Franklin M. v. Lauren C. , 310 Neb. 927 ( 2022 )

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
02/18/2022 09:06 AM CST
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
FRANKLIN M. v. LAUREN C.
Cite as 310 Neb. 927Franklin M., appellee, v.
Lauren C., appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed February 11, 2022. No. S-21-442.
1. Paternity: Appeal and Error. In a filiation proceeding, questions con-
cerning child custody determinations are reviewed on appeal de novo on
the record to determine whether there has been an abuse of discretion
by the trial court, whose judgment will be upheld in the absence of an
abuse of discretion.
2. Statutes. Statutory interpretation presents a question of law.
3. Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing questions of law, an
appellate court has an obligation to resolve the questions independently
of the conclusion reached by the trial court.
4. Paternity: Child Custody. In an action involving a child who was born
out of wedlock and regarding whom there has been no prior judicial
determination of custody, the issue before the court is not whether one
parent should be allowed to relocate with the child, but instead which
parent should be awarded permanent custody of the child as a matter
of initial judicial determination. To resolve the disputed custody issue,
rather than applying the threshold burden set forth in cases such as
Farnsworth v. Farnsworth, 257 Neb. 242, 597 N.W.2d 592 (1999), the
issue must be resolved on the basis of the fitness of the parents and the
best interests of the child.
5. Parent and Child: Evidence. Where a preponderance, or the greater
weight, of the evidence demonstrates that a parent has committed one of
the listed actions in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-2932(1)(a) (Reissue 2016), the
obligations of § 43-2932 are mandatory.
6. Parent and Child: Proof. To meet the requirement for “special written
findings” under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-2932(3) (Reissue 2016), the court
must at a minimum specifically state that it finds that the children and
the other parent may be adequately protected from harm by the limits
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FRANKLIN M. v. LAUREN C.
Cite as 310 Neb. 927the court has actually imposed in the parenting plan. The court’s find-
ings should also indicate that the court recognized that the burden on
this issue was on the parent found to have committed the abuse. The
court should further identify what limits it imposed in the parenting plan
that it finds will provide the necessary protection.
Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County:
Kimberly Miller Pankonin, Judge. Judgment vacated, and
cause remanded for further proceedings.
Meghan E. Wolf, of Saathoff Law Group, P.C., L.L.O., for
appellant.
Amber D. Ayres, of Morris Law, L.L.C., for appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Miller-Lerman, J.
NATURE OF CASE
Lauren C. appeals the order of the district court for Douglas
County which established the paternity of Franklin M. as to the
parties’ two children and decided issues regarding custody and
child support. Lauren claims that the district court erred when
it denied her request to remove the children to Iowa and when
it failed to comply with statutory requirements to make special
written findings regarding her allegations of domestic intimate
partner abuse. We conclude that the district court erred as a
matter of law when it applied an improper standard regarding
removal. We also conclude that the court failed to make the
special written findings required by statute after it found abuse
to have occurred and that in the absence of such findings, the
court erred when it awarded shared legal and physical custody
to Franklin. We therefore vacate the order and remand the
cause for further proceedings in which the district court should
reconsider its custody decision by applying the proper standard
and making the required findings.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
310 Nebraska Reports
FRANKLIN M. v. LAUREN C.
Cite as 310 Neb. 927STATEMENT OF FACTS
In November 2019, Franklin filed a complaint for paternity,
custody, and support in which he sought to establish custody
and support for two children he had with Lauren. Franklin
alleged that he and Lauren had never been married but that
two children, one born in 2013 and one born in 2016, were
born during the term of their relationship. Franklin alleged that
he had acknowledged paternity of both children and that his
name appeared on their birth certificates. Franklin requested
that he be awarded temporary and permanent custody of the
children and that child support be ordered in accordance with
the guidelines.
In a separate motion seeking an ex parte order which was
supported by an affidavit, Franklin alleged that in January
2018, he and Lauren had agreed to a parenting time schedule
in which the two shared physical custody of the children. He
further alleged that Lauren had recently informed him that she
was moving from her home in Omaha, Nebraska, to Akron,
Iowa, and that she intended to move the children with her.
