Stowe v. Stowe ( 2020 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA19-733
Filed: 7 July 2020
Buncombe County, No. 17 CVD 4584
SHELLEY GOULAS STOWE, Plaintiff,
v.
RAYMOND LEE STOWE, Defendant.
Appeal by defendant from judgment and order entered 29 January 2019 by
Judge Andrea F. Dray in Buncombe County District Court. Heard in the Court of
Appeals 15 April 2020.
Emily Sutton Dezio for plaintiff-appellee.
Fox Rothschild LLP, by Michelle D. Connell, for defendant-appellant.
TYSON, Judge.
Raymond Lee Stowe (“Defendant”) appeals from an equitable distribution
judgment and order entered 29 January 2019. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and
remand.
I. Background
Shelley Goulas Stowe (“Plaintiff”) and Defendant were married on 5 October
1996 and separated on 11 September 2017. Two minor children were born of the
marriage. The trial court entered a consent order for child custody and child support
STOWE V. STOWE
Opinion of the Court
on 22 June 2018. The consent order for child custody and child support is not a part
of this appeal.
Defendant owned an Allstate Corporation captive insurance agency, which
sold only Allstate insurance products. Both Plaintiff and Defendant felt that owning
an independent insurance agency, rather than a captive agency, would better fit the
family’s needs. They purchased Madison Insurance Group, Inc. (“Madison”), an
independent insurance agency, during the marriage. Madison is a North Carolina
sub-S corporation. Madison sells policies issued by approximately thirty different
vendors, but Allstate is the primary vendor, accounting for nearly one-third of the
policies written.
The parties’ equitable distribution trial, centered primarily on the value of
Madison, began on 29 November 2018. Plaintiff engaged F. Foster Shriner as an
expert witness to express an opinion of value of Madison. Plaintiff presented two
letters to Plaintiff’s attorney from Shriner, one dated 25 July 2018 and one dated 28
November 2018. Shriner’s 25 July 2018 letter valued Madison at $531,435, while his
later 28 November 2018 letter valued Madison at $511,212.
Both letters provided a “conclusion of value” of Madison, but stated that the
records he relied upon were “incomplete, at best.” The 25 July 2018 letter contained
two additional documents: Madison’s Form 1120S, a U.S. Corporation Income Tax
Return for an S Corporation, from 2016 and a balance sheet dated 11 September 2017.
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The 25 July 2018 letter contained the following asset values: $25,987 in cash,
$26,100 for a note receivable, and $532,958 for goodwill/intangibles against liabilities
of $53,610 for a note payable. The $532,958 for goodwill/intangibles estimate was
calculated by multiplying the Madison 2016 revenues of $217,534 by a value of 2.45.
The total estimated value of Madison was $531,435.
The 2.45 multiplier Shriner used to calculate estimated value was contained
in an article sent by Plaintiff and Plaintiff’s father to Shriner, entitled “First Quarter
2018 Allstate Agency Value Index.” The article was found on PPC Loan’s website, a
lending company for Allstate Insurance agencies, and was written by its president
and Chief Executive Officer, Paul Clarke. The article included a chart detailing
“Allstate Agency Price to New/Renewal Commission Ratio (National Average)” for the
fourth quarter of 2016, all of 2017, and the first quarter of 2018.
Shriner’s 28 November 2018 letter reflected assets of: $24,790 in cash, $30,140
in a note receivable, and $532,958 in goodwill/intangibles against liabilities of
$76,676 for a note payable. The total estimate of value was $511,212. The
goodwill/intangibles were calculated using the same revenues and the 2.45 multiple
as the 25 July 2018 letter. Nowhere in the letters or sheets is there a reference or
certification the opinion was prepared according to Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (“GAAP”) or disclaimer.
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At the equitable distribution trial, Shriner was tendered as an expert witness
in business valuation, forensic accounting, and certified public accounting. Shriner
explained his methodology behind the income-based approach he used to calculate
Madison’s value, as well as his assigned 2.45 revenue multiplier. Shriner based his
valuation on four factors: cash assets verified by Quickbooks software, a note
receivable, a loan taken by Madison, and goodwill. Shriner had the 2017 tax returns,
most of the bank statements, and a summary book, but not a balance sheet.
On cross-examination, Shriner testified he understood the difference between
a captive Allstate agency and an independent agency. Shriner defended his 2.45
value multiplier from the “Allstate Agency Price to New/Renewal Commission Ratio
(National Average)” chart, because “[i]t was a document that stated what the market
rates were in terms of the revenue multiple.”
Shriner further acknowledged the chart’s valuation was based, in part, on an
agency that sold as a part of a group merger, and the chart included only captive
Allstate agency sales transactions. Shriner acknowledged Allstate captive agencies
have a buy-back provision that an independent agency does not have, which would
factor positively into the valuation.
