State v. Anderson , 254 N.C. App. 765 ( 2017 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA16-767
Filed: 1 August 2017
Graham County, Nos. 14 CRS 50703, 50721; 15 CRS 250–52, 50072
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
CHARLES MACK ANDERSON, JR.
Appeal by defendant from judgments entered 3 February 2016 by Judge
Marvin P. Pope Jr. in Graham County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals
7 March 2017.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Lauren Tally
Earnhardt, for the State.
Appellate Defender G. Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellate Defender Daniel
Shatz, for defendant-appellant.
BRYANT, Judge.
Where the evidence was insufficient to prove that defendant’s presence as a
sex offender in the parking lot shared by a daycare and other businesses was a
location governed by N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18(a)(1), the trial court erred by denying
defendant’s motion to dismiss, and we reverse the judgment of the trial court as to
the conviction in file no. 14 CRS 50721. Where the Fourth Circuit has ruled that
subsection (a)(2) of N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18 is unconstitutionally overbroad in violation
of the First Amendment, and the State asserts no argument to the contrary, we adopt
STATE V. ANDERSON
Opinion of the Court
the analysis of the Fourth Circuit’s ruling and vacate defendant’s conviction in file
no. 14 CRS 50703. Where one conviction is reversed and another vacated, the
essential and fundamental terms of defendant’s plea agreement have become
“unfulfillable,” and we set aside the entire plea agreement and remand.
In June 2006, defendant Charles Mack Anderson Jr. pled guilty to the felony
offense of lewd and lascivious molestation and was placed on sex offender probation.
When defendant relocated to Graham County, he registered with the Graham County
Sheriff’s Department on 25 October 2014 pursuant to the North Carolina Sex
Offender and Public Protection Registration Programs codified within Chapter 14 of
our General Statutes. When registering, defendant signed an acknowledgment that
persons registered under the act were prohibited from the
premises of any place intended primarily for the use, care,
or supervision of minors, including . . . child care centers,
nurseries and playgrounds; . . . [and] [w]ithin 300 feet of
any location intended primarily for the use, care, or
supervision of minors when the place is located on premises
that are not intended primarily for the use, care, or
supervision of minors . . . .
On 19 December 2014, Danny Millsaps, Sheriff of Graham County, was on
routine patrol on Patton Street, which ran behind the Eagle Knob Learning Center,
a daycare supervising approximately fifty-five children, from newborns to five-year-
olds. At “the first residence behind the learning center,” Sheriff Millsaps observed
defendant outside chopping wood. By searching a police database, Sheriff Millsaps
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Opinion of the Court
determined that defendant was a registered sex offender in visual and “close”
proximity to a child care center. Sheriff Millsaps then informed defendant that he
could not be at the residence due to its proximity to the child care center (hereinafter
“daycare”). That afternoon, a law enforcement officer standing in the yard of the
Patton Street residence observed two or three children playing on the daycare
playground.
During the evening of 28 December 2014, a Sunday, Sergeant Cody George was
on routine patrol on southbound Highway 129, passing in front of the Eagle Knob
daycare center, when he observed defendant’s green SUV in the parking lot. Sergeant
George testified that he was familiar with defendant, having seen him some eight to
ten times before, and was familiar with defendant’s SUV. Sergeant George
recognized defendant as the driver and testified that defendant was approximately
seventy-five feet from the daycare. On cross-examination at trial, Sergeant George
acknowledged that the daycare was not open when he observed defendant in the
parking lot, and that the other businesses adjacent to the daycare in the shopping
mall, a tax preparation service and a hair salon, were also closed at the time.
Sergeant George testified he believed a stand-alone restaurant, which also shared the
parking lot, was closed on Sundays as well. When Sergeant George determined that
defendant was prohibited from being on the premises of the daycare at all times and
not just during business hours, he obtained a warrant for defendant’s arrest.
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Opinion of the Court
On 23 March 2015, a grand jury convened in Graham County Superior Court
indicted defendant for being a sex offender unlawfully within 300 feet of a location
intended primarily for the use, care, or supervision of minors (file no. 14 CRS 50703
(for being a sex offender within 300 feet of a daycare)),1 and for being a sex offender
unlawfully on premises intended primarily for the use, care, or supervision of minors
(14 CRS 50721 (for being a sex offender on the premises of a daycare)).2 On 1
September 2015, defendant was indicted for failure to report a new address as
required by the Sex Offender Registry Programs statutes, N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 14-208.5
et seq. (15 CRS 50072), and three counts of attaining habitual felon status (15 CRS
250–52). The matter came on to be heard before a jury in Graham County Superior
Court during the 11 January 2016 criminal session, the Honorable Marvin P. Pope,
Jr., Judge presiding. The State proceeded to trial by jury only on the charge under
file no. 14 CRS 50721, being a sex offender on the premises of a daycare. The
remaining charges were held in abeyance.
