Carlson v. Carlson , 299 Neb. 526 ( 2018 )

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
299 Nebraska R eports
CARLSON v. CARLSON
Cite as 299 Neb. 526
M ark A lan Carlson, appellant, v.
K aren Sue Carlson, appellee.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed April 6, 2018. No. S-17-064.
1. Declaratory Judgments. An action for declaratory judgment is sui
generis; whether such action is to be treated as one at law or one in
equity is to be determined by the nature of the dispute.
2. Divorce: Judgments: Appeal and Error. The meaning of a divorce
decree presents a question of law, in connection with which an appellate
court reaches a conclusion independent of the determination reached by
the court below.
3. Declaratory Judgments: Appeal and Error. When a declaratory judg-
ment action presents a question of law, an appellate court has an obliga-
tion to reach its conclusion independently of the conclusion reached by
the trial court with regard to that question.
4. Divorce: Judgments: Property Settlement Agreements: Contracts.
Once a property settlement agreement has been incorporated into a dis-
solution decree, the contractual character of the agreement is subsumed
into the court‑ordered judgment. At that point, the court and the parties
are no longer dealing with a mere contract between the parties.
5. Divorce: Judgments: Property Settlement Agreements: Final Orders.
A decree is a judgment, and once a decree for dissolution becomes final,
its meaning, including the settlement agreement incorporated therein, is
determined as a matter of law from the four corners of the decree itself.
6. Judgments: Appeal and Error. Whether a judgment is ambiguous is a
question of law for which the appellate court has an obligation to reach
a conclusion independent from the lower court’s conclusion.
7. Judgments: Words and Phrases. Ambiguity in a judgment exists when
a word, phrase, or provision therein has, or is susceptible of, at least two
reasonable but conflicting interpretations or meanings.
8. Judgments: Parties. The fact that the parties advance differing inter-
pretations does not, by itself, compel the conclusion that a judgment
is ambiguous.
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CARLSON v. CARLSON
Cite as 299 Neb. 526
9. Divorce: Judgments: Appeal and Error. Even if ambiguity exists in a
dissolution decree, its meaning nevertheless presents a question of law
that an appellate court reviews de novo.
10. Courts: Child Support: Minors. As a general rule, absent agreement
of the parties, a Nebraska district court cannot order a party to pay child
support beyond the age of majority.
11. Courts: Divorce: Jurisdiction: Property Settlement Agreements:
Child Support: Minors. In the exercise of its broad jurisdiction over
marriage dissolutions, a district court retains jurisdiction to enforce
all the terms of approved property settlement agreements, including
agreements made to support children of the marriage past the age
of majority.
12. Courts: Property Settlement Agreements: Child Support: Minors. If
the parties voluntarily include a provision for post‑majority child sup-
port in an approved property settlement agreement, a district court has
the authority to enforce that provision.
13. Modification of Decree: Property Settlement Agreements: Child
Support: Minors. A provision for post‑majority child support in an
approved property settlement agreement can be modified either as
agreed to by the parties in the agreement or according to the general
standard for modifying an approved property settlement agreement
under Nebraska law.
14. Divorce: Motions to Vacate: Modification of Decree: Property
Settlement Agreements. Where parties to a divorce action voluntarily
execute a property settlement agreement which is approved by the
dissolution court and incorporated into a divorce decree from which
no appeal is taken, its provisions as to real and personal property and
maintenance will not thereafter be vacated or modified in the absence of
fraud or gross inequity.
15. Divorce: Attorney Fees: Appeal and Error. In an action for the dis-
solution of marriage, the award of attorney fees is discretionary with the
trial court, is reviewed de novo on the record, and will be affirmed in the
absence of an abuse of discretion.
Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: Leigh
A nn R etelsdorf, Judge. Affirmed.
Adam E. Astley and Kathryn D. Putnam, of Astley Putnam,
P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.
Benjamin M. Belmont and Wm. Oliver Jenkins, of Brodkey,
Peebles, Belmont & Line, L.L.P., for appellee.
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CARLSON v. CARLSON
Cite as 299 Neb. 526
Heavican, C.J., Miller‑Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, K elch, and
Funke, JJ.
Stacy, J.
This appeal arises from a dispute over the meaning of pro-
visions in a divorce decree and incorporated property settle-
ment agreement (PSA) regarding payment of post‑majority
child support. The district court construed the decree and
incorporated PSA to require the father to pay post‑majority
child support if certain conditions were met, and it denied
the father’s request to modify such support. Finding no error,
we affirm.
