State v. Mathis ( 2018 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA17-1302
Filed: 4 September 2018
Union County, Nos. 15CRS000917-19
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
CHARLES T. MATHIS, Defendant.
Appeal by Defendant from judgment entered 18 July 2017 by Judge Martin B.
McGee in Union County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 6 June 2018.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Daniel
Snipes Johnson, for the State.
Thomas Law, P.A., by Albert S. Thomas, Jr. and Catherine T. Andrews, and
Narron & Holdford, P.A., by I. Joe Ivey, for defendant-appellant.
HUNTER, JR., Robert N., Judge.
Charles T. Mathis (“Defendant”) appeals following jury verdicts convicting him
of obtaining property by false pretenses, falsification of monthly bail bond report
information, and unlawfully accessing a government computer. On appeal,
Defendant brings forth the following arguments: (1) the indictment charging him for
unlawfully accessing a government computer was fatally defective; (2) the trial court
erred in denying his motion to dismiss the unlawfully accessing a government
computer charge; (3) the indictments for unlawfully accessing a government
computer and obtaining property by false pretenses infringe his constitutional right
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Opinion of the Court
to avoid double jeopardy; (4) the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the
falsifying bail bond report information and obtaining property by false pretenses
charges; and (5) the State violated his constitutional right of equal protection by
selectively prosecuting him. We find no error in part, dismiss in part, reverse in part,
and remand for resentencing.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
On 1 June 2015, a Union County Grand Jury indicted Defendant for unlawfully
accessing a government computer, falsification of bail bond report information, and
obtaining property by false pretenses. On 6 July 2015, Defendant waived his right to
counsel, opting to proceed pro se.
On 2 July 2017, the court called Defendant’s case for trial. Through a series of
four witnesses, the State began its case introducing court records of Defendant’s
bonds, the Department of Insurance’s procedures and requirements for licensing of
bail bondsmen, and Defendant’s bank accounts, which showed delinquencies.
The State first called Catherine Morrison, Clerk of the Union County Superior
Court. Morrison maintains the bail bond records of the criminal division of court.
Through her testimony, Morrison identified and the State introduced into evidence
twenty-four bond forfeiture notices signed by Defendant. Of the twenty-four bonds
the State introduced, eighteen bonds are listed in the indictments for unlawfully
accessing a government computer and falsification of monthly bail bond report
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Opinion of the Court
information. Six other bonds are only listed in the indictment for the falsification of
monthly bail bond report information. For twelve of the bonds listed in both
indictments, Defendant received $3,225 in premium fees. Defendant received the
following amounts: (1) $500 for Jonathan Sheppard’s bond; (2) $100 for Joshua
Newton’s bond; (3) $400 for James Massey’s bond; (4) $375 for Ronnie Marble’s bond;
(5) $100 for one of Justin Maldonado’s bonds;1 (6) $100 for another one of Justin
Maldonado’s bonds; (7) $300 for Dennis Knox’s bond; (8) $75 for Xandria Harris’s
bond; (9) $200 for Elizabeth Greene’s bond; (10) $75 for Cortez Grace’s bond; (11) $800
for Tammy Evans’s bond; and (12) $200 for Tyrone Alsbrooks’s bond. This testimony
established the funds Defendant received during this period of time, which includes
bonds he should have listed in his daily logs and monthly reports, as explained
hereafter.
The State then called Frank Bradley, an employee of U.S. Bank National
Association (“U.S. Bank”). U.S. Bank maintains Defendant’s security account
required by the North Carolina’s bail bondsman program, see discussion infra. Bank
records introduced through Bradley show Defendant’s bank accounts had the
following funds deposited: (1) on 31 December 2008, $22,173.67; (2) on 31 December
2009, $22,040; (3) from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2010, $21,960; (4) on 31
1 Justin Maldonado’s and Cortez Grace’s bonds were only included in the falsification of
monthly bail bond report information indictment. All other bonds were in both the unlawfully
accessing a government computer indictment and falsification of monthly bail bond report information
indictment.
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Opinion of the Court
December 2011, $21,800; (5) on 31 December 2012, $21,800; (6) on 31 December 2013,
$21,800; and (7) in June 2014, $21,800. On 2 December 2014, Defendant deposited
$178,300. On 31 December 2014, Defendant’s account held a cash on hand balance
of $200,100. These funds establish the dollar amount of individual bonds Defendant
could issue under Department of Insurance regulations, as explained infra.
The State next called Keisha Burch, a complaint analyst in the Bail Bond
Regulatory Division of the Department of Insurance, for the purpose of explaining
the process of becoming a licensed bail bondsman.2 Burch explained an applicant
must take a pre-licensing bond course and pass the course’s examination. If
successful, an applicant then applies for a State license and is investigated to
establish his qualifications. Once qualified, the Department of Insurance sends him
a letter, authorizing him to take a State administered examination. In the event the
applicant passes, the applicant is required to deposit a minimum amount of $15,000
in a security account (similar to the one Defendant established at U.S. Bank). The
security account allows the Department of Insurance to match the funds deposited to
the amount of bonds written.