Defendant’s counsel provided Shriner with another article, also written by
Paul Clarke and PPC Loan, entitled “Allstate Agencies - Why so Valuable?” The
article states Allstate captive agencies are very unique, as compared to their peers in
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other service sector industries, because Allstate-only agencies have resources
available to them that independent agencies do not have. The article provides a chart
illustrating Allstate captive agencies having a superior multiple, in value, as
compared to independent agencies. Clarke and PPC Loan valued Allstate captive
agencies at 2.5 times the annual commissions and valued independent agencies at
1.5 times the annual commissions.
Defendant tendered Tom Franks, as an expert witness in certified public
accounting, business valuation, and forensic accounting. Franks testified he had
significant experience in the insurance business and had owned an independent
insurance agency for ten years, from 1978 through 1988. The trial court admitted
Franks as an expert witness only in certified public accounting. The court found he
had “minimal business valuation experience, had maintained minimal continuing
education in business valuation methodologies, and had not prepared more than two
business valuations for insurance agencies.”
The trial court entered an equitable distribution order valuing Madison by
using Shriner’s 28 November 2018 letter’s valuation amount of $511,212, less a
preliminary distribution to Plaintiff of $21,003.45, giving Madison a net value of
$490,208.55. Tax consequences of a sale were not factored into the value of Madison.
The equitable distribution order also distributed IRA and 401(k) accounts. The
trial court found a 10% penalty would accrue if the accounts were immediately
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withdrawn. The trial court also found there would be a taxable event creating tax
consequences when the money was withdrawn, and reduced the value of the
American Traditional IRA from $138,847.65 to 104,135.74, the Lumina Wealth IRA
from $20,601 to $15,450.75, and the Principal 401(k) from $28,362 to $21,271.50 to
account for those consequences. Defendant appeals.
II. Jurisdiction
This Court possesses jurisdiction pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7A-27(b) and
50-19.1 (2019).
III. Issues
Defendant argues the trial court erred by: (1) failing to reasonably approximate
the value of Madison by basing the valuation on incompetent evidence; (2) refusing
to qualify Franks as an expert witness in the field of business valuation; (3)
calculating early withdrawal penalties for retirement accounts, but not calculating
imbedded taxes for Madison; and, (4) distributing payments on a note payable to
Madison to Plaintiff where Madison is not a party to this suit.
IV. Valuation of Madison
Defendant asserts the trial court’s findings did not reasonably approximate the
value of Madison and made erroneous conclusions of valuation upon incompetent
evidence.
A. Standard of Review
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[T]he standard of review on appeal from a judgment
entered after a non-jury trial is whether there is competent
evidence to support the trial court's findings of fact and
whether the findings support the conclusions of law and
ensuing judgment. The trial court’s findings of fact are
binding on appeal as long as competent evidence supports
them, despite the existence of evidence to the contrary.
The trial court’s findings need only be supported by
substantial evidence to be binding on appeal. We have
defined substantial evidence as such relevant evidence as
a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion. As to the actual distribution ordered by the
trial court, when reviewing an equitable distribution order,
the standard of review is limited to a determination of
whether there was a clear abuse of discretion. A trial court
may be reversed for abuse of discretion only upon a
showing that its actions are manifestly unsupported by
reason.
Peltzer v. Peltzer, 222 N.C. App. 784, 786-87, 732 S.E.2d 357, 359-60 (2012)
(citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).
“The task of a reviewing court on appeal is to determine whether the approach
used by the trial court reasonably approximated the net value of the partnership
interest. If it does, the valuation will not be disturbed.” Poore v. Poore, 75 N.C. App.
414, 419, 331 S.E.2d 266, 270 (1985) (citation omitted).
The holding in Poore has been applied to closely-held corporations. Patton v.
Patton, 318 N.C. 404, 406, 348 S.E.2d 593, 595 (1986) (“the trial court should make
specific findings regarding the value of a spouse’s professional practice and the
existence and value of its goodwill, and should clearly indicate the evidence on which
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its valuations are based, preferably noting the valuation method or methods on which
it relied.”(citation and quotation marks omitted)).
B. Analysis
The equitable distribution order states, in relevant parts:
33. The Court received testimony from the parties and
expert witnesses regarding the business entity known as
Madison Insurance Group, Inc. Based upon the credible
evidence received, the Court makes the following specific
findings of fact regarding this asset:
a. The parties acquired the foregoing business during
the course of the marriage and prior to the date of
separation; at the time the parties acquired the
business, they purchased the business using a
multiplier of two times the gross revenue of the
business in order to determine the value of the entity.