FACTS
Mark Alan Carlson and Karen Sue Carlson married in 1994
and divorced in March 2008. Three children were born during
the marriage. At the time of the divorce, the children were 6,
8, and 10. Mark and Karen are both physicians, but Karen did
not actively practice medicine during most of their marriage.
The parties represented themselves during their divorce.
Through mediation, they reached an agreement on the divi-
sion of their assets and debts, the custody and support of their
children, and the payment of alimony. The mediator drafted the
parties’ PSA and the dissolution decree. The record on appeal
does not include the hearing at which the parties proved up
their PSA and asked the court to approve it, but it does contain
the signed and notarized PSA, as well as the consent decree
entered by the court.
As relevant here, the parties agreed they would have joint
legal custody of the children and Karen would have physical
custody. Mark agreed to pay both child support and alimony.
The decree addressed child support as follows:
[Mark] shall pay . . . child support . . . commenc[ing]
on the first day of the first month following the entry
of the decree and shall continue to [pay] each month
thereafter, until the child reaches the age of major-
ity under Nebraska law, becomes emancipated, becomes
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CARLSON v. CARLSON
Cite as 299 Neb. 526
self‑supporting, marries or dies, or until further order of
the court.
The decree also recited that the parties had negotiated a PSA
which the court had examined and “found to be fair and rea-
sonable and conscionable.” According to the decree, a signed
copy of the PSA had been filed with the clerk and the agree-
ment was “incorporated [in the decree] with the same force and
effect as if set forth in this decree in its entirety.” The decree
further recited that the “parties’ [PSA] shall be enforced by all
remedies available for the enforcement of a judgment, includ-
ing contempt proceedings.” No party appealed from the entry
of the decree.
Incorporated PSA
Section 3 of the PSA is titled “Child Support and Expenses,
Educational Expenses, Health Insurance and Care Expenses
and Life Insurance.” It provides in relevant part:
3.01 Terms and Definitions.
....
(2) Age of Majority The age of majority for most legal
purposes is 19 and generally defines when child support
is terminated unless the parties agree otherwise, or cir-
cumstances set by law apply.
....
(4) Support Past Age 19: A child will not be deter-
mined to be emancipated and child support may continue
past age 19 in the following circumstances:
a. If a child attends college or vocational training,
child support may continue until age 27 or graduation
from college, trade school, or graduate school, which-
ever occurs first. (The child must be regularly attending
college (enrolled in 12 or more credit hours of course
work per semester) or a vocational school. (However,
the parties intend to allow some flexibility in the child’s
college attendance, therefore a child may have up to
two (2) semester[s] of nonattendance at school, not
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including summer vacations, without being understood
to be emancipated.[)]
....
3.02 Child Support
(1) MARK shall pay to KAREN the amount of
$2,400.00 per month for the support of three children,
$2,089.00 per month when two children remain eligible
for support and $1,468.00 per month when only one child
is eligible for child support. Child support will be payable
until each child reaches majority, becomes emancipated,
marries or dies or until further order of the court as pro-
vided by law.
For the sake of completeness, we note the PSA contains a
definition of “emancipation” which does not expressly refer-
ence post‑majority child support. Neither party suggests that
provision is determinative of the issues presented, so we do
not address it. We also note the PSA addressed payment of
post‑majority child support if a child becomes mentally or
physically incapacitated, but the parties did not seek a declara-
tory judgment regarding the interpretation of such provisions
so we express no opinion thereon.
Complaint to Modify
In March 2010, Mark filed a complaint to modify the decree
as it regarded post‑majority child support, alimony, health care
expenses, and college expenses. He claimed, inter alia, that the
court lacked jurisdiction to order child support after a child
attained the age of majority, and he claimed he should not be
required to pay both post‑majority child support and college
expenses for the same child.
In January 2011, the parties stipulated to an order modifying
the decree to, among other things, reduce Mark’s alimony pay-
ment and increase his monthly child support obligation. The
stipulated order reflected that Mark had withdrawn “without
prejudice” his request for an order terminating his obligation
to pay post‑majority child support. And the stipulated order
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CARLSON v. CARLSON
Cite as 299 Neb. 526
expressly provided that all provisions of the decree and PSA
“not specifically altered by this Order shall remain in full force
and effect.”
Contempt Proceedings
In January 2015, the parties’ oldest child turned 19. She was
a full‑time college student at the time. Mark stopped paying
child support for this child, and Karen filed an application to
show cause why Mark should not be held in contempt of court
for willfully failing to pay post‑majority child support.