Franklin alleged that a move to Iowa was not in the children’s
best interests, and he therefore requested that he be awarded
sole legal and physical custody. He further alleged that Lauren
planned to move the children soon, and he therefore requested
an order preventing removal of the children to Iowa and
awarding him temporary legal and physical custody. The same
day Franklin filed the motion, the district court entered an
ex parte order in which it ordered that the children not be
removed from Nebraska by either parent without the court’s
consent. The court, however, made no order regarding custody
on that day.
Lauren thereafter filed an answer and counterclaim in which
she admitted portions of Franklin’s complaint, including his
acknowledgment of paternity. Lauren, however, denied allega-
tions supporting Franklin’s request that he be awarded sole cus-
tody and child support. For her counterclaim, Lauren alleged
that she was fit to be awarded joint legal and primary physical
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FRANKLIN M. v. LAUREN C.
Cite as 310 Neb. 927custody of the children. She requested that she be awarded
such custody and child support. She further alleged that she
had obtained employment and had developed a support system
in Iowa, and she therefore requested permission to remove the
children from Nebraska to Iowa. Lauren also filed a motion
for a temporary order allowing her to remove the children to
Iowa during the pendency of this case. The district court again
ordered that neither party remove the children from Nebraska
without a court order.
The matter came before the court for trial on April 26, 2021.
Both parties testified at the trial, and both called other wit-
nesses. Because the assignments of error on appeal involve
Lauren’s request for removal and her allegations of domestic
intimate partner abuse, the discussion below focuses on those
aspects of the evidence.
Franklin presented testimony by (1) his girlfriend, (2) a
woman who described herself as a godmother to Franklin and
to the children and who lived with Franklin and his girlfriend,
and (3) a neighbor of Franklin. Franklin’s girlfriend and his
godmother both testified that they helped care for the chil-
dren, particularly when Franklin was at work. The neighbor
also testified that her daughters regularly babysat the chil-
dren. All three women generally testified that Franklin had a
good relationship with the children and that the children had
friends in the neighborhood and appeared to be happy living
in Omaha.
Franklin also testified. With regard to Lauren’s request to
remove the children to Iowa, Franklin testified that he opposed
the move, because he wanted to be a father to his children
and the move would inhibit his ability to do so. He testified
that it was a 2-hour drive to where Lauren planned to move in
Iowa and that he wanted the children to be closer in case of
an emergency or in case they needed him for anything when it
was not his parenting time. Franklin testified that the children
had an established pediatrician in Omaha. He also testified that
he wanted the children to attend a bilingual Catholic school
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FRANKLIN M. v. LAUREN C.
Cite as 310 Neb. 927in Omaha because it was important to him both that they learn
Spanish and that they have religious training. He testified
that he was concerned that if the children lived part of their
time with him in Omaha and part of their time with Lauren in
Iowa, it would limit their ability to take part in extra­curricular
activities at school. Franklin testified that he had family in
Omaha with whom he wanted the children to spend time
and that he would support the children spending time with
Lauren’s parents, who lived in Omaha. Franklin also testified
that although Lauren claimed that she still lived in Omaha, he
believed that she was already primarily residing in Iowa. He
testified that Lauren had proposed that if the children moved
with her to Iowa, Franklin’s parenting time would be reduced
from 50 percent of the time to every other weekend. On cross-
examination, when asked whether he had ever slapped, pushed,
or threatened Lauren or hit her with an open hand, Franklin
replied, “No.”
Franklin finally called Lauren as a witness. With regard to
removal, Lauren testified that she was engaged to be married
and that she wished to relocate to Iowa to live with her fiance
and to work operating hog farms that her fiance had inherited.