Next, Burch explained the process of license renewal. Bondsmen hold licenses
2 The North Carolina Department of Insurance governs bail bondsmen in North Carolina. The
Department of Insurance is split into three divisions: (1) the Bail Bond Regulatory Division, which
analyzes complaints and conducts investigations of alleged bail bond violations; (2) the Criminal
Investigations Division, which investigates alleged criminal violations arising under Chapter 58 of the
General Statutes; and (3) the Agent Services Division, which handles regulation licensing, collection
of license fees, and renewal of licenses.
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Opinion of the Court
for one year. Before the annual expiration date, the Department of Insurance sends
bail bondsmen a notice of renewal. To be renewed, a bondsman must complete the
paperwork before the deadline, pay renewal fees, and complete required continuing
education. If renewed, the bondsman does not obtain a new license, but retains his
existing license for another year. As long as a bondsman properly renews his license,
he continuously holds his license through successive renewal periods.
In the event a lapse occurs in the license for non-renewal, the bondsman is
required to reapply. Upon reapplication, the bondsman would receive a new license,
but not a new license number.
All bondsmen have to retain a security deposit fund in a special security
account, which “is an account that [the Department of Insurance has] for the
professional bail bondsman to deposit money.” The amount on deposit regulates both
the dollar amount of any individual bond a bondsman can issue and the total
aggregate dollar amount of bonds a bondsman can issue in two ways.
The Department of Insurance’s rules are known as the “one quarter rule” and
the “eight times rule[.]” Under the one quarter rule, the bondsman cannot write
bonds for more than one quarter of the deposit amount for any single individual.
Under the eight times rule, the bondsman can, in the aggregate, only write bonds
equal to a sum of eight times the amount deposited in the account. Several witnesses
illustrated the rules as follows. First, under the one quarter rule: (1) if a bondsman
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Opinion of the Court
had a $20,000 deposit, the largest amount of a bond he could write for one individual
would be a $5,000 bond; or (2) with a $15,000 deposit, he could write a $3,750 bond
for one individual. Under the eight times rule, with a $20,000 deposit, the bondsman
could write up to $160,000 in bonds.
To document bonds written against the security deposit on hand, bondsmen
are legally required to keep monthly reports of the bonds they issue. Monthly reports
are “reports that are sent in by the professional bondsman only of all of the bonds
that they have written that are currently outstanding[,]” as of the fifteenth of the
month. Bondsmen are required to file the monthly reports with the Department of
Insurance.
Burch identified and the State introduced the Department of Insurance’s
“demographic record” for Defendant.3 The demographic record showed the following.
Defendant first became licensed on 26 February 1998. At the time of trial, Defendant
held an active professional bail bond license, surety bail bond license, and bail runner
license.
The State introduced Defendant’s monthly reports from December 2008 to July
2014. On the bottom of each monthly report, Defendant signed an attestation clause,
certifying he was “submitting a true and accurate report.”
On 11 April 2013, Burch sent Defendant a notice of deficiency. The letter
3 Although the State introduced into evidence Defendant’s demographic record, it is not
included in the record on appeal.
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Opinion of the Court
stated the Department of Insurance reviewed Defendant’s March 2013 report and
determined the amount in his security deposit was deficient. On 24 November 2014,
the Department of Insurance sent Defendant another notice of deficiency. In
response to the notice, Defendant cured the deficiency by depositing $178,200 in his
security account.
The State next called Steve Bryant, a senior complaint analyst in the Bail
Bond Regulatory Division of the Department of Insurance. Bryant sent Defendant
the 24 November 2014 notice of deficiency. The notice indicated the Department of
Insurance received information Defendant omitted bonds in his monthly reports.4
The notice also asserted Defendant exceeded both the one quarter and eight times
rules for two individuals’ bonds, Randall Shehane and Martin Cavanaugh.5
Defendant wrote Shehane a $50,000 bond and Cavanaugh a $10,000 bond. At the
time he wrote those two bonds, Defendant maintained a $21,800 deposit in his
security account. This created a deficiency under the one quarter rule, because with
$21,800 on deposit, Defendant could only write bonds up to $5,450 per individual
(Burch’s testimony indicated Defendant cured this deficiency).6
After Bryant’s direct examination, Defendant cross examined Bryant in
support of his theory of selective prosecution. Bryant testified he spoke with Timothy
4 Bryant’s testimony did not state who gave the Department of Insurance this information.
5 These individuals’ names are spelled differently in the bonds and in the trial transcript.
6 Bryant did not explain how Defendant violated the eight times rule.
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Opinion of the Court
Pardeau, a criminal investigator. Bryant “referred” certain documents to the
Criminal Investigations Division.
Defendant asked the following:
Q. And how many professional bondsmen have you
investigated for this type of alleged activity?
A. I don’t have an exact count.
Q. Could you give us a general idea, 10, 50, 100?
A. It’s approximately 20, if I were to take a guess.
Q. And out of those 20, -- out of those 20, how many of those
have you ever criminally charged with violations?
A. I don’t have authority to criminally charge anybody.
Q. How many of those 20 have you ever known to be
criminally charged for those violations?
A. Again, that would be a question for the Criminal
Investigations Division. I don’t have -- I’m not a sworn
officer, I cannot -- I don’t have privy to that information.
Q. Do you know of any criminal investigations that have
been from the 20 people that you investigated alleged
complaint?
A. I know you as one of them and I believe your brother
Robert Mathis was also charged.