The parties borrowed money from the marital
residence in order to fund this purchase; that following
the purchase of the business and until the date of
separation, the business paid the mortgage associated
with the residence, and the parties considered the debt
secured by the residence and associated with the
purchase of the business to be a business liability.
b. Madison Insurance Group, Inc. is an insurance
agency with its primary operating location in Madison
County, North Carolina. Since the purchase of the
business and through the present date, the Husband
has operated this business.
c. The Husband made an additional purchase of
another agency in the Buncombe County, North
Carolina, and folded this business into Madison
Insurance Group, Inc. This location has been operated
under the business name of Madison Insurance Group,
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Inc. since it was acquired by the parties and continues
to operate at the present time.
d. The business maintains certain assets, including
tangible personal property, intangible accounts,
accounts receivable, renewable contracts, and
liabilities including but not limited to loans and credit
card debt.
e. The business is an independent agency and sells
policies backed by approximately 30 different vendors.
The primary vendor, accounting for approximately one
third of the policies written, is Allstate insurance.
f. The Husband testified and the Court finds credible
on this particular issue, that the parties purchased
Madison Insurance Group, Inc. in order to have an
insurance agency operated by the parties which was
not a captive Allstate agency. At the time the parties
purchased Madison Insurance Group, Inc., the
Husband owned a captive Allstate agency. It was the
intention of the parties to acquire Madison Insurance
Group, Inc. in order to generate greater revenue and to
have access to different products and vendors.
g. The Husband testified as to his belief regarding the
value of this business. The Husband testified that he
believed the business value to be nominal, based upon
his belief that the business entity has operated at a loss
for years. The Court does not find this testimony to be
competent nor does it find the testimony to be credible.
Regarding the issue of competency, the Husband was
not qualified as an expert in business valuations and
did not provide any business valuation methodology
appropriate for determining the fair market value of
the business. Furthermore, regarding credibility, the
Court finds that the Husband executed a personal
financial statement on 22 June 2017, approximately
three months prior to the separation parties (sic),
where he listed the business as having a value of
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$400,000 or approximately two times the gross revenue
of the business.
...
i. The Wife tendered an expert witness, Mr. Foster
Shriner, for the purpose of determining a business
value for Madison Insurance Group, Inc. Mr. Shriner
was tendered as an expert witness in certified public
accounting, forensic accounting, and business
valuations. The Court accepted Mr. Shriner as an
expert witness in all three areas, and found the witness
to be competent to testify, and found the testimony of
the witness to be credible and of assistance to the Court
in determining the fair market value of the business.
Pursuant to the testimony of Mr. Shriner, the Court
makes the following specific findings regarding
Madison Insurance Group, Inc.:
1. That industry standard for valuing an insurance
agency considers the use of a multiplier of the gross
sales of the business; that depending on the type,
size and volume of the agency, a multiplier of 2 to
5 times gross sales would be appropriate;
2. That Madison Insurance Group, Inc. is not a
captive agency, however, the majority of all policies
written from any individual vendor are Allstate
Insurance policies; that Allstate policies account
for approximately one-third of the sales for
Madison Insurance Group, Inc.
3. That Madison Insurance Group, Inc. at the time
of separation maintained certain cash accounts,
accounts receivable, had outstanding loans paid to
third parties (specifically Andy Stowe, brother of
the Husband), and had certain goodwill; that
furthermore, the business maintained certain
debts, including certain liabilities due to a lending
institution known as Oak Funding.
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4. That in considering the appropriate multiplier to
determine the goodwill value of the business, Mr.
Shriner considered the industry standards, and
also considered multipliers used by Allstate
Insurance in valuing agencies considering the size,
volume and sales. Mr. Shriner further interviewed
professionals in the industry to determine
appropriate multipliers. Based upon all sources
and consideration, and consistent with industry
standard, Mr. Shriner applied a multiplier of 2.45
times gross sales to determine the goodwill of the
business. The Court finds this to be reasonable and
credible.
5. Mr. Shriner determined the business to have the
following assets and liabilities:
Cash assets, net of funds held in trust: $24,790
Notes receivable from A. Stowe: $30,140
Goodwill and intangibles 2.45 x gross
sales of $217,534: $532,958
Note payable to Oak Funding: [$](76,676)
Madison Insurance Group, Inc. FMV $511,212
6. That at the time that Mr. Shriner completed his
evaluation he had requested but had not received
2018 taxes or business information to update his
analysis. This information was provided
approximately three days prior to the hearing. Mr.
Shriner testified that, upon review of the gross
sales, the business value would have increased, but
only slightly and not in any significant amount.
The Court finds it credible that this value is the
value of the business as of the date of separation,
and on the date of the hearing.
...
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8. In considering the credible testimony of Mr.
Shriner, the Court finds Madison Insurance Group,
Inc. to have a fair market value of $511,212 less the
preliminary distribution received by the Wife . . . ,
in the amount of $21,003.45 with a resulting net
value of $490,208.55.
(brackets and alterations omitted).
Defendant argues the trial court erred in its valuation of Madison by basing
its valuation on incompetent evidence, by utilizing an improper valuation
methodology, which did not approximate the market value of the agency and goodwill,
and by double-counting revenue in the calculation.