1 For ease of reading and to distinguish the primary offenses, we hereinafter refer to 14 CRS
50703 as “being a sex offender within 300 feet of a daycare” and 14 CRS 50721 as “being a sex offender
on the premises of a daycare.” We use the term “daycare” as the only location or premises “intended
primarily for the use, care, or supervision of minors” in the instant case is, in fact, a child daycare
center.
2 The indictments in file nos. 14 CRS 50703 and 50721 each described the indicted offense as
“in violation of 14-208.18[(a)],” but neither indictment listed under which subsection—(1), (2), or (3)—
of G.S. § 14-208.18(a) defendant was specifically indicted. However, because the indictment in file no.
14 CRS 50721 tracks the language of subsection (1) and the indictment in file no. 14 CRS 50703 tracks
the language of subsection (2), it can be presumed that the indictments were related to those respective
subsections.
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Opinion of the Court
At trial, defendant moved to dismiss the charge, arguing that the parking lot
in which defendant was observed was shared by the daycare, a tax preparation
service, and a hair salon, and that the State had failed to present evidence that the
parking lot was a part of the daycare or that defendant was knowingly on the property
of the daycare. Specifically, defendant argued that the State “failed to produce any
evidence at all of . . . defendant actually being on the premises of [the] day care.”
(Emphasis added). Defendant also argued that the State did not “produce[] any
witness or define[] in any way that that parking lot was part of that premises of that
day care, when that’s a shared parking lot with the tax place, the haircutting place,
the diner, the day care . . . .” The trial court denied defendant’s motion. The jury
returned a verdict of guilty.
After the jury verdict, the State was allowed, without objection, to amend the
indictment against defendant charging failure to report a new address as a sex
offender (15 CRS 50072). Defendant then pled guilty to the remaining charges: being
a sex offender within 300 feet of a daycare (14 CRS 50703); failure to report a new
address as a sex offender (15 CRS 50072); and three counts of attaining habitual felon
status (15 CRS 250–52).
In accordance with the jury verdict and guilty pleas, the trial court entered two
judgments—one on the charge of being a sex offender on the premises of a daycare,
combined with one count of attaining habitual felon status; and a second judgment
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Opinion of the Court
on the charges of being a sex offender within 300 feet of a daycare, failure to report a
new address, and two counts of attaining habitual felon status. For each judgment,
defendant was sentenced to concurrent terms of 84 to 113 months. Defendant
appealed from the judgment entered following the jury verdict on the charge of being
a sex offender on the premises of a daycare (14 CRS 50721).
_________________________________________________________
On appeal, defendant challenges his conviction for being a sex offender on the
premises of a daycare and petitions this Court for a writ of certiorari to review the
remaining convictions to which defendant pled guilty.
I. Appeal of Right—Conviction for Violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.18(a)(1)
Defendant first argues the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion to
dismiss the charge of being on the premises of a daycare (14 CRS 50721), in violation
of N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18(a)(1) (2015). More specifically, defendant contends the State
failed to present sufficient evidence that the parking lot shared by adjacent
businesses was part of the premises of the daycare and thus, failed to establish the
crime charged in the indictment. We agree.
“We review denial of a motion to dismiss criminal charges de novo, to
determine whether there is substantial evidence (1) of each essential element of the
offense charged, or of a lesser offense included therein, and (2) of defendant’s being
the perpetrator of such offense.” State v. Spruill, 237 N.C. App. 383, 385, 765 S.E.2d
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84, 86 (2014) (quoting State v. Mobley, 206 N.C. App. 285, 291, 696 S.E.2d 862, 866
(2010)). “Evidence is substantial if it is relevant and adequate to convince a
reasonable mind to accept a conclusion.” State v. Trogdon, 216 N.C. App. 15, 25, 715
S.E.2d 635, 642 (2011) (citation omitted). “We must consider evidence in a light most
favorable to the State and give the State the benefit of every reasonable inference
from the evidence.” Mobley, 206 N.C. App. at 291, 696 S.E.2d at 866 (citing State v.
Parker, 354 N.C. 268, 278, 553 S.E.2d 885, 894 (2001)).