Q. Would one of the other ones be a Roland Loftin?
A. Again, I don’t know if he was charged. That again would
be a question for Criminal Investigations Division.
Q. Other than me and my brother, do you know of or have
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Opinion of the Court
you heard of any other professional bondsman that has
ever been charged with a criminal charge concerning
monthly reports and reporting issues by one of these 20
people?
A. I don’t recall anybody informing me of that.
Q. So your answer is that nobody has been charged that
you know of other than me and my brother?
A. I’m not aware of it.
The State called Timothy Pardeau, an investigator in the Criminal
Investigations Division of the Department of Insurance. In 2014,7 Pardeau’s
supervisor assigned him Defendant’s case, which was based on “an allegation that
there was some bonds that were written by [Defendant] that were not reported on the
monthly reports.” In the beginning of his investigation, Pardeau contacted the Agent
Services Division for access to Defendant’s monthly reports. Pardeau collected bonds
Defendant wrote from the Clerk of Court’s office. Pardeau reviewed the bonds and
monthly reports to determine if any bonds were missing from the reports.
Pardeau “discovered that there was numerous bonds that had been written by
[Defendant] under his professional license utilizing the seals that had not been
reported on his monthly reports to Agent Services Division.” The State introduced,
without objection, an excel spreadsheet Pardeau created as part of his investigation.
The spreadsheet showed twenty-four bonds missing from Defendant’s monthly
7 Pardeau testified he first started investigating “in the latter half of 2014.”
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Opinion of the Court
reports, from 2008 to 2014. These were the twenty-four bonds admitted during
Morrison’s testimony and included in the unlawfully accessing a government
computer and falsification of monthly bail bond report information indictments.
Defendant omitted two bonds from only one monthly report. However, Defendant
failed to include another bond, for $40,000, in thirty-one monthly reports: (1)
December 2008; (2) January, February, March, April, May, October, November, and
December 2009; (3) January, February, March, May, June, July, September,
November, and December 2010; (4) March, April, May, June, July, August,
September, October, November, and December 2011; and (5) January, February, and
April 2012. The highest balance Defendant had during those five years was
$22,173.67. Under the one quarter rule, Defendant could only write a $5,543.42 bond.
Our examination of the spreadsheet and testimony shows the following. As an
example of how Defendant profited from withholding information, in 2011, Defendant
kept a $21,800 balance in his security account. Under the one quarter rule,
Defendant could write only a $5,450 bond. Pardeau found four bonds—in the
amounts of $10,000, $10,000, $40,000, and $50,000—not included in the monthly
reports during 2011. For one of the $10,000 bonds, Defendant received $800 in bond
premium. Defendant did not earn any bond premium on the other $10,000 bond or
the $40,000 and $50,000 bonds. However, to issue a $50,000 bond, Defendant would
need $200,000 deposited in his security account, $178,200 more than his deposit
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Opinion of the Court
amount in 2011. Also, in 2011 and 2012, Defendant omitted a $10,000 bond for
defendant Alsbrooks. Due to his account balance in 2011 and 2012, Defendant could
only issue bonds in the amount of $5,450 and still comply with the one quarter rule.
Defendant earned $200 in bond premium for the Alsbrooks’s bond.
When asked how Defendant obtained property by false pretenses, Pardeau
explained:
The basis of my obtaining property by false pretense was
the fact that you submitted an application for a bail
bonding license. Had they known that fraud was being
committed or monthly reports were being falsely
submitted, my assumption would be that they would not
have given you a license because that’s a felony in the State
of North Carolina, convicted felons are not allowed to hold
bail bonding licenses.
Defendant asked Pardeau if he could testify he knew Defendant “physically,
personally generated and submitted to the SBS system[.]” Pardeau answered:
I can only testify as to what I just said, sir, that your user
name and password was utilized to access the State system
and that your e-mail was utilized to submit these reports
and that your signature was on the bottom of some of these
reports, or many of these reports, not all.
Additionally, some reports were sent from Defendant’s email.8
The State rested.9 Defendant moved to dismiss all the charges. The trial court
denied Defendant’s motion.
8
Defendant contends the State did not present evidence he sent these emails.
9The State also called: (1) Kayla Vann, the records custodian for the North Carolina
Department of Revenue; and (2) Bryan Huncke, a sergeant with the Union County Sheriff’s Office.
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Opinion of the Court
Defendant called Wayne Goodwin, the former Commissioner of the
Department of Insurance. When Defendant began to question Goodwin about his
relationships with members of the North Carolina Bail Agent’s Association, the State
objected on relevance grounds. Defendant argued Goodwin’s testimony would show
he “was in office when these charges were brought [and] will show that he was
working as the Department to get rid of me and the company that I work with[.]”
Defendant also asserted Goodwin’s testimony would show he selectively enforced the
laws against Defendant.
The court allowed Defendant to make a proffer. After Defendant asked
Goodwin six additional questions, the court stated it was “having . . . difficulty
finding how this is at all relevant to anything.” The court asked Defendant to “please
get to something that . . . is relevant to the issues that are being tried[,]” and said, “if
[Defendant] wish[ed] to ask him some questions that would make this relevant, [it]’d
be happy to consider it[.]” Defendant responded, “without going through a bit more I
would just say I’m good with that and I’ll be done with this witness.” The court asked
Defendant if he wished to be heard on the issue of relevancy. Defendant requested
he be allowed to ask one more question. The court agreed to one more question. The
court allowed Defendant to ask six more questions, and Defendant ended his proffer.