She testified that Omaha was still her residence but admitted
that she frequently spent time at the farms in Iowa. Lauren tes-
tified that if she were allowed to remove the children to Iowa,
she would enroll them in the public school there and the chil-
dren would have more consistency and stability if Franklin’s
parenting time was every other weekend and the children could
be in Iowa all weekdays during the school year. She testified
that in Iowa, they would be residing in a close-knit community
which included the family of her fiance. She testified that the
children got along well with her fiance and that they had spent
time on the farm.
During cross-examination by her own counsel, Lauren tes-
tified that coparenting with Franklin was “[v]ery difficult”
because he often refused to take her phone calls and would
not negotiate or compromise on matters. She testified that
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FRANKLIN M. v. LAUREN C.
Cite as 310 Neb. 927when she and Franklin were together, their relationship was
“very toxic, very negative,” that the relationship was “abu-
sive, both physically and verbally,” and that “[t]here was lots
of fighting in the home.” When asked whether Franklin had
ever “assaulted” her, “laid hands on” her, and “shoved” her,
she answered, “Yes.” Lauren testified that she had a scar on
her face from an incident in which she went “to the hospital
to get stitches in [her] eyebrow when [Franklin] beat [her] up
when [one of the children] was three months and [the child]
was in [her] arms.” When asked whether she had concerns with
Franklin’s being around her, she replied, “That would depend.
I mean, possibly.” She testified that Franklin had been control-
ling during the relationship and that she believed he was trying
to maintain control of her through the children.
After Franklin rested his case, Lauren called two witnesses—
her mother and her fiance. Lauren’s mother testified that she
believed that the children enjoyed going to Iowa and that if
they moved to Iowa, it would be “good for them” because it
was a “positive” and “stable environment.” She also testified
that after Lauren and Franklin ended their relationship, Lauren
told her that Franklin had been “abusive and controlling of her”
and that one time, “she had gone to the hospital.” Lauren’s
fiance generally testified that he got along well with the chil-
dren and that he and Lauren would be able to provide a stable
home for the children if she were permitted to move the chil-
dren to Iowa.
After the hearing, the district court issued a decree in which
it found, inter alia, that Franklin and Lauren were the biologi-
cal parents of the two children. The court determined that it
was in the children’s best interests that Franklin and Lauren
be awarded joint legal custody and joint physical custody. The
court approved a parenting plan that generally provided for
a “2-2-3 schedule” in which each parent would have physi-
cal custody for two regular weekdays and the parents would
alternate 3-day weekends. The decree also addressed issues
of child support, health insurance, health care expenses, tax
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FRANKLIN M. v. LAUREN C.
Cite as 310 Neb. 927exemptions, education expenses, and attorney fees and costs.
Further detail on subjects not at issue on appeal are not pro-
vided herein. Issues on appeal relate to Lauren’s request to
remove the children to Iowa and her allegations of abuse, and
therefore, the portions of the decree addressing those issues are
set forth below in their entireties.
With regard to removal, the court stated in the decree:
“REMOVAL. The Defendant [Lauren] has failed to meet her
burden and the children are not permitted to be removed from
the State of Nebraska. Nebraska shall remain the home state of
the children.”
The court addressed allegations of abuse in a section regard-
ing physical custody, which stated:
PHYSICAL CUSTODY. It is in the best interests of
the minor children that the parties be awarded joint physi-
cal custody of the minor children subject to the parenting
time as set forth in the Court approved Parenting Plan that
is attached hereto as Exhibit “A” and incorporated herein
by this reference. The Court finds by a preponderance of
the evidence there has been domestic abuse between the
parties. The Court, pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat.§ 49-2932
[sic] (Reissue 2016), has taken this section into consid-
eration in adopting the parenting plan. Section 43-2932
is designed to protect a parenting [sic] from potential
arm [sic] by the other parent as a result of past harm-
ful conduct. The Court further finds that the Parenting
Plan attached hereto as Exhibit “A” concerning the care,
custody, control, and visitation schedule for the parties’
minor children and said Parenting Plan is fair, reason-
able, in the best interests of the parties’ minor children
and not unconscionable. The Court further finds that said
Parenting Plan should be adopted by this Court as a part
of this Decree of Paternity, Custody, and Support.