1. Competent Evidence
The trial court accepted Shriner’s opinion of valuation of Madison, expressed
in his 28 November 2018 letter. During the equitable distribution trial, Shriner
testified towards the basis of this valuation. A critical part of the evidence was Paul
Clarke’s article from his company’s website entitled “First Quarter 2018 Allstate
Agency Value Index,” and the included chart: “Allstate Agency Price to New/Renewal
Commission Ratio (National Average)” for the fourth quarter 2016, all of 2017, and
the first quarter of 2018.
Absent from the record or transcript is Paul Clarke’ background or
qualifications to assert an opinion of value. This is a distinction Shriner
acknowledged during cross examination and in the record, but is not addressed or
rectified by either Shriner or the trial court in the equitable distribution order.
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Paul Clarke and PPC Loan only financed Allstate captive agencies, not
independent agencies like Madison. Shriner relied upon the chart, providing the
value of only captive Allstate agencies, to base his opinion. Included in the sample
data was an Allstate agency sold as a part of a group merger. The trial court
concluded “that Allstate policies account for approximately one-third of the sales of
Madison Insurance Group, Inc.” However, this conclusion failed to consider and
reconcile resources and advantages that a captive Allstate agency has, such as a buy-
back provision for a prospective seller and other resources to justify and warrant the
higher revenue multiples over that applied to independent insurance agencies.
Paul Clarke’s other article, “Allstate Agencies - Why so Valuable?”, recognizes
the resources and advantages to justify the high multiple of 2.5 for all Allstate captive
agencies. The article also valued independent agencies at a multiple of 1.5 times the
commissions. Plaintiff argues Defendant’s own valuation of Madison at a 2.0
multiplier of sales supports the 2.45 finding to arrive at the value.
The trial court found Defendant’s testimony of valuation of Madison not to be
credible, due in part to his not being tendered or accepted as a business valuation
expert, yet it references this application and value in its order. A business or property
owner is competent to testify to the value of his business or property. Hill v. Hill, 244
N.C. App. 219, 229, 781 S.E.2d 29, 37 (2015) (“[L]ay opinions as to the value of the
property are admissible if the witness can show that he has knowledge of the property
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Opinion of the Court
and some basis for his opinion. Unless it affirmatively appears that the owner does
not know the market value of his property, it is generally held that he is competent
to testify as to its value.”). The weight given to that testimony is for the finder of fact
to determine. Phelps v. Phelps, 337 N.C. 344, 357, 446 S.E.2d 17, 25 (1994) (“[T]he
trial judge, sitting without a jury, has discretion as finder of fact with respect to the
weight and credibility that attaches to the evidence.”). The evidence and findings do
not support the trial court’s conclusion on valuation.
2. Valuation Methodology
The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) provides the following factors to value
the stock of a closely-held corporation:
SEC. 4. FACTORS TO CONSIDER.
.01 It is advisable to emphasize that in the valuation of the
stock of closely held corporations or the stock of
corporations where market quotations are either lacking or
too scarce to be recognized, all available financial data, as
well as all relevant factors affecting the fair market value,
should be considered. The following factors, although not
all-inclusive are fundamental and require careful analysis
in each case:
(a) The nature of the business and the history of the
enterprise from its inception.
(b) The economic outlook in general and the condition and
outlook of the specific industry in particular.
(c )The book value of the stock and the financial condition
of the business.
(d) The earning capacity of the company.
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(e) The dividend-paying capacity.
(f) Whether or not the enterprise has goodwill or other
intangible value.
(g) Sales of the stock and the size of the block of stock to be
valued.
(h) The market price of stocks of corporations engaged in
the same or a similar line of business having their stocks
actively traded in a free and open market, either on an
exchange or over-the-counter.
Rev. Rul. 59-60, 1959-1 C.B. 237 (January 1, 1959) (emphasis supplied).
This Court’s precedents provide further guidance on valuation. Specifically, a
trial court should consider: “(a) its fixed assets including cash, furniture, equipment,
and other supplies; (b) its other assets including accounts receivable and the value of
work in progress; (c) its goodwill, if any; and (d) its liabilities.” Poore, 75 N.C. App. at
419, 331 S.E.2d at 270 (citations omitted); Goodwill, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed.
2019) (“A business’s reputation, patronage, and other intangible assets that are
considered when appraising the business, . . . the ability to earn income in excess of
the income that would be expected from the business viewed as a mere collection of
assets.”).
However, this Court in Poore cautioned trial courts “to value goodwill with
great care, for the individual practitioner will be forced to pay the ex-spouse tangible
dollars for an intangible asset at a value concededly arrived at on the basis of some
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uncertain elements.” Poore, 75 N.C. App. at 421, 331 S.E.2d at 271 (citation and
quotation marks omitted).
As noted above, when valuing goodwill of a closely-held business, several
factors should be examined: “the age, health, and professional reputation of the
practitioner, the nature of the practice, the length of time the practice has been in
existence, its past profits, its comparative professional success, and the value of its
other assets.” Id. (citations omitted).