Defendant called Rebecca Shigley, a former deputy commissioner of the Agent
Services Division of the Department of Insurance. Shigley investigated a complaint
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Opinion of the Court
about Defendant, which Phillip Bradshaw, a licensed bail bondsman on the board of
the North Carolina Bail Agent’s Association, sent. After receiving the complaint,
Shigley referred the matter over to the Criminal Investigations Division. During
Shigley’s investigation, she met with Defendant, along with an attorney from the
Department of Justice. At the meeting, Defendant asserted the issues in his monthly
reports arose from the person submitting the reports omitting the last three lines of
the report.
The following questioning occurred:
Q. Ms. Shigley, to your knowledge how many professional
bail bondsman have ever been charged for clerical errors
on monthly reports?
A. I do not know.
Q. During your tenure do you have any idea?
A. I do not know.
Q. Are you appri[s]ed of the people that are charged once
y’all -- if the investigation is done?
…
A. I’m sorry. Agent Services Division does not handle any
criminal matters. If when we are reviewing a complaint we
find that there are -- possibly are criminal violations, we
refer it over to the Criminal Investigations Division and
they generally do not appri[s]e us of the case after that.
Q. And so when you get a complaint that could possibly be
a felony charge or a criminal violation, the ASD doesn’t
investigate that, they send that to the CID; correct?
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Opinion of the Court
A. That’s correct, that’s our procedure.
Q. And under your senior tenure as the deputy, was it your
policy that any investigation that was done on a criminal
activity be done through the Criminal Investigative
Division for a criminal offense?
A. It was our policy that as we were reviewing a complaint
if there was an administrative complaint the Agent
Services Division would handle it and if part of the
complaint or the whole complaint was a criminal -- possible
criminal matter, we referred it to the Criminal
Investigations Division to handle as they deem
appropriate.
When asked how many bondsman she knew the State criminally charged for
violation of the reporting laws, Shigley answered, “We handle administrative things
so I’m not always aware of the criminal charges, but I do know that there were two
bail bondsman that were charged criminally based on bail bondsman monthly
reports.” Those two people were Defendant and his brother. However, Shigley did
“know of several professional bail bondsman that had additionally regulatory action
taken against their bail bondsman license and there several complaints” during her
time in the Agent Services Division.
Defendant rested and renewed his motion to dismiss. The trial court denied
Defendant’s motion.
During deliberations, the jury asked the court to define property. The State
asserted “it’s pretty clear the property that is referred to in the indictment is the bail
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Opinion of the Court
bondsman’s license.” The jury returned to the courtroom, and the court instructed,
“property is not defined in the statute and . . . we ask that you use your good
judgment and common sense at arriving at your understanding of what the term
property means.” The jury found Defendant guilty of obtaining property by false
pretenses, falsification of monthly bail bond report information, and unlawfully
accessing a government computer. The court consolidated the offenses and sentenced
Defendant to 13 to 25 months imprisonment. Defendant gave oral notice of appeal.
II. Standard of Review
We review the sufficiency of an indictment for subject matter jurisdiction,
Defendant’s double jeopardy argument, and his claim of selective prosecution de novo.
State v. Collins, 221 N.C. App. 604, 610, 727 S.E.2d 922, 926 (2012) (citation omitted)
(reviewing an indictment de novo); State v. Graham, 200 N.C. App. 204, 214, 683
S.E.2d 437, 444 (2009) (citation omitted) (reviewing constitutional claims de novo).
We also review motions to dismiss de novo. State v. Smith, 186 N.C. App. 57,
62, 650 S.E.2d 29, 33 (2007) (citation omitted). “ ‘Upon defendant’s motion for
dismissal, the question for the Court is whether there is substantial evidence (1) of
each essential element of the offense charged, or of a lesser offense included therein,
and (2) of defendant’s being the perpetrator of such offense. If so, the motion is
properly denied.’ ” State v. Fritsch, 351 N.C. 373, 378, 526 S.E.2d 451, 455 (2000)
(citation omitted). “Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable
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Opinion of the Court
mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” State v. Smith, 300 N.C. 71,
78-79, 265 S.E.2d 164, 169 (1980) (citations omitted).
Circumstantial evidence may withstand a motion to
dismiss and support a conviction even when the evidence
does not rule out every hypothesis of innocence. If the
evidence presented is circumstantial, the court must
consider whether a reasonable inference of defendant’s
guilt may be drawn from the circumstances. Once the
court decides that a reasonable inference of defendant’s
guilt may be drawn from the circumstances, then it is
for the jury to decide whether the facts, taken singly or in
combination, satisfy [it] beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant is actually guilty.
Fritsch, 351 N.C. at 379, 526 S.E.2d at 455 (internal citations, quotation marks, and
italics omitted) (alteration in original).
III. Analysis
Defendant brings forth the following arguments: (1) the indictment charging
him for unlawfully accessing a government computer was fatally defective; (2) the
trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the accessing a government
computer charge; (3) the State violated his constitutional right against double
jeopardy; (4) the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the falsifying
monthly bail bond report information charge; (5) the trial court erred in denying his
motion to dismiss the obtaining property by false pretenses charge; and (6) the State
violated his constitutional right of equal protection by selectively prosecuting him.