Pursuant to North Carolina General Statutes, section 14-208.18(a),
[i]t shall be unlawful for any person required to register
under [the Sex Offender and Public Registration
Programs], if the offense requiring registration is described
in subsection (c) of this section, to knowingly be at any of
the following locations:
(1) On the premises of any place intended primarily
for the use, care, or supervision of minors,
including, but not limited to . . . child care
centers, nurseries, and playgrounds.
(2) Within 300 feet of any location intended
primarily for the use, care, or supervision of
minors when the place is located on premises
that are not intended primarily for the use, care,
or supervision of minors, including, but not
limited to, places described in subdivision (1) of
this subsection that are located in malls,
shopping centers, or other property open to the
general public.
(3) At any place where minors gather for regularly
scheduled educational, recreational, or social
programs.
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Opinion of the Court
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.18(a)(1)–(3) (2011), amended by N.C. Sess. Laws 2016-102,
§ 2, eff. Sept. 1, 2016.3
Defendant argues that because section 14-208.18(a)(1) is violated only by a sex
offender’s trespass on the premises of a place intended primarily for the use, care, or
supervision of minors, the State failed to meet its burden of proof where the evidence
showed only that defendant was in the parking lot of a strip mall containing a daycare
3 The current (2016) version of N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18 amended subsection (3) and added a
subsection (4) to read as follows:
(3) At any place where minors frequently congregate, including, but not
limited to, libraries, arcades, amusement parks, recreation parks, and
swimming pools, when minors are present.
(4) On the State Fairgrounds during the period of time each year that
the State Fair is conducted, on the Western North Carolina
Agricultural Center grounds during the period of time each year that
the North Carolina Mountain State Fair is conducted, and on any other
fairgrounds during the period of time that an agricultural fair is being
conducted.
N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18(a)(3)–(4) (2016).
The Session Laws provided that the 2016 amendments would be repealed and the original
2011 statute would go back into effect if the orders of the United States District Court for the Middle
District of North Carolina finding subsections (a)(2) and (a)(3) unconstitutional were stayed or
overturned by a higher court on appeal). N.C. Sess. Laws 2016-102, § 2, eff. Sept. 1, 2016; see Does v.
Cooper, 148 F. Supp. 3d 477, 496–97 (M.D.N.C. 2015) (hereinafter Doe I) (holding N.C.G.S. § 14-
208.18(a)(3) unconstitutionally vague and permanently enjoining its enforcement); Does v. Cooper,
1:13CV711, 2016 WL 1629282, at **12–13 (M.D.N.C. Apr. 22, 2016) (hereinafter Doe II) (holding
N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18(a)(2) unconstitutionally overbroad in violation of the First Amendment and
enjoining defendants from enforcing N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18(a)(2) against the plaintiffs “and all other
persons similarly situated”).
On 30 November 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit decided Doe
v. Cooper, 842 F.3d 833 (4th Cir. 2016) (hereinafter Doe III), affirming the judgment of the district
court, which “permanently enjoined enforcement of section 14-208.18(a)(2) and section 14-
208.18(a)(3).” Id. at 838; see infra Section III–VI (discussing the application of the Fourth Circuit’s
decision in Doe III to defendant Anderson’s conviction under section 14-208.18(a)(2)).
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Opinion of the Court
and other businesses not intended primarily for the use, care, or supervision of
minors. The crux of defendant’s challenge regards the meaning of the word
“premises” within section 14-208.18(a)(1), specifically whether the shared parking lot
of a daycare center, adjoining businesses, and a stand-alone restaurant constitutes
the “premises” of the daycare center.
“Statutory interpretation properly begins with an examination of the plain
words of the statute.” State v. Braxton, 183 N.C. App. 36, 41, 643 S.E.2d 637, 641
(2007) (quoting Correll v. Div. of Soc. Servs., 332 N.C. 141, 144, 418 S.E.2d 232, 235
(1992)). “In interpreting statutory language, ‘it is presumed the General Assembly
intended the words to have the meaning they have in ordinary speech.’ ” Id. (quoting
Nelson v. Battle Forest Friends Meeting, 335 N.C. 133, 136, 436 S.E.2d 122, 124
(1993)). “When the plain meaning of a word is unambiguous, a court is to go no
further in interpreting the statute than its ordinary meaning.” Id. (citation omitted).