Lauren appeals issues of the district court’s decree regard-
ing custody.
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FRANKLIN M. v. LAUREN C.
Cite as 310 Neb. 927ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Lauren claims that the district court erred when it applied
an improper burden of proof to determine whether she could
remove the children to Iowa and when it determined that
removal was not in the children’s best interests. She also claims
that the district court erred when it failed to comply with the
statutory requirement to make “special written findings” under
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-2932 (Reissue 2016).
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
[1] In a filiation proceeding, questions concerning child
custody determinations are reviewed on appeal de novo on the
record to determine whether there has been an abuse of discre-
tion by the trial court, whose judgment will be upheld in the
absence of an abuse of discretion. Tyler F. v. Sara P., 306 Neb.
397, 945 N.W.2d 502 (2020).
[2,3] Statutory interpretation presents a question of law. Id.When reviewing questions of law, an appellate court has an
obligation to resolve the questions independently of the conclu-
sion reached by the trial court. Id.ANALYSIS
District Court Erred as Matter of Law When
It Applied Standard That Put Burden on
Lauren Regarding Removal.
Lauren first claims that the district court erred as a matter
of law when it applied the wrong standard to its consideration
of her request to remove the children to Iowa. We agree with
Lauren’s contention. As explained more fully below, because
this was a case involving children born out of wedlock and
there had been no judicial determination of child custody prior
to this proceeding, the burden related to removal applicable in
other circumstances did not apply. The language of the district
court’s order indicates that the court improperly put a burden
on Lauren with regard to removal, and in view of our prec-
edent, we conclude that the court erred as a matter of law.
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FRANKLIN M. v. LAUREN C.
Cite as 310 Neb. 927Lauren contends that the district court’s statement that she
“failed to meet her burden” with regard to removal shows that
the court mistakenly applied the “true removal” analysis set
forth in Farnsworth v. Farnsworth, 257 Neb. 242, 597 N.W.2d
592 (1999). She argues that because the present action was a
paternity proceeding in which there had been no initial judicial
determination of custody issues prior to the commencement of
this action, the analysis set forth in Farnsworth, including the
burden placed on the parent seeking to remove the children,
does not apply and instead the court should have determined
matters of custody, including removal, by considering parental
fitness and the best interests of the children based on evidence
presented by both parties.
Farnsworth, sometimes referred to as a “true removal” case,
was a case involving a request to modify an existing decree
of dissolution which included custody orders. In Farnsworth,
one parent sought to remove a child to another state. In
Farnsworth, we stated that to prevail on such a request, “the
custodial parent must first satisfy the court that he or she has a
legitimate reason for leaving the state.” 257 Neb. at 249, 597
N.W.2d at 598. We stated that “[a]fter clearing that threshold,
the custodial parent must next demonstrate that it is in the
child’s best interests to continue living with him or her” and
that “whether a proposed move is in the best interests of the
child is the paramount consideration.” Id. In Farnsworth, we
set forth “three broad considerations” that should enter into
a court’s decision as to whether removal is in a child’s best
interests. 257 Neb. at 249, 597 N.W.2d at 598. These include:
(1) “each parent’s reasons for seeking or opposing the move,”
(2) “the potential that the move holds for enhancing the qual-
ity of life for the child and the custodial parent,” and (3) “the
impact such a move will have on contact between the child
and the non­custodial parent (when viewed in the light of rea-
sonable visitation arrangements).” Id. at 249-50, 597 N.W.2d
at 598. We stated that the list of factors was “not meant to be
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Cite as 310 Neb. 927exhaustive” and should instead “serve as appropriate guide-
posts.” Id. at 252, 597 N.W.2d at 599.
We later determined in a paternity case that the Farnsworth
burden analysis was not applicable to an initial determina-
tion of custody. In State on behalf of Pathammavong v.