We address these arguments in turn.
A. Validity of the Indictment
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Opinion of the Court
Defendant first argues the indictment failed to sufficiently allege the essential
elements of the crime. Specifically, Defendant alleges his acts were not willful or
with criminal intent because the Department of Insurance required him to submit
monthly reports.
The State charged Defendant for violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-454.1, which
states:
(a) It is unlawful to willfully, directly or indirectly, access
or cause to be accessed any government computer for the
purpose of:
(1) Devising or executing any scheme or artifice to
defraud, or
(2) Obtaining property or services by means of false
or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or
promises.
A violation of this subsection is a Class F felony.
(b) Any person who willfully and without authorization,
directly or indirectly, accesses or causes to be accessed any
government computer for any purpose other than those set
forth in subsection (a) of this section is guilty of a Class H
felony.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-454.1 (a)-(b) (2017).
A valid indictment must contain:
(1) the identification of the defendant; (2) a “separate count
addressed to each offense charged”; (3) the county in which
the offense took place; (4) the date, or range of dates, during
which the offense was committed; (5) a “plain and concise
factual statement in each count” that supports every
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element of the offense and the defendant’s commission
thereof; and (6) the “applicable statute, rule, regulation,
ordinance, or other provision of law alleged therein to have
been violated.
State v. Golder, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 809 S.E.2d 502, 505-06 (2018) (citing N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 15A-924(a)(1)-(6) (2017)). “As a general rule, an indictment couched in
the language of the statute is sufficient to charge the statutory offense.” Id. at ___,
809 S.E.2d at 506 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
The substantive portion of the indictment at issue reads:
The jurors for the State upon their oath present that on or
about the date(s) of offense shown and in the county named
above the defendant named above unlawfully, willfully and
feloniously did access by means of inputting information as
part of required monthly reports on outstanding bond
obligations under N.C.G.S. 58-71-165 the government
computer system operated and maintained by the North
Carolina Department of Insurance (a State Government
entity) in order to commit fraud. Specifically the defendant
entered and submitted information falsely by withholding
specific bond liabilities outstanding in the following
defendants’ criminal matters: [(listed fourteen
defendants)]. These bonds were withheld while submitting
as an accurate accounting other bond obligations, and thus
falsely represented his total amount of outstanding
liability. This was done for the purpose of obtaining
property - a professional bail bondsman’s license - as well
as money and fees (premiums) charged in connection with
the bonding of individuals, which was done under the
Defendant’s professional bonding license, as well as to
maintain a lower balance in the monthly required
securities account maintained according to the North
Carolina General Statutes.
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Defendant contends the State failed to prove willfulness because the State
compels Defendant to keep monthly bail bond reports. Defendant contends if the
State compelled him to complete and submit monthly reports, then his inadvertent
failure to accurately report his transactions cannot be considered intentional. This
argument has no bearing on the validity of the indictment and is addressed infra.10
B. Motion to Dismiss Accessing A Government Computer Charge
Next, Defendant argues the court erred in denying his motion to dismiss his
charges under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-454.1. Defendant brings forth the following
issues: (1) whether his actions meet the definition of willful11 or “without
authorization”; and (2) whether his actions constituted accessing or causing to be
accessed a government computer.
1. Willful or Without Authorization
First, we address willfulness and without authorization. Our review of the
plain language of the statute shows the subsection under which the State charged
Defendant, included supra, does not include the words “without authorization.”
For computer-related crimes, our General Assembly defines “Authorization”
as: “having the consent or permission of the owner, or of the person licensed or
authorized by the owner to grant consent or permission to access . . . not exceeding
10 In the issue heading, Defendant asserts the State charged him with a vague and overly
broad indictment. Defendant brought forth no substantive argument in support of these contentions.
11 In support of his argument, Defendant cites to “the reasons stated above in Issue I[.]”
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Opinion of the Court
the consent or permission.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-453 (1a) (2017). When our Supreme
Court reviewed willfulness for another computer-related crime, it applied the
traditional definition of willful and not the definition of “authorization” in N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 14-453(1a). State v. Ramos, 363 N.C. 352, 355, 678 S.E.2d 224, 226 (2009)
(citation omitted). Additionally, this Court has both included the definition of
“authorization” in its analysis of willful and has omitted the definition and only
required the State to produce substantial evidence of the traditional definition of
willful. Compare State v. Johnston, 173 N.C. App. 334, 618 S.E.2d 807 (2005) (using
the “authorization” definition), with State v. Ramos, 193 N.C. App. 629, 668 S.E.2d
357 (2008), aff’d, 363 N.C. 352, 678 S.E.2d 224 (2009) (distinguishing the traditional
definition of willful and the definition of authorization). We note the terms “without
authorization” and “willfulness” do not fully encompass each other. Indeed, when a
defendant challenged jury instructions which only included the definition of “without
authorization” but not the definition of “willfulness”, this Court stated “[o]ne may act
‘without authorization,’ but still not act willfully.” Ramos, 193 N.C. App. at 636, 668
S.E.2d at 363.
Unlike N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-454.1 (b) and (c), which both include the words
“willfully” and “without authorization”, subsection (a) only requires “willful[ ]” action.