“But where a statute is ambiguous, judicial construction must be used to ascertain
the legislative will.” Id. at 41–42, 643 S.E.2d at 641 (quoting Burgess v. Your House
of Raleigh, 326 N.C. 205, 209, 388 S.E.2d 134, 136–37 (1990)); see State v. Largent,
197 N.C. App. 614, 617, 677 S.E.2d 514, 517 (2009) (“The paramount objective of
statutory interpretation is to give effect to the intent of the legislature.” (quoting In
re Proposed Assessments v. Jefferson-Pilot Life Ins. Co., 161 N.C. App. 558, 559–60,
589 S.E.2d 179, 180–81 (2003)).
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Opinion of the Court
To begin, the term “premises” as used in N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18 is not defined in
the statute or in N.C.G.S. § 14-208.6, which defines various terms as used in N.C.G.S.
Chapter 14, Article 27A governing the Sex Offender Registration Program generally.
See N.C.G.S. §§ 14-208.5 et seq. Black’s Law Dictionary provides the following
definition, among others: “A house or building, along with its grounds; esp., the
buildings and land that a shop, restaurant, company, etc. uses .” Premises, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014).
However, Doe I (in which the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of
North Carolina determined, inter alia, that subsection (a)(1) was not
unconstitutionally vague, id. at 4924), offers an illuminating comparison of
subsections (a)(1) and (a)(2), see Carver v. Carver, 310 N.C. 669, 674, 314 S.E.2d 739,
742 (1984) (“It is, of course, a fundamental canon of statutory construction that
statutes which are in pari materia, i.e., which relate or are applicable to the same
4 Doe I determined that subsection (a)(2) was not unconstitutionally vague but left open for
determination at trial whether (a)(2) was unconstitutionally overbroad. See id. at 481, 492, 505
(“[S]ubsections (a)(1) and (a)(2) provide sufficient notice to those subject to the law regarding where
they are prohibited to go. The existence of a few marginal cases where the precise reach of the law is
unclear does not make subsections (a)(1) and (a)(2) vague.”); see also Doe III, 842 F.3d at 842 n.4 (“The
State’s appeal of the district court’s final judgment came after briefing on its earlier interlocutory
appeal regarding subsection (a)(3) was completed. The State’s two appeals were consolidated for
purposes of this proceeding, with the issue of subsection (a)(2)’s overbreadth addressed through
supplemental briefing.”). However, the memorandum opinion and order issued about four months
later, Doe II, held that subsection (a)(2) is unconstitutionally overbroad in violation of the First
Amendment, leaving subsection (a)(1) (the only remaining subsection), intact. 2016 WL 1629282, at
*12. Thus, even though subsection (a)(2) has been determined to be unconstitutionally overbroad, the
analysis and comparison as laid out in Doe I between subsections (a)(1) and (a)(2) is highly illustrative
in terms of defendant’s argument on appeal of his conviction for violating subsection (a)(1).
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Opinion of the Court
matter or subject, . . . must be construed together in order to ascertain legislative
intent.” (citations omitted)), particularly regarding “premises”:
All three subsections of § 14-208.18(a) relate to defining the
restricted zones and therefore should be construed together
as part of a single legislative framework. In this way, the
first two subsections can be read as covering single-use
properties (subsection (a)(1)) and mixed-use properties
(subsection (a)(2)). . . .
Specifically, subsection (a)(1) covers single-use or
stand-alone facilities which are intended primarily for the
use, care, or supervision of minors. The best examples are
those included in the statute itself: “schools, children’s
museums, child care centers, nurseries, and playgrounds.”
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.18(a)(1). The entire grounds
(“premises”) upon which these specific facilities (“place”)
are located are off-limits under subsection (a)(1). In other
words, for example, a restricted sex offender is prohibited
from not only a school building itself, but also the parking
lot of the school or a storage shed outside the school, so long
as those areas are on the school premises. In the ordinary
case, restricted sex offenders will not have a legitimate
reason for being in these locations.
In contrast, subsection (a)(2) is focused on mixed-use
facilities and locations intended primarily for the use, care,
or supervision of minors when the location is not on
property that is primarily intended for the use, care, or
supervision of minors. In the ordinary case, restricted sex
offenders may have very legitimate reasons for being on
properties that include smaller portions dedicated to
minors. Such reasons might include shopping, eating,
exercising, attending religious services, or any other of the
myriad activities in which humans engage. By drawing
this distinction and including the 300-foot buffer zone, the
General Assembly addressed the competing interests of
allowing restricted sex offenders to go to locations where
they have reason to be and keeping restricted sex offenders
away from locations dedicated to minors. Restricted sex
offenders are therefore permitted to go on premises that
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Opinion of the Court
may have portions dedicated to the use, care, or
supervision of minors, but they can only go on those parts
of the premises which are at least 300 feet away from those
portions dedicated to minors.
....