Pathammavong, 268 Neb. 1, 679 N.W.2d 749 (2004), an
action involving a child who was born out of wedlock and
regarding whom there was no prior judicial determination of
custody, we concluded that the trial court was not required to
apply the Farnsworth standard. In Pathammavong, the father
and mother had never been married, and although the State
had initiated paternity proceedings that resulted in a court
order finding the father to be the child’s father and ordering
him to pay child support, no judicial custody determination
had been made in the case prior to the proceeding on appeal.
Several years after the paternity and child support order was
entered, the father, living in Texas, filed an application seek-
ing child custody and child support. The district court awarded
custody of the child to the father, allowing the child to live
with the father in Texas.
[4] On appeal, the mother in Pathammavong argued that
“the two-part test from Farnsworth” should have been applied.
268 Neb. at 6, 679 N.W.2d at 755. We described that test as
requiring “a custodial parent who is seeking permission to relo-
cate to another state with a minor child to prove that the parent
has a legitimate reason for leaving the state and that such a
move is in the best interests of the child.” Id. We distinguished
the posture of Pathammavong from that of Farnsworth on the
basis that Pathammavong did not involve “parental relocation
or the modification of a previous court-ordered custody agree-
ment.” 268 Neb. at 6, 679 N.W.2d at 755. Modification was
not at issue in Pathammavong, because the proceeding was
the first proceeding which would result in a permanent judicial
“order assigning custody to one parent or the other.” 268 Neb.
at 6, 679 N.W.2d at 755. We stated that the issue before the
court was not whether one parent should be allowed to relocate
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Cite as 310 Neb. 927with the child, but instead “which parent should be awarded
permanent custody of [the child] as a matter of initial judicial
determination.” Id. We therefore concluded that to resolve the
disputed custody issue, rather than using the Farnsworth stan-
dard as it pertained to the threshold burden, the issue “must be
resolved on the basis of the fitness of the parents and the best
interests of the child.” 268 Neb. at 6, 679 N.W.2d at 755.
Since Pathammavong, we do not appear to have further con-
sidered the applicability or inapplicability of the Farnsworth
standard in cases involving a child born out of wedlock in
which there has been no initial judicial determination of cus-
tody prior to the commencement of the present proceeding.
However, the Nebraska Court of Appeals has considered such
cases. Most notably, in Coleman v. Kahler, 17 Neb. App.
518, 766 N.W.2d 142 (2009), the Court of Appeals cited our
decision in Pathammavong, in a paternity case in which the
father sought to prevent the mother from removing the chil-
dren from Nebraska when there was no prior judicial deter-
mination of custody. The Court of Appeals recognized that
the facts of Coleman were not squarely on point with those
in Pathammavong, because the father in Pathammavong had
already been living in Texas for a number of years at the time
he filed the proceeding, whereas the mother in Coleman did
not complete her move out of state until after the father filed
his complaint but before the court heard it. In Coleman, the
Court of Appeals determined that the essential factors in our
holding in Pathammavong were that the child was born out of
wedlock and that given the absence of an initial judicial deter-
mination of custody, modification of a previous court-ordered
custody determination was not being sought.
The Court of Appeals declined in Coleman to apply the full
Farnsworth removal analysis, which included the threshold
burden as to whether the parent seeking to move the children
out of state has proved that he or she has a legitimate reason
for leaving the state. As we stated in Pathammavong, where
the paternity proceeding is conducted to determine “which
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FRANKLIN M. v. LAUREN C.
Cite as 310 Neb. 927parent should be awarded permanent custody of [the child] as
a matter of initial judicial determination,” the issue “must be
resolved on the basis of the fitness of the parents and the best
interests of the child.” 268 Neb. at 6, 679 N.W.2d at 755. The
Court of Appeals recognized in Coleman that other than the
threshold burden on the parent planning to move the children
out of state, the additional Farnsworth factors were relevant to
a court’s considerations to determine custody based on the best
interests of the child.