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N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-454.1 (a)-(c).12 However, our Court read the “without
authorization” requirement into the definition of “willful” for this very subsection in
State v. Barr, 218 N.C. App. 329, 721 S.E.2d 395 (2012).
In Barr, the defendant brought forth the same argument asserted in the case
sub judice—whether her actions were willful. Barr owned and operated Lexington
License Plate Agency and worked as a title clerk. Id. at 331, 721 S.E.2d at 397-98.
After the sale of a vehicle, a car dealer transfers title by delivering the paperwork to
a license plate agency. Id. at 331, 721 S.E.2d at 398. At the agency, a title clerk
checks the paperwork and “accesses a computer system called State Title and
Registration System (‘STARS’)” to enter in the title clerk’s “unique” number and a
password. Id. at 331, 721 S.E.2d at 398. After a title clerk enters the information for
a transfer, the title clerk can process the transfer of title. Id. at 331, 721 S.E.2d at
398.
Barr transferred titles for Lanier Motor Company; however, in 2008, Lanier
lost its license and continued to sell vehicles without a license. Id. at 332, 721 S.E.2d
at 398. When another title clerk tried to enter Lanier’s dealer identification number
into STARS, the computer noted the number was invalid. Id. at 332, 721 S.E.2d at
398. The clerk entered “OS” into the system, indicating the dealer was an out-of-state
12 Subsection (c) states, “Any person who willfully and without authorization, directly or
indirectly, accesses or causes to be accessed any educational testing material or academic or vocational
testing scores or grades that are in a government computer is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.” N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 14-454.1 (c).
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STATE V. MATHIS
Opinion of the Court
dealer. Id. at 332, 721 S.E.2d at 398. There was conflicting evidence if Barr herself
instructed others to enter OS, or if someone from the DMV instructed Barr to input
OS. Id. at 332, 721 S.E.2d at 398. One witness testified when he told Barr that
Lanier’s dealer number was inactive, Barr replied “to go ahead and process it an as
O S[.]” Id. at 339, 721 S.E.2d at 402.
A jury convicted Barr of three counts of unlawfully accessing a government
computer for a fraudulent purpose and two counts of aiding and abetting the unlawful
access of a government computer. Id. at 333, 721 S.E.2d at 399. On appeal, Barr
argued the State did not introduce substantial evidence of willfulness because
evidence showed she believed a DMV worker instructed her to input certain
information into the government computer. Our Court concluded, taken in the light
most favorable to the State, the State presented substantial evidence of Barr’s
willfulness to violate N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-454.1(a)(2), because the testimony showed
Barr acted “purposely and deliberately, indicating a purpose to do it without
authority—careless whether [s]he has the right or not—in violation of the law[.]” Id.
at 340, 721 S.E.2d at 403 (citation and quotation marks omitted) (second alteration
in original).
To our Court, it is telling in Barr, defendant had authorization to utilize and
access STARS. However, she did not have authorization to input the fraudulent
information she inputted—to transfer title for an unlicensed in-state dealer and label
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STATE V. MATHIS
Opinion of the Court
the transfer as one for an out-of-state dealer. Similarly, here, Defendant had the
authorization to use the SBS system. However, Defendant exceeded that
authorization by inputting fraudulent information. The State submitted substantial
evidence of Defendant inputting fraudulent information into the SBS system and the
willfulness of his actions. Defendant’s argument lacks merit.
2. Accessing a Government Computer
Second, “Access” is defined as “to instruct, communicate with, cause input,
cause output, cause data processing, or otherwise make use of any resources of a
computer, computer system, or computer network.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-453 (1). The
unlawfully accessing a government computer statute includes both direct and
indirect access of a government computer. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-454.1 (a).
Defendant asserts “sending information by SBS or e-mail does not” meet the
definition of access, as he merely transmitted information, which the Department of
Insurance’s personnel actually uploaded into the system. While Defendant contends
he did not personally access a government computer, he also states he “submitted
information as required by the Department of Insurance using the computer
system . . . .”
We conclude the State presented substantial evidence Defendant accessed, or
caused another to access, a government computer. The SBS database qualifies as
such a government program, and, thus, any access is access of a “government
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STATE V. MATHIS
Opinion of the Court
computer.” Pardeau testified although he could not know Defendant “physically,
personally” submitted information to the SBS system, there is substantial
circumstantial evidence to withstand Defendant’s motion to dismiss. To upload the
monthly reports, a unique user name and password must be used, and Defendant’s
unique user name and password were used to access SBS. Additionally, Defendant’s
email “was utilized” to submit the reports, which Defendant signed. Even if we were
to accept Defendant’s argument he only transmitted information then uploaded by
the Department of Insurance’s personnel, the statute not only covers accessing, but
also if Defendant caused the government computer “to be accessed[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 14-454.1 (a). Thus, his argument is unavailing.13
Finally, at oral argument, Defendant contended the intent of the statute could
not be the mere submission of information. He argued the General Assembly wanted
actual interaction with a government computer. However, the plain language, with
the inclusive language of “access or cause to be accessed” and “directly or indirectly”
dispel Defendant’s contention. Accordingly, we hold the trial court did not err in
13 Defendant also alludes to the possibility of an employee of his uploading the information.
However, as stated supra, the statute encompasses when a person causes, directly or indirectly, a
computer to be accessed. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-454.1 (a). Additionally, the State presented sufficient
evidence of access, either directly or indirectly, by Defendant to withstand his motion to dismiss.