In summary, subsection (a)(1) applies where the
place and premises in question are both primarily intended
for the use, care, or supervision of minors. Restricted sex
offenders are barred from the entire premises under
subsection (a)(1). However, subsection (a)(2) applies where
the premises in question is not intended primarily for the
use, care, or supervision of minors, but a portion of that
premises (the “place”) is intended primarily for the use,
care, or supervision of minors. Restricted sex offenders can
go onto the premises, but they cannot go within 300 feet of
the portion of the property intended primarily for the use,
care, or supervision of minors (i.e., the “place”).
Because subsection (a)(2) includes the 300-foot
buffer zone but subsection (a)(1) does not, a restricted sex
offender needs to be able to distinguish between (a)(1) and
(a)(2) locations. Otherwise, the sex offender might believe
that he or she is properly within 300 feet of an (a)(1)
location (which is permitted) when in fact he or she is
impermissibly within an (a)(2) 300-foot buffer zone.
Though there will be marginal cases where the distinction
will be difficult to make, most instances will clearly fall
within the ambit of either (a)(1) or (a)(2). Subsection (a)(2)
also clarifies that “places” which are on “premises” which
constitute a “mall[ ], shopping center[ ], or other property
open to the public” will be considered (a)(2) places with
their corresponding 300-foot buffer zone.
Doe I, 148 F. Supp. at 488–90 (alterations in original) (emphasis added) (footnote
omitted).
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Opinion of the Court
We must acknowledge that “ordinarily, this Court is not bound by the [rulings]
of the United States Circuit Courts” nor the rulings of other federal courts. Haynes
v. State, 16 N.C. App. 407, 410, 192 S.E.2d 95, 97 (1972) (Mallard, C.J., concurring);
see also Hyman v. Efficiency, Inc., 167 N.C. App. 134, 137, 605 S.E.2d 254, 257 (2004)
(“We are not bound by decisions of the Federal circuit courts other than those of the
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit arising from North Carolina
law.” (emphasis added) (citing Haynes, 16 N.C. App. at 409–10, 192 S.E.2d at 97)).
However, in this instance, where the North Carolina federal courts—district and
appellate—have spoken directly on the issue at hand (determining a North Carolina
statute unconstitutional), and our own State legislature has acknowledged the effect
of the federal court rulings on this statute, see supra note 3, we will herein adopt the
Fourth Circuit ruling and be guided by the analysis of the lower federal courts on this
important issue. See Shepard v. Ocwen Fed. Bank, FSB, 172 N.C. App. 475, 479, 617
S.E.2d 61, 64 (2005) (“Although we are not bound by federal case law, we may find
their analysis and holdings persuasive.”).
In the instant case, the evidence at trial tended to show that Eagle Knob
daycare is located in a strip mall of various businesses. Next door to the daycare, on
the right, is a hair salon, and next to the hair salon is a tax preparation business. All
three businesses share a single building as well as a common parking lot. There is
also a restaurant in a separate, freestanding building that shares the same parking
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Opinion of the Court
lot. While parents use the parking lot to drop off and pick up their children, none of
the parking spaces in the lot are specifically reserved or marked as intended for the
daycare. The daycare, including the playground area to the side of the building, is
surrounded by a chain-link fence, with some privacy screening attached.
On Sunday, 28 December 2014, two officers were on patrol around lunchtime
when they drove by Eagle Knob, which was closed at the time. As they drove by, they
saw a green SUV slow almost to a stop in the parking lot about seventy-five feet from
the daycare and let out a female passenger. The SUV then proceeded through the
parking lot past the daycare and exited the parking lot. One of the officers recognized
defendant as the driver of the SUV based on a distinctive tattoo on the right side of
his neck and the blond highlights in his hair. The officers did not immediately arrest
defendant, but rather conducted research first to determine whether defendant was
allowed to be where he was within the vicinity of the daycare, and subsequently took
out a warrant and arrested him.