Here, the trial court found accounts of cash assets verified by Quickbooks
software and a note receivable. The trial court further found the intangible goodwill
asset and computed a liability balance of the loan taken by Madison. The trial court’s
designation was based upon Shriner’s findings, where he had the 2017 tax returns,
most of the bank statements, and a summary book but not a balance sheet.
The evidence before and findings and conclusions by the trial court did not
utilize the factors from Poore or the IRS for valuing a business. The trial court’s order
made no mention of the nature of the business and the history of the enterprise from
its inception, the economic outlook in general and the condition and outlook of the
specific industry in particular, the financial condition of the business, the company’s
earning capacity, the market price of corporations engaged in the same or a similar
line of business, or factors that led to the finding of intangible goodwill.
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The trial court did not address the framework in Poore in finding and valuing
goodwill. It simply addressed the amount of goodwill by concluding Madison “had
certain goodwill.” Outside of this conclusory statement, the trial court began
consideration of the appropriate multiplier to apply to the goodwill, even though the
multiplier was derived from a non-analogous source applying un-adjusted factors.
The trial court failed to address “the age, health, and professional reputation
of the practitioner, the nature of the practice, the length of time the practice has been
in existence, its past profits, its comparative professional success, and the value of its
other assets.” Poore, 75 N.C. App. at 421, 331 S.E.2d at 271.
The trial court merely evaluated one years’ past performance in the form of a
balance sheet and a tax return. While there may ultimately be goodwill or other
intangible assets to include, the trial court did not conduct any further analysis to
support the conclusion of value of goodwill. Id. at 422, 331 S.E.2d at 272.
3. Apportionment of Revenue
During direct examination, Defendant testified:
[Defense Counsel]: So in 2016 the corporation earned
commissions of $217,534?
[Defendant]: Yes.
[Defense Counsel]: What was the – where did the cash
assets bank accounts come from?
[Defendant]: They came from that revenue.
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[Defense Counsel]: So you have [$]217,000 and then
[$]24,790 that’s actually the same funds?
[Defendant]: Correct.
...
[Defense Counsel]: And the monies that were paid to Andy
Stowe of the loans the corporation made to Andy Stowe,
what were the source of funds for those amounts?
[Defendant]: That revenue.
[Defense Counsel]: The [$]217,534?
[Defendant]: That’s correct.
Shriner counted the cash asset and note receivable twice in the asset section:
as both revenue in the annual revenue and as an account. Neither Shriner’s
testimony, Shriner’s letter, nor the trial court’s order provides a remodeling or reason
for this double count of these amounts.
Defendant argues our Supreme Court’s reasoning in Seifert is controlling.
Seifert v. Seifert, 319 N.C. 367, 354 S.E.2d 506 (1987). In Seifert, the Supreme Court
of North Carolina examined a double reduction of the value in an equitable
distribution calculation of a military service member’s pension. The Court held: “The
effect is an unfair or inequitable reduction in the value of the award between the date
of separation and the date of the employee-spouse’s retirement.” Id. at 371, 354
S.E.2d at 509-10. The Court in Seifert prohibited a double discount.
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What occurred here is a double credit. While not controlling, it is instructive
to the facts before us. Allowing the double credit of the same funds created an “unfair”
and “inequitable” increase in the value of the company. Id.
The trial court erred in calculating the value of Madison by utilizing
incompetent evidence, conducting an improper valuation of Madison incorporating
methodology that did not approximate the value of the practice and goodwill, and by
double counting revenue in the calculation. We reverse these portions of the order
and remand to the trial court for additional findings and calculations of the value of
Madison to support its conclusions. See id.
V. Refusal to Qualify Franks as an Expert
A. Preservation
Defendant argues the trial court erred by not accepting Franks as an expert
witness in the field of business valuation. Plaintiff asserts the issue is not properly
preserved for appellate review by this Court.
N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1) requires: “In order to preserve an issue for appellate
review, a party must have presented to the trial court a timely request, objection, or
motion, stating the specific grounds for the ruling the party desired the court to make
if the specific grounds were not apparent from the context.” During the trial, Franks
was qualified as an expert witness in the field of certified public accounting. When
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defense counsel sought to ask Franks a question about the methodology of business
valuation Plaintiff objected and asserted a Daubert challenge:
[Plaintiff’s Counsel]: Your Honor, he was not qualified as a
business valuation expert. He was qualified as a CPA. He’s
not establishing appropriate methodology. And based on
[N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 8C-702, I don’t think the expert evidence
that he’s presenting passes a Daubert challenge.
[Court]: There’s been a Daubert challenge made. [Defense
Counsel] would you like to respond to that?
[Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, I don’t think there’s any
question that this expert has specialized knowledge. I don’t
think there’s any question that his testimony can assist the
Court to understand some of the issues in this case. The
weight you give it is totally up to the Court. It’s not an
admissibility issue, it’s a weight issue. The basis of his
opinion is based upon facts known to him and reasonably
relied upon by experts. You have testimony before this
Court from Mr. Shriner that the rule of thumb is the
appropriate methodology. That’s the methodology he used.
You have testimony from Mr. Franks that that is also the
methodology that he used. It appears the only difference is
the multiple factor used, and I think he is surely competent
in his experience to tell what that should be.
...
[Plaintiff’s Counsel]: The difference between Mr. Shriner
and Mr. Franks is that Mr. Shriner was admitted as a
business valuation expert. Mr. Franks has not been
admitted as a business valuation expert. And under North
Carolina Law, as a CPA he cannot render an opinion. This
is no more than a personal opinion and it is not something
- - under same rule with Mr. Stowe providing that same
impression or belief of what the value was. When we go
through this - - and again, Your Honor hasn’t, I don’t
believe, reviewed the evaluation. But nothing on this
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evaluation that he has presented lays out his multiplier.
Nothing in his evaluation does anything other than say I
think this. [That] is not an appropriate standard under
Daubert. Because he has not been admitted as an expert in
business valuation all he can testify to - - I guess he can
opine as to the cash flow, the taxes and everything else, but
it is not a business valuation that’s subject to being
admitted by this Court, because again it does not provide
assistance to this Court. It does not rely upon principles. I
don’t believe that he - - again, there’s a reason why Your
Honor did not admit him as a business valuation expert.
He doesn’t have the basis, the credentialing and the skill
set to provide assistance to Your Honor. So again, under
702 and under the case law of Daubert moving for, most
recently, as State versus McCreevy (ph), I don’t believe he’s
competent to testify as to this business value.
...
[Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, I think the admissibility
test is, is he qualified by knowledge, skill, experience,
training and education, and I think that he is. The weight
that you give is up to you, but it’s not admissibility. It is
relevant. It is. We’re before this Court on this. And is it
reliable, and I think it is reliable. And I think particularly
when you look at it in light of he’s used the same
methodology as Foster Shriner. And he has also had the
benefit of having owned an insurance company and been
actively involved in the running of the company and knows
how it works when Mr. Foster Shriner has not. So I think
we do have admissibility. And I think having heard his
testimony I would reoffer him as an expert in the area of
business evaluations based upon his history and his
involvement in the insurance business.
[Court]: Counsel, thank you. The Court will sustain the
objection. The Court will not qualify Mr. Franks as an
expert in the area of business valuation. You may ask
another question, counselor.
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STOWE V. STOWE
Opinion of the Court
Defendant asserts Plaintiff’s objection that was sustained by the trial court is
error. When an objection is sustained, our precedents and appellate rules do not
require the other party to register their own objection on top of having the objection
sustained against them. See N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1). N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1) applies
when a party failed to object to an action in the trial court and then claims error on
appeal. Plaintiff improperly seeks to assert an inverse of N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1),
where a party does not object and thus has not preserved the issue for appellate
review, to bar this Court’s review of the issue. Plaintiff’s argument is dismissed.
Plaintiff further asserts Defendant did not properly notice Franks’ expert
testimony prior to trial. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1) (2019). Rule
26(b)(4)(a)(1) mandates the disclosure of any experts prior to trial. This Court
recently interpreted this rule in Myers v. Myers, holding: “The Rule does require
advance disclosure of expert witnesses who will testify at trial, even without a
discovery request, discovery plan, or court order.” Myers v. Myers, __ N.C. App. __, __,
837 S.E.2d 443, 456-57 (2020).
Plaintiff’s argument relies on the premise that the only remedy for a discovery
violation is exclusion. The goal of N.C. Gen. Stat. §1A-1, Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1) is “to
provide openness and avoid unfair tactical advantage in the presentation of a case at
trial[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1). The court in Myers leaves the
determination of the proper remedy to the discretion of the trial court. Myers, __ N.C.
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STOWE V. STOWE
Opinion of the Court
App. at __, 837 S.E.2d at 457. In light of a discovery violation, Myers requires a trial
court to determine “whether [Defendant’s] failure to disclose the expert sufficiently
in advance of the trial gave h[im] an ‘unfair tactical advantage’ at trial or defeated
the purpose of ‘providing openness’ as contemplated by Rule 26(b).” Myers, __ N.C.
App. at __, 837 S.E.2d at 456. Plaintiff misstates the remedy for this alleged discovery
violation. Id. (“Here, the trial court’s interpretation of Rule 26(b)(4)(a)(1) as requiring
exclusion of [the expert’s] testimony was in error.” (emphasis original)). In light of
our holding on this issue, additional findings by the trial court on sanctions are not
required on remand.
B. Standards of Review
“A trial court may be reversed for abuse of discretion only upon a showing that
its actions are manifestly unsupported by reason . . . that it could not have been the
result of a reasoned decision.” White v. White, 312 N.C. 770, 777, 324 S.E.2d 829, 833
(1985) (citation omitted).