The Court of Appeals has applied its reasoning in Coleman
in subsequent cases, including, inter alia, Shandera v. Schultz,
23 Neb. App. 521, 876 N.W.2d 667 (2016), which involved
a paternity proceeding that the father filed shortly after the
mother moved out of state. The Court of Appeals determined
that the district court properly followed the reasoning in
Coleman that Nebraska’s removal jurisprudence as it bore on
burdens did not apply in that circumstance involving an ini-
tial custody determination but that it was proper to give some
consideration to the other Farnsworth factors in determining
custody based on the child’s best interests. Most important, the
Court of Appeals in Shandera noted with approval that “the
trial court recognized that [the mother] did not have the burden
of proof that she would have in a true removal case.” 23 Neb.
at 531, 876 N.W.2d at 676.
Synthesizing the appellate case law, some of which is dis-
cussed above, shows that with respect to removal, whether the
Farnsworth threshold burden applies depends upon several
factors. Those factors include whether the action is one for
dissolution or paternity, whether a permanent custody order
has already been entered, and whether physical custody is
being awarded to a parent who has never resided in Nebraska.
Generally, the threshold burden applies in dissolution cases as
to both initial and subsequent proceedings. See, Kalkowski v.
Kalkowsi, 258 Neb. 1035, 607 N.W.2d 517 (2000) (initial);
Farnsworth v. Farnsworth, 257 Neb. 242, 597 N.W.2d 592(1999) (modification); Rommers v. Rommers, 22 Neb. App.
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Cite as 310 Neb. 927606, 858 N.W.2d 607 (2014) (initial). But when a court is mak-
ing an initial custody determination in a dissolution case where
one party has never resided in Nebraska, a separate Farnsworth
analysis is not necessary when awarding physical custody to
the out-of-state parent. Taylor-Couchman v. DeWitt-Couchman,
29 Neb. App. 950, 964 N.W.2d 320 (2021). In paternity cases,
the Farnsworth burden applies to subsequent modification pro-
ceedings, see Schrag v. Spear, 290 Neb. 98, 858 N.W.2d 865(2015), and State on behalf of Ryley G. v. Ryan G., 306 Neb.
63, 943 N.W.2d 709 (2020), but not to initial custody deter-
mination proceedings, see State on behalf of Pathammavong
v. Pathammavong, 268 Neb. 1, 679 N.W.2d 749 (2004), and
Coleman v. Kahler, 17 Neb. App. 518, 766 N.W.2d 142 (2009).
Nonetheless, it is appropriate to apply Farnsworth general con-
siderations in each of the foregoing proceedings.
Applying the jurisprudence set forth above to this case,
we determine that the district court’s statement that Lauren
“failed to meet her burden” shows that in this initial custody
judicial determination in this paternity case, the district court
mistakenly applied a true Farnsworth removal standard which
improperly put the burden on Lauren to show that she had a
legitimate reason to move to Iowa and that the proposed move
to Iowa was in the children’s best interests. Instead, the court
should have made an initial custody determination based on
parental fitness and the children’s best interests by considering
evidence presented by both parties, including evidence related
to Lauren’s plans to move the children to Iowa and Franklin’s
evidence regarding the effect of such a move on the exercise of
his parental rights. We conclude that the district court erred as
a matter of law when it applied the wrong standard.
Lauren further claims that under a proper best interests
­analysis, the district court abused its discretion in this case
when it refused to award her primary custody in Iowa. We will
discuss this claim further after we review Lauren’s assignment
of error regarding the finding of domestic abuse.
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Cite as 310 Neb. 927After the District Court Found Domestic
Abuse to Be Present, the District Court
Failed to Make Statutorily
Required Findings.
Lauren next claims that the district court erred when it failed
to comply with the requirement to make “special written find-
ings” under § 43-2932. She argues that after the court found
that Franklin had committed “domestic abuse,” it failed to
make the required special written findings, that it failed to hold
Franklin to his burden of proof with regard to such findings,
and that it failed to include anything in the parenting plan that
specifically addresses the issue of domestic abuse. We agree
that under § 43-2932, the district court’s findings were not suf-
ficient, and we determine that the matter should be remanded
for the court to make the required findings and to modify the
parenting plan as necessary to address the domestic abuse it
found to exist.