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Opinion of the Court
denying Defendant’s motion to dismiss the accessing a government computer
charge.14
C. Double Jeopardy
On appeal, Defendant argues the State violated his right against double
jeopardy by charging him for both obtaining property by false pretenses and accessing
a government computer.
“Constitutional questions not raised and passed on by the trial court will not
ordinarily be considered on appeal.” State v. Tirado, 358 N.C. 551, 571, 599 S.E.2d
515, 529 (2004). Rule 10 (a)(1) requires Defendant to make “a timely request,
objection, or motion, stating the specific grounds for the ruling the party desired the
court to make[.]” N.C. R. App. P. 10 (a)(1) (2017) (emphasis added).
Our review of the record shows Defendant failed to bring forth this argument
at the trial level. While Defendant argued some of the crimes charged violated his
right against double jeopardy, he based his arguments on the civil action revoking his
licenses, which arose from the same actions giving rise to the criminal charges.
Defendant brought forth no argument about a lesser included offense to the trial
court. Consequently, the trial court could not make a determination on whether the
14 At trial and at oral argument, though not directly in his brief, Defendant argued the SBS
system is not a government computer. N.C. Gen. Stat § 14-453 (7a) defines a “Government computer”
as “any computer, computer program, computer system, computer network, or any part thereof, that
is owned, operated, or used by any State or local governmental entity.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-453 (7a)
(2017).
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Opinion of the Court
crime of obtaining property by false pretenses is a lesser included offense of accessing
a government computer for unlawful purposes. Accordingly, Defendant failed to
preserve this argument for appellate review, and we dismiss this argument.
D. Falsifying Monthly Bail Bond Report Information Charge
Defendant next contends the State failed to present sufficient evidence he
violated N.C. Gen. Stat. § 58-71-165 (2017) and, thus, the court erred in denying his
motion to dismiss. He contends the missing information in the reports, as alleged,
“strongly suggests these omissions were clerical errors committed by [his] staff.”
We conclude the State presented substantial evidence to withstand
Defendant’s motion to dismiss this charge. The State presented evidence of the false
reports, Defendant signing the attestation clause certifying he submitted true
information, and the reports being filed via the SBS system. The question of fact—
whether the omissions were fraud or clerical errors—was one to be determined by the
jury. Accordingly, we hold the trial court did not err in denying Defendant’s motion
to dismiss this charge.
E. Obtaining Property by False Pretenses Charge
On appeal, Defendant argues the State failed to submit sufficient evidence of
“causation” between the false representation and the obtaining of something of value.
Defendant’s argument is two-fold. First, he contends the only evidence of causation
is the testimony from the State’s witness, Timothy Pardeau. He argues this evidence,
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STATE V. MATHIS
Opinion of the Court
alone, is insufficient to show he “had a motive, plan or scheme which was intended to
enable him to obtain a bail bond license which he already held.” Second, Defendant
argues he did not obtain anything of value, as he already had a bondsman license.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-100 states:
If any person shall knowingly and designedly by means of
any kind of false pretense whatsoever, whether the false
pretense is of a past or subsisting fact or of a future
fulfillment or event, obtain or attempt to obtain from any
person within this State any money, goods, property,
services, chose in action, or other thing of value with intent
to cheat or defraud any person of such money, goods,
property, services, chose in action or other thing of value,
such person shall be guilty of a felony . . . .
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-100 (a) (2017).
Black’s Law Dictionary defines “obtain” as, inter alia, “To bring into one’s own
possession; to procure . . . .” Black’s Law Dictionary 1247 (10th ed. 2014). Black’s
defines “retain” as, inter alia, “To hold in possession or under control; to keep and not
lose, part with, or dismiss.” Id. at 1509. Additionally, Webster’s defines “obtain” as,
inter alia, “to get possession of, esp. by some effort; procure[.]” Merriam Webster’s
New World College Dictionary 1010 (5th ed. 2014). Webster’s defines “retain” as, inter
alia, “to hold or keep in possession” and “to continue to have or hold[.]”15 Id. at 1240.
The indictment for obtaining property by false pretenses states:
The jurors for the State upon their oath present that on or
about the date of offense shown and in the county named
15 Additionally, in the Legal Thesaurus, “obtain” and “retain” are not listed as synonyms of
each other. Legal Thesaurus 357, 454 (2d ed. 1992).
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STATE V. MATHIS
Opinion of the Court
above the defendant named above unlawfully, willfully and
feloniously did knowingly and designedly with the intent
to cheat and defraud obtain and attempt to obtain a
Professional Bail Bondsman’s License issued by the North
Carolina Department of Insurance . . . .”
Both Defendant and the State agree at the time of the alleged acts, Defendant
already had his bail bondsman license. The State likens obtaining to retaining. At
oral argument, the State asserted “retaining wrongfully is obtaining.” The State also
contended obtaining a renewal may be obtaining. We disagree.
