our General Assembly
    in enacting Rule 9(j).
    Fintchre, __ N.C. App. at __, 773 S.E.2d at 327 (Stephens, J., concurring) (emphasis
    in original).
    For the reasons discussed above, we are again compelled by precedent to reach
    “a harsh and pointless outcome” as a result of “a highly technical failure” by
    Vaughan’s trial counsel—the dismissal of a non-frivolous medical malpractice claim
    and the “den[ial of] any opportunity to prove her claims before a finder of fact.” 
    Id. Conclusion In
    sum, our case law establishes that, where a medical malpractice “plaintiff
    did not file the complaint with the proper Rule 9(j) certification before the running of
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    Opinion of the Court
    the statute of limitation, the complaint cannot have been deemed to have commenced
    within the statute.” Alston, __ N.C. App. at __, 781 S.E.2d at 311 (emphasis added).
    Thus, “where [a] plaintiff failed to file a complaint including a valid Rule 9(j)
    certification within the statute of limitations, granting [the] plaintiff’s motion to
    amend her second complaint would have been futile . . . .” Fintchre, __ N.C. App. at
    __, 773 S.E.2d at 325 (emphasis added). The trial court’s conclusion that Vaughan’s
    amendment would be futile was therefore correct under our established precedent
    and not a misapprehension of law. As a result, we cannot conclude that the trial
    court’s denial of Vaughan’s motion to amend was an abuse of discretion. Accordingly,
    the trial court’s order denying that motion and dismissing Vaughan’s medical
    malpractice complaint must be affirmed. This Court does not have the authority to
    rule otherwise.
    AFFIRMED.
    Judges BRYANT and McCULLOUGH concur.
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Document Info

Docket Number: 15-1230

Filed Date: 6/21/2016

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 6/21/2016