“Where the plaintiff contends the trial court’s decision is based on an incorrect
reading and interpretation of the rule governing admissibility of expert testimony,
the standard of review on appeal is de novo.” Cornett v. Watauga Surgical Grp., 194
N.C. App. 490, 493, 669 S.E.2d 805, 807 (2008).
C. Analysis
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STOWE V. STOWE
Opinion of the Court
This Court reviews this issue for abuse of discretion. Id. Defendant does not
challenge the trial court’s interpretation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 702 (2019).
Defendant proffered Franks as an expert in “business valuation in forensic
accounting and certified public accounting.” Plaintiff requested a voir dire to question
Franks’ qualifications:
[Plaintiff’s Counsel]: How many CPE courses do you take
on a yearly basis in business valuation?
[Franks]: Usually one.
...
[Plaintiff’s Counsel]: And are you specialized or do you
have any specialization under AICPA - -
[Franks]: I do not
[Plaintiff’s Counsel]: - - - business valuation?
[Franks]: No,
[Plaintiff’s Counsel]: So you are not a CVA - - strike that,
and ABV under the AICPA?
[Franks]: No.
[Plaintiff’s Counsel]: Do you have any specialized
accreditation under NACVA?
[Franks]: I do not.
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STOWE V. STOWE
Opinion of the Court
Franks is a North Carolina licensed certified public accountant and owner of
an accounting firm whose practice consists of business valuations, taxes, accounting,
and tax planning. The trial court held:
The Husband tendered an expert witness, Mr. Tom Franks,
for the purposes of placing value on the business entity.
The witness was tendered as an expert in business
valuation, certified public accounting and forensic
accounting; upon examination by counsel for the Wife, the
Court found that the witness was a certified public
accountant, however, had minimal business valuation
experience, maintained minimal continuing education in
business valuation methodologies, has not prepared
business valuations for insurance agencies more than twice
in the preceding 30 years and that these were for the
purposes of assisting a client in the purchase of an agency.
The Court accepted Mr. Franks as an expert witness in
certified public accounting, however, did not find him to be
an expert in business valuation or forensic accounting.
Accordingly, the Court did not consider the witness’s
testimony regarding a business value for Madison
Insurance Group, Inc.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 702(a) provides:
If scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge will
assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to
determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert
by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may
testify thereto in the form of an opinion, or otherwise, if all
of the following apply:
(1) The testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data.
(2) The testimony is the product of reliable principles
and methods.
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STOWE V. STOWE
Opinion of the Court
(3) The witness has applied the principles and methods
reliably to the facts of the case.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 702(a).
The Supreme Court of North Carolina has recently interpreted Rule 702(a)
and examined leading cases interpreting Rule 702(a) by the Supreme Court of the
United States: Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 125 L.
Ed. 2d 469 (1993); General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136, 139 L. Ed. 2d 508
(1997); and Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 143 L. Ed. 2d 238 (1999).
Our Supreme Court held:
the witness must be qualified as an expert by knowledge,
skill, experience, training, or education. This portion of the
rule focuses on the witness’s competence to testify as an
expert in the field of his or her proposed testimony.
Expertise can come from practical experience as much as
from academic training. Whatever the source of the
witness’s knowledge, the question remains the same: Does
the witness have enough expertise to be in a better position
than the trier of fact to have an opinion on the subject? The
rule does not mandate that the witness always have a
particular degree or certification, or practice a particular
profession. But this does not mean that the trial court
cannot screen the evidence based on the expert’s
qualifications. In some cases, degrees or certifications may
play a role in determining the witness’s qualifications,
depending on the content of the witness’s testimony and
the field of the witness’s purported expertise. As is true
with respect to other aspects of Rule 702(a), the trial court
has the discretion to determine whether the witness is
sufficiently qualified to testify in that field.
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STOWE V. STOWE
Opinion of the Court
State v. McGrady, 368 N.C. 880, 889-90, 787 S.E.2d 1, 9 (2016) (citations and
quotation marks omitted).
Contrary to Defendant’s arguments before the trial court and this Court,
Franks’ qualifications are pertinent to admissibility, not just weight or credibility of
the testimony. See id. (“Rule 702(a) has three main parts, and expert testimony must
satisfy each to be admissible.”).
Defendant has failed to show the trial court abused or did not act within its
discretion when the court concluded not to admit Franks as an expert in the field of
business valuations. Id. Defendant’s argument is overruled.
VI. Tax Implications
Defendant contends the trial court erred by calculating imbedded taxes for
retirement accounts but not for Madison when the same testimony was presented for
both assets.
A. Standard of Review
When reviewing an equitable distribution order, our standard of review “is
limited to a determination of whether there was a clear abuse of discretion.” White,
312 N.C. at 777, 324 S.E.2d at 833. “A trial court may be reversed for abuse of
discretion only upon a showing that its actions are manifestly unsupported by
reason.” Id.