With regard to the court’s finding of domestic abuse,
§ 43-2932 provides in relevant part as follows:
(1) When the court is required to develop a parent-
ing plan:
(a) If a preponderance of the evidence demonstrates,
the court shall determine whether a parent who would
otherwise be allocated custody, parenting time, visitation,
or other access to the child under a parenting plan:
....
(iii) Has committed domestic intimate partner abuse[.]
. . . and
(b) If a parent is found to have engaged in any activity
specified by subdivision (1)(a) of this section, limits shall
be imposed that are reasonably calculated to protect the
child or child’s parent from harm. The limitations may
include, but are not limited to:
(i) An adjustment of the custody of the child, including
the allocation of sole legal custody or physical custody to
one parent;
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Cite as 310 Neb. 927(ii) Supervision of the parenting time, visitation, or
other access between a parent and the child;
(iii) Exchange of the child between parents through an
intermediary or in a protected setting;
(iv) Restraints on the parent from communication with
or proximity to the other parent or the child;
(v) A requirement that the parent abstain from posses-
sion or consumption of alcohol or nonprescribed drugs
while exercising custodial responsibility and in a pre-
scribed period immediately preceding such exercise;
(vi) Denial of overnight physical custodial parenting
time;
(vii) Restrictions on the presence of specific persons
while the parent is with the child;
(viii) A requirement that the parent post a bond to
secure return of the child following a period in which the
parent is exercising physical custodial parenting time or
to secure other performance required by the court; or
(ix) Any other constraints or conditions deemed neces-
sary to provide for the safety of the child, a child’s par-
ent, or any person whose safety immediately affects the
child’s welfare.
....
(3) If a parent is found to have engaged in any activity
specified in subsection (1) of this section, the court shall
not order legal or physical custody to be given to that
parent without making special written findings that the
child and other parent can be adequately protected from
harm by such limits as it may impose under such subsec-
tion. The parent found to have engaged in the behavior
specified in subsection (1) of this section has the burden
of proving that legal or physical custody, parenting time,
visitation, or other access to that parent will not endanger
the child or the other parent.
In the section of its order addressing physical custody, the
court stated that it found “by a preponderance of the evidence
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Cite as 310 Neb. 927there has been domestic abuse between the parties.” The only
evidence of abuse in the case was that Franklin had abused
Lauren. Franklin did not cross-appeal challenging the court’s
finding. Although the court did not use the statutory expression
“domestic intimate partner abuse,” we note that immediately
after making the finding of domestic abuse, the court made ref-
erences to § 43-2932. We therefore read the court’s finding as a
finding under § 43-2932(1)(a)(iii) that Franklin had committed
“domestic intimate partner abuse.”
Because the court made a finding of domestic intimate
partner abuse, certain requirements ensued. First, under
§ 43-2932(1)(b), the court was required when developing a
parenting plan to impose limits that “are reasonably calculated
to protect the child or child’s parent from harm.” In addition,
§ 43-2932(3) required that the court could not award legal or
physical custody to Franklin “without making special written
findings” that Lauren and the children could be “adequately
protected from harm by such limits” that the court imposed
under § 43-2932(1). Section 43-2932(3) further provided that
Franklin, as the “parent found to have engaged in the behav-
ior,” had “the burden of proving that legal or physical custody,
parenting time, visitation, or other access to [Franklin] will not
endanger the child[ren] or [Lauren].”
[5] We held in Flores v. Flores-Guerrero, 290 Neb. 248, 253,
859 N.W.2d 578, 584 (2015), that because of the Legislature’s
use of the word “shall” throughout § 43-2932, “where a pre-
ponderance, or the greater weight, of the evidence demon-
strates that a parent has committed one of the listed actions [in
§ 43-2932(1)(a), including ‘domestic intimate partner abuse’],
the obligations of § 43-2932 are mandatory.” We determined
in Flores that despite evidence of domestic intimate part-
ner abuse, the district court failed to make a determination
as to the existence thereof and that “[m]ore important, the
district court failed to make the written findings required by
§ 43-2932(3) before awarding joint physical custody” and that
“this failure by the district court precluded it from making the
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Cite as 310 Neb. 927custody determination it did.” 290 Neb. at 255, 859 N.W.2d
at 585. We concluded in Flores that “to the extent the district
court made a custody determination . . . without complying
with § 43-2932, it abused its discretion” and that “[u]nder
these circumstances, the district court’s custody determination
must be vacated.” 290 Neb. at 256, 859 N.W.2d at 585. We
therefore remanded the cause for further proceedings consist­
ent with our opinion.