We conclude the State failed to produce sufficient evidence Defendant obtained
a professional bail bondsman’s license. Defendant received—obtained—his license
on 26 February 1998. The indictment for this charge lists the dates of offense as 1
July 2009 to 1 July 2014. The State presented no evidence of Defendant’s actions
prior to 26 February 1998 at trial, and even if it had, there would be a fatal variance
between the indictment and the evidence at trial.
While the State likens “retaining” to “obtaining,” we conclude retain is not
within the definition of obtain. We note, the Department of Insurance has different
processes and requirements for obtaining a bail bondsman license and renewing
(retaining) a license. Additionally, the State’s assertion at oral argument—
Defendant obtained a renewal—is not what the State alleged in the indictment.
Instead, the indictment states Defendant obtained “a Professional Bail Bondsman’s
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STATE V. MATHIS
Opinion of the Court
License”, not a “renewal of a Professional Bail Bondsman’s License.”16 Thus the trial
court erred by denying Defendant’s motion to dismiss the obtaining property by false
pretenses charge.17 State v. Hinton, 361 N.C. 207, 211, 639 S.E.2d 437, 440 (2007)
(citation omitted) (“In construing ambiguous criminal statutes, we apply the rule of
lenity, which requires us to strictly construe the statute.”).
F. Selective Prosecution
Finally, Defendant brings forth a selective prosecution argument. He
contends: (1) the trial court erred in sustaining the State’s objection during his
questioning of Wayne Goodwin; and (2) regardless of the court’s error, he presented
a prima facia showing of selective prosecution.
To demonstrate selective prosecution Defendant must:
first, . . . make a prima facie showing that he has been
singled out for prosecution while others similarly situated
and committing the same acts have not; second, after doing
so, he must demonstrate that the discriminatory selection
for prosecution was invidious and done in bad faith in that
it rests upon such impermissible considerations as race,
religion, or the desire to prevent his exercise of
constitutional rights.
16 At oral argument, the State also contended “attempting to obtain” a license is equivalent to
obtaining. While attempting to obtain property is within the crime of obtaining property by false
pretenses, the inclusion of “attempt” does not bring “retaining” within the definition of “obtaining.”
17 Lastly, at oral argument, Defendant contended were this obtaining property by false
pretenses charge to “fall”, the trial court should have also dismissed the other charges. However, the
indictment for the unlawfully accessing a government computer charge states Defendant obtained not
only a license, but also “money and fees (premiums) charged in connection with the bonding of
individuals[.]” Additionally, the falsifying monthly bail bond report information charge requires no
such obtaining. Thus, these charges do not “fall” with the obtaining property by false pretenses charge.
We need not address Defendant’s argument about the sufficiency of Pardeau’s testimony, as
we reverse this charge on other grounds.
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STATE V. MATHIS
Opinion of the Court
State v. Pope, 213 N.C. App. 413, 416, 713 S.E.2d 537, 540 (2011) (citation and
quotation marks omitted).
As included above, during Goodwin’s testimony, Defendant began to question
Goodwin on the background of the charges at issue, and the State objected. The court
allowed Defendant to make a proffer before ruling on the objection. After six
questions, the court interrupted, stating it had “difficulty” seeing how the testimony
was relevant to the issues at trial. The court stated “if you wish to ask him some
questions that would make this relevant, I’d be happy to consider it but I frankly
don’t hear that yet.” Defendant replied, “Your Honor, without going through a bit
more I would just say I’m good with that and I’ll be done with this witness.”
Defendant asked the court if he could ask one more question, which the court allowed.
Defendant actually asked an additional six questions. Then Defendant stated he was
“just going to stop right there[.]” The court sustained the State’s objection. Defendant
stated he had no more questions for Goodwin before the jury returned. After the jury
returned, Defendant did not ask Goodwin any more questions.
First, we conclude the trial court did not erroneously limit Defendant’s offer of
proof. As stated supra, the court directed Defendant to ask questions which would
bring forth relevant testimony. Additionally, the court allowed Defendant to ask
several more questions of the witness, and Defendant terminated the questioning.
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Opinion of the Court
Second, Defendant failed to make a prima facie showing of selective
prosecution. Defendant points to two of the State’s witnesses’ testimonies. First,
Steve Bryant testified he investigated “approximately 20” other individuals for the
“type of alleged activity” at issue. When Defendant asked Bryant how many of the
twenty Bryant criminally charged, Bryant answered he did not have the authority to
criminally charge anyone. Defendant asked if Bryant knew of criminal investigations
resulting from his investigations, and Bryant answered he knew Defendant “as one
of them[.]” Additionally, Bryant had not heard or was not aware of others being
charged as a result of his investigations. Another witness, Rebecca Shigley, testified
she did not know if other bail bondsmen had been charged “for clerical errors on
monthly reports” and her division did “not handle any criminal matters.” While
Defendant characterizes this testimony as proof of “the total lack of prosecutions of
bail bondsmen by the Department for intentionally filing false reports[,]” the
testimony does not indicate as such. Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not
err.
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s denial of Defendant’s
motion to dismiss the obtaining property by false pretenses charge. We remand the
matter for resentencing. We dismiss Defendant’s double jeopardy argument and
find no error in the rest of the judgments.
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STATE V. MATHIS
Opinion of the Court
NO ERROR IN PART; DISMISSED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART;
REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.
Judges ELMORE and ZACHARY concur.
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