B. Analysis
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STOWE V. STOWE
Opinion of the Court
“[E]quitable distribution is a three-step process requiring the trial court to (1)
determine what is marital and divisible property; (2) find the net value of the
property; and (3) make an equitable distribution of that property.” Petty v. Petty, 199
N.C. App. 192, 197, 680 S.E.2d 894, 898 (2009) (citation, quotation marks, and
brackets omitted).
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-20(c)(11) provides that the trial court shall consider the
following distributive factor when equitably dividing the marital and divisible
property:
The tax consequences to each party, including those federal
and State tax consequences that would have been incurred
if the marital and divisible property had been sold or
liquidated on the date of valuation. The trial court may,
however, in its discretion, consider whether or when such
tax consequences are reasonably likely to occur in
determining the equitable value deemed appropriate for
this factor.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-20(c)(11) (2019).
The trial court made the following finding of fact:
That with regards to the American Traditional IRA, the
Lumina Wealth IRA and the Principal 401(k) as set forth
in the preceding paragraph, the parties presented evidence
regarding embedded tax consequences and the value of
these accounts . . . . That these are pretax retirement plans
from which no taxes have been withheld. These accounts
are fully subject to taxation at such time as the funds are
withdrawn; at the present time, should these funds be
withdrawn, there would also be a 10% penalty. The Court
finds that there is no evidence that these accounts will be
immediately liquidated, however, the Court further finds,
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STOWE V. STOWE
Opinion of the Court
based upon the credible testimony of Mr. Shriner, that these
accounts will have taxable consequences at such time as
they are liquidated. Mr. Shriner further testified, and the
Court finds credible, that a 25% reduction in value is
appropriate for purposes of valuing these assets when
dividing these assets in exchange for post-tax or net of tax
assets. (emphasis supplied)
The equitable distribution order distributed the IRA and 401(k) accounts. The
trial court found if the funds are withdrawn at the present time, a ten percent penalty
would be assessed. Additionally, the trial court also found “there is no evidence that
these accounts will be immediately liquidated.” The trial court further found when
the funds are withdrawn, it will be a taxable event. The trial court thus reduced the
value of each account by twenty-five percent to account for the tax consequences,
reducing the American Traditional IRA from $138,847.65 to $104,135.74, the Lumina
Wealth IRA from $20,601 to $15,450.75, and the Principal 401(k) from $28,362 to
$21,271.50.
The trial court based its tax treatment on the potential future liquidation of
the accounts. “Valuation of marital property may include tax consequences from the
sale of an asset only when the sale is imminent and inevitable, rather than
hypothetical or speculative.” Peltzer, 222 N.C. App. at 797, 732 S.E.2d at 366
(citations omitted) (emphasis supplied). “It is error for a trial court to consider
hypothetical tax consequences as a distributive factor.” Plummer v. Plummer, 198
N.C. App. 538, 548 680 S.E.2d 746, 753 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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STOWE V. STOWE
Opinion of the Court
The trial court erred by reducing the accounts as a result of a hypothetical tax
consequence when the sale or liquidation of the retirement accounts was not
“imminent and inevitable,” or that the equitable distribution would be a taxable
event. Peltzer, 222 N.C. App. at 797, 732 S.E.2d at 366. We reverse these portions of
the order and remand for additional findings and calculations of the tax consequences
and valuations of the retirement accounts.
VII. Improper Joinder
Defendant argues the note payable was owed to Madison and it was error for
the trial court to distribute payments on a note payable of the company to Plaintiff
without joining Madison in the action.
The parties and their respective counsels entered a memorandum of judgment
on 13 August 2018 addressing the loan underlying the note payable. By agreement
the note payable was classified as a loan owed to the marriage in the amount of
$97,206.90. Defendant had accepted the first fifty percent of the loan repayment
individually and used the funds for his and Madison’s benefit. The parties agreed the
remaining balance was owed to Plaintiff as an interim distribution. Defendant is
bound to the memorandum of judgment. See Smith v. Smith, 247 N.C. App. 135, 786
S.E.2d 12 (2016). Defendant’s argument is dismissed.
VIII. Conclusion
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STOWE V. STOWE
Opinion of the Court
We affirm the trial court’s treatment of the payments from the note payable
and the trial court’s denial of admitting Franks as an expert witness in business
valuation. We reverse the trial court’s finding and conclusion valuing Madison and
assessing a hypothetical tax consequence without a finding and conclusion the sale
or liquidation of the retirement accounts was “imminent and inevitable” to trigger
the penalty. Peltzer, 222 N.C. App. at 797, 732 S.E.2d at 366.
These portions of the trial court’s order are reversed and remanded for further
proceedings not inconsistent herewith. It is so ordered.
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; AND REMANDED.
Judges BERGER and COLLINS concur.
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