In the present case, the district court found that Franklin had
committed domestic intimate partner abuse. After making the
finding of abuse, the court referred to § 43-2932 and stated
that it had “taken this section into consideration in adopting the
parenting plan.” This statement is not enough. A mere assur-
ance that the court had “taken [§ 43-2932] into consideration”
or that the parenting plan is fair does not qualify as the “spe-
cial written findings” required under § 43-2932(3); the parties
and an appellate court should not be left to divine the court’s
reasoning or presume any specific findings by the court. We
conclude that the court’s remark was inadequate to meet the
requirements of § 43-2932(3).
[6] Our appellate courts have stressed the importance of
explicit findings under § 43-2932(3). See, Gandara-Moore v.
Moore, 29 Neb. App. 101, 952 N.W.2d 17 (2020); Fales v.
Fales, 25 Neb. App. 868, 914 N.W.2d 478 (2018). The court
must at a minimum specifically state that it finds that the
children and the other parent may be adequately protected
from harm by the limits the court has actually imposed in the
parenting plan. The court’s findings should also indicate that
the court recognized that the burden on this issue was on the
parent found to have committed the abuse. The court should
further identify what limits it imposed in the parenting plan
that it finds will provide the necessary protection. This is par-
ticularly true in a case such as the present case where it is not
clear that the court imposed any of the specific limits listed
in § 43-2932(1)(b). While § 43-2932(1)(b)(ix) allows “other
constraints or conditions” not specifically included in the list,
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Cite as 310 Neb. 927it would be helpful for the court to identify what limits it has
placed to ensure adequate protection.
Because the district court failed to make the “special written
findings” required by § 43-2932(3), the court abused its dis-
cretion when it awarded shared legal and physical custody to
Franklin. See § 43-2932(3) (“the court shall not order legal or
physical custody to be given to that parent without making spe-
cial written findings”) and Flores v. Flores-Guerrero, 290 Neb.
248, 859 N.W.2d 578 (2015). As in Flores, we must vacate the
order which granted Franklin shared legal and physical custody
and remand the cause for further proceedings.
On Remand, the District Court Should Reconsider
Custody Matters by Applying Standards
and Making Required Findings as
Set Forth in This Opinion.
As we noted above, Lauren also claims that if the court had
applied the proper standard, the district court’s order that she
not remove the children to Iowa was an abuse of discretion.
However, our conclusion that we must vacate the order based
on the failure to make the special written findings required
under § 43-2932(3) obviates the need to consider whether the
court also abused its discretion with regard to Lauren’s plans
to move the children to Iowa. Instead, on remand, the district
court should reconsider its custody determination by, inter alia,
making the findings required by § 43-2932(3) to determine
whether Franklin may be awarded custody of any description
and applying the proper standard set forth herein to consider
Lauren’s proposal to move the children to Iowa.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that the district court erred as a matter of
law when it applied an incorrect legal standard with respect
to removal. Because this was an initial custody determina-
tion involving children born out of wedlock, the court should
have considered Lauren’s plan to move the children to Iowa as
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Cite as 310 Neb. 927part of its analysis of all factors relevant to the best interests of
the children. We further conclude that after it found domestic
intimate partner abuse was present in this case, the court failed
to make the special written findings required by § 43-2932(3),
and that because it failed to make such findings, it erred when
it awarded shared legal and physical custody to Franklin. We
therefore vacate the order and remand the cause for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Judgment vacated, and cause remanded
for further proceedings.