Though this is arguably one of those “marginal cases where the distinction [is]
difficult to make,” see Doe I, 148 F. Supp. 3d at 490, based on this evidence, we believe
defendant “[was] properly within 300 feet of an (a)(1) location (which is permitted [as
there is no buffer zone]) when in fact he . . . [was also] impermissibly within an (a)(2)
300-foot buffer zone,” see id. at 489–90 (emphasis added), when he stopped his car in
the parking lot shared by the daycare and other businesses, about seventy-five feet
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Opinion of the Court
away from the daycare, and allowed a female passenger to exit his vehicle. In other
words, the evidence at trial was insufficient to prove that defendant was in violation
of subsection (a)(1) of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.18, which states that a defendant must
knowingly be “[o]n the premises of any place intended primarily for the use, care, or
supervision of minors . . . .” Id. § 14-208.18(a)(1). Instead, the evidence shows only
that—before the subsection was deemed unconstitutionally overbroad, see Doe II,
2016 WL 1629282, at *12—defendant would have been in violation of subsection (a)(2)
of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208, which “applie[d] where the premises in question is not
intended primarily for the use, care, or supervision of minors, but a portion of that
premises (the “place”) is intended primarily for the use, care, or supervision of
minors[.]” Doe I, 148 F. Supp. at 489 (emphasis added). As noted in Doe I, “(a)(1)
applies where the place and premises in question are both primarily intended for the
use, care, or supervision of minors” and serves to restrict sex offenders from the entire
premises. See id. In this case, the shared parking lot is located on premises that are
not intended primarily for the use, care, or supervision of minors. Therefore, we
conclude that a parking lot shared with other businesses (especially with no
designation(s) that certain spaces “belong” to a particular business) cannot constitute
“premises” as set forth in subsection (a)(1) of the statute.
Accordingly, where the evidence was insufficient to prove that defendant’s
presence as a sex offender in the parking lot shared by the daycare and other
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Opinion of the Court
businesses was a location governed by N.C.G.S. § 14-208(a)(1), the trial court erred
by denying defendant’s motion to dismiss, and we reverse the judgment of the trial
court as to his conviction in 14 CRS 50721.
II. Petition for Writ of Certiorari
The remaining issues in defendant’s brief and petition of writ of certiorari
address the validity and enforceability of defendant’s plea agreement. We first review
defendant’s petition for writ of certiorari.
The writ of certiorari may be issued in appropriate
circumstances by either appellate court to permit review of
the judgments and orders of trial tribunals when the right
to prosecute an appeal has been lost by failure to take
timely action, or when no right of appeal from an
interlocutory order exists, or for review pursuant to
N.C.G.S. § 15A-1422(c)(3) of an order of the trial court
ruling on a motion for appropriate relief.
N.C. R. App. P. 21(a)(1) (2017). However, “Appellate Rule 21 does not address guilty
pleas . . . . It does not provide a procedural avenue for a party to seek appellate review
by certiorari of an issue pertaining to the entry of a guilty plea.” State v. Biddix, ___
N.C. App. ___, ___, 780 S.E.2d 863, 870 (2015).
Under Appellate Rule 2, our appellate courts have the discretion to suspend
the Rules of Appellate Procedure to prevent manifest injustice to a party. N.C. R.
App. P. 2; Biddix, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 780 S.E.2d at 868. Furthermore, this court
may invoke Rule 2 “either ‘upon application of a party’ or upon its own initiative.’ ”
Biddix, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 780 S.E.2d at 868 (quoting Bailey v. North Carolina, 353
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N.C. 142, 157, 540 S.E.2d 313, 323 (2000)). “This Court has previously recognized
the Court may implement Appellate Rule 2 to suspend Rule 21 and grant certiorari,
where the three grounds listed in Appellate Rule 21 to issue the writ do not apply.”
Id.; see also State v. Campbell, ___ N.C. ___, ___, ___ S.E.2d ___, ___, No. 252PA14-2,
2017 WL 2492588, at *3 (2017) (reversing and remanding because this Court failed
to conduct “an independent determination of whether the specific circumstances of
defendant’s case warranted invocation of Rule 2” (emphasis added)) (“In simple
terms, precedent cannot create an automatic right to review via Rule 2. Instead,
whether an appellant has demonstrated that his matter is the rare case meriting
suspension of our appellate rules is always a discretionary determination to be made
on a case by case basis.” (citations omitted)).
In the instant case, “an independent determination of . . . the specific
circumstances of defendant’s case” reveals that this case is one of the rare “ ‘instances’
appropriate for Rule 2 review” in that defendant’s “substantial rights are . . . affected.”
See id. at ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___, 2017 WL 2492588, at *3 (quoting State v. Hart, 361
N.C. 309, 316, 644 S.E.2d 201, 205 (2007)). Here, a federal district court and a federal
appeals court have both determined that subsection (a)(2) of N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18,
under which defendant pled guilty, is unconstitutionally overbroad in violation of the
First Amendment. See Doe III, 842 F.3d at 838; Doe II, 2016 WL 1629282, at *12.
The State has not sought further appellate review of these decisions and, in this case,
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STATE V. ANDERSON
Opinion of the Court
has offered no argument contrary to these decisions. As a result of defendant’s guilty
plea for, inter alia, violating subsection (a)(2) of N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18, defendant was
sentenced to 84 to 113 months imprisonment. Because that sentence was imposed,
in part, for defendant’s violation of a statute which has been held unconstitutionally
overbroad, in order to “prevent manifest injustice to a party,” N.C. R. App. P. 2, we
recognize “the discretion inherent in the ‘residual power of our appellate courts[,]’ ”
Campbell, ___ N.C. at ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___, 2017 WL 2492588, at *3 (quoting
Steingress v. Steingress, 350 N.C. 64, 66, 511 S.E.2d 298, 299–300 (1999)), and hereby
invoke Rule 2 to suspend the requirements of Rule 21 and issue the writ of certiorari
to reach the merits of defendant’s remaining arguments.
As a further threshold matter, we also address the State’s “Motion to Strike
Issues II–VI Raised in Defendant’s Brief,” filed 16 November 2016, and subsequent
“Motion to File Substitute Brief and Substitute Response to Petition for Writ of
Certiorari,” filed 6 March 2017. In the State’s substitute brief, the State
acknowledges the Fourth Circuit’s opinion in Doe III, which affirmed the judgment of
the lower court, holding N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.18(a)(2) “unconstitutionally
overbroad in violation of the First Amendment.” Doe II, 2016 WL 1629282, at *12,
aff’d by Doe III, 842 F.3d at 838, 847–48. Accordingly, we deny the State’s Motion to
Strike Issues II–VI, and grant the State’s Motion to File Substitute Brief and
Substitute Response to Petition for Writ of Certiorari.
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STATE V. ANDERSON
Opinion of the Court
______________________________________________
Having granted defendant’s petition for writ of certiorari, we now review the
following issues raised by defendant: (III) whether defendant’s conviction following
his guilty plea to unlawfully being within 300 feet of a daycare can be vacated due to
a federal court ruling the statute (N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18(a)(2)) unconstitutional, see
Doe III, 842 F.3d at 838, 847–48; Doe II, 2016 WL 1629282, at *12; (IV) whether the
indictment in 14 CRS 50703 was insufficient; (V) whether the factual basis for
defendant’s plea in 14 CRS 50703 was insufficient; (VI) whether the court erred in
allowing the State to amend the indictment in 15 CRS 50072 for unlawful failure to
report a new address within three business days; and (VII) whether judgment on all
of defendant’s guilty pleas is to be vacated should any one conviction be reversed.
III–VI
Defendant contends his conviction following his guilty plea to unlawfully being
within 300 feet of a daycare must be vacated due to the Fourth Circuit’s opinion ruling
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.18(a)(2) unconstitutional. See Doe III, 842 F.3d at 838, 847–
48. We agree and thus vacate defendant’s subsection (a)(2) conviction in file no. 14
CRS 50703.
In Doe II, the federal district court concluded as follows:
Subsection (a)(2) punishes a wide range of First
Amendment activity for a significant number of individuals
compared to the statute’s plainly legitimate sweep. . . .
[T]he plainly legitimate sweep consists of subsection
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STATE V. ANDERSON
Opinion of the Court
(a)(2)’s application to minor-victim offenders. . . .[5]
Subsection (a)(2) greatly interferes with restricted sex
offenders’ ability to be present at public parks, libraries,
movie theaters, and houses of worship, among other places
associated with significant First Amendment activity.
Furthermore, restricted sex offenders may be unable to
enter some governmental buildings at all . . . because they
lie inside (a)(2) buffer zones.
....
Here . . . restricted sex offenders are prohibited from even
being present at a wide variety of places closely associated
with First Amendment activities. Hence, while the law is
not specifically addressed to speech, its reach is so vast as
to encompass a wide range of First Amendment activity. . .
. Mem. Op. & Order [Doc. #71], at 15–16 (“[R]estricted sex
offenders may have very legitimate reasons for being on
properties that include smaller portions dedicated to
minors. Such reasons might include shopping, eating,
exercising, attending religious services, or any of the other
myriad activities in which humans engage.”). Therefore,
holding subsection (a)(2) to be overbroad in this instance,
even though the law is not specifically targeted at speech,
is still appropriate.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court holds that N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 14-208.18(a)(2) is unconstitutionally overbroad
in violation of the First Amendment.
5 Regarding the statute’s “plainly legitimate sweep,” the court in Doe II began its analysis as
follows:
The fact that subsection (a)(2) is not narrowly tailored with
respect to adult-victim offenders, however, does not end the analysis.
Before the Court can hold subsection (a)(2) to be unconstitutionally
overbroad, it must determine if subsection (a)(2) punishes a
substantial amount of protected free speech, judged in relation to the
statute’s plainly legitimate sweep. For the reasons discussed below, the
Court concludes that subsection (a)(2) is unconstitutionally overbroad.
2016 WL 1692982, at *11 (emphasis added) (citation omitted).
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STATE V. ANDERSON
Opinion of the Court
2016 WL 1629282, at *11–12 (internal citations omitted). In affirming the federal
district court opinion, the Fourth Circuit noted as follows:
Subsection (a)(2) burdens the First Amendment
rights of all restricted sex offenders “by inhibiting the[ir]
ability . . . to go to a wide variety of places associated with
First Amendment activity.” For example, subsection (a)(2)
potentially impedes the ability of restricted sex offenders
to access public streets, parks, and other public facilities.
....
While all parties agree North Carolina has a
substantial interest in protecting minors from sexual
crimes, it was incumbent upon the State to prove
subsection (a)(2) was appropriately tailored to further that
interest.
Doe III, 842 F.3d at 845, 847 (alteration in original) (citations omitted).
In the instant case, defendant was indicted and pled guilty in 14 CRS 50703 to
violating N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18(a)(2), which prohibits certain persons from being
within 300 feet a location intended primarily for the use, care, or supervision of
minors, when such places are located in malls, shopping centers, and other properties
open to the general public. Accordingly, where defendant was indicted and convicted
based on a statute deemed to be “unconstitutionally overbroad in violation of the First
Amendment,” Doe II, 2016 WL 1629282, at *12, aff’d by Doe III, 842 F.3d at 838, 847–
48, while his direct appeal was pending, and where the State offers no contrary
argument, we adopt the Fourth Circuit’s analysis and ruling, and we vacate
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STATE V. ANDERSON
Opinion of the Court
defendant’s conviction for violating N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18 (a)(2). As a result, we need
not address defendant’s remaining arguments IV–VI regarding the sufficiency of the
indictment and the factual basis for his plea in 14 CRS 50703 and the challenge to
the amendment of the indictment in 15 CRS 50072.
VII
Defendant argues that judgment on all of his guilty pleas should be vacated
should any one conviction be reversed. Specifically, defendant contends that because
the plea agreement between defendant and the State expressly contemplated a
complete disposition of all pending substantive charges against defendant, should
any of those convictions be vacated or reversed, then “essential and fundamental
terms of the plea agreement” will become “unfulfillable.” We agree.
If “essential and fundamental terms of the plea agreement [are] unfulfillable,”
then “[t]he entire plea agreement must be set aside[.]” State v. Rico, 218 N.C. App.
109, 122, 720 S.E.2d 801, 809 (Steelman, J., dissenting), rev’d for reasons stated in
the dissenting opinion, 366 N.C. 327, 734 S.E.2d 571 (2012) (per curiam); see State v.
Myers, 238 N.C. App. 133, 139–40, 766 S.E.2d 690, 694 (2014) (citing Rico, 218 N.C.
App. at 109, 110, 720 S.E.2d at 801, 802) (setting aside the defendant’s plea
agreement where the defendant successfully challenged the factual bases for
aggravating factors as set out in his plea agreement).
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STATE V. ANDERSON
Opinion of the Court
In the instant case, defendant pled guilty based on a negotiated plea
arrangement to being a sex offender unlawfully within 300 feet of a daycare (14 CRS
50703, see Section III–VI, supra), failure to report a new address pursuant to N.C.G.S.
§ 14-208.11 (15 CRS 50072), and three counts of attaining habitual felon status (15
CRS 250–52), after the jury convicted him of being a sex offender on the premises of
a daycare (14 CRS 50721).
Having determined that defendant’s guilty plea with regard to violating
N.C.G.S. § 14-208.18(a)(2) (14 CRS 50703) must be vacated, it is apparent that the
“essential and fundamental terms of the plea agreement” have become “unfulfillable.”
See Rico, 218 N.C. App. at 122, 720 S.E.2d at 809 (Steelman, J., dissenting).
Accordingly, the entire plea agreement must be set aside.
The conviction in 14 CRS 50721 is reversed, and the conviction in 14 CRS
50703 is vacated. The remaining convictions entered pursuant to the plea
agreement—failure to report a new address (15 CRS 50072), and three counts of
obtaining habitual felon status (15 CRS 250–52) are set aside and remanded to the
trial court for further proceedings.
VACATED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; AND REMANDED.
Judges STROUD and INMAN concur.
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