At the show cause hearing, both Mark and Karen were rep-
resented by counsel. After a meeting in chambers between the
court and counsel, Karen withdrew her contempt application
and instead filed the complaint for declaratory judgment which
is at issue in this appeal.
Complaint and Counterclaim
for Declaratory Judgment
Karen’s complaint sought a declaration of the rights, duties,
and obligations of the parties under the dissolution decree as it
regarded post‑majority child support. Specifically, she sought
a declaration that under the PSA incorporated into the decree,
Mark had an obligation to continue paying child support past
the age of majority for a child attending college.
In a counterclaim, Mark also sought a declaratory judg-
ment regarding post‑majority child support. As relevant to the
issues on appeal, Mark sought a declaration that the provisions
regarding post‑majority child support were unenforceable or,
in the alternative, that any obligation to pay post‑majority
child support was “completely discretionary on the part of
the person paying it.” Alternatively, Mark sought modifica-
tion of the decree to relieve him of any post‑majority child
support obligation, alleging there had been a material change
in circumstances.
Both parties moved for summary judgment on their requests
for declaratory judgment. The trial court denied both motions
and set the matter for trial.
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CARLSON v. CARLSON
Cite as 299 Neb. 526
Trial
By the time of trial, two of the parties’ children had reached
the age of majority, and each was a full‑time college student.
At trial, the parties were allowed to present extrinsic evidence
as to the meaning of the PSA incorporated into the decree.
Neither party had a clear recollection of how the language
regarding post‑majority child support came to be in the PSA.
According to Karen, the mediator brought up the issue of
supporting the children through college, and Mark had no
disagreement, so the provisions regarding post‑majority sup-
port were included in the PSA with “no discussion.” Mark
testified he intended the agreement to be flexible and “leave[]
the door open” to paying post‑majority child support if Karen
was unable to return to employment as a physician after the
divorce. The attorney who mediated the property settlement
agreement invoked the statutory privilege1 and refused to tes-
tify about mediation communications.
Ultimately, the district court concluded that the decree
and incorporated PSA obligated Mark to pay post‑majority
child support for any child regularly attending college, trade
school, or graduate school, until the child attained the age of
27 or graduated, whichever first occurred. Regarding Mark’s
complaint to modify, the court noted the agreement to pay
post‑majority child support was contained in the parties’ PSA
which had been approved by the court and incorporated into
the decree. It thus reasoned the approved PSA could not be
vacated or modified in the absence of fraud or gross inequity.
The court found Mark had neither alleged nor offered evi-
dence of fraud or gross inequity, and it denied his complaint
to modify.
The court entered an order granting Karen’s request for
declaratory judgment, denying Mark’s counterclaims, and
awarding Karen attorney fees and costs in the amount of
$3,500. Mark filed this timely appeal, which we removed to
1
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25‑2933 (Reissue 2016).
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our docket pursuant to our authority to regulate the caseloads
of the appellate courts of this state.2
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Mark assigns that the district court erred in (1) finding the
decree was ambiguous, (2) interpreting the decree and property
settlement to require post‑majority child support, (3) granting
declaratory relief to Karen, (4) failing to consider his request
for modification of the post‑majority support obligation, and
(5) awarding $3,500 in attorney fees to Karen.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1,2] An action for declaratory judgment is sui generis;
whether such action is to be treated as one at law or one
in equity is to be determined by the nature of the dispute.3
The meaning of a divorce decree presents a question of
law, in connection with which an appellate court reaches a
conclusion independent of the determination reached by the
court below.4
[3] When a declaratory judgment action presents a question
of law, an appellate court has an obligation to reach its con-
clusion independently of the conclusion reached by the trial
court with regard to that question.5
ANALYSIS
Before addressing the assignments of error we address two
threshold issues.
2
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24‑1106(3) (Supp. 2017).
3
Vlach v. Vlach, 286 Neb. 141, 835 N.W.2d 72 (2013); American
Amusements Co. v. Nebraska Dept. of Rev., 282 Neb. 908, 807 N.W.2d
492 (2011).
4
Rice v. Webb, 287 Neb. 712, 844 N.W.2d 290 (2014).
5
Board of Trustees v. City of Omaha, 289 Neb. 993, 858 N.W.2d 186
(2015); Davenport Ltd. Partnership v. 75th & Dodge I, L.P., 279 Neb.
615, 780 N.W.2d 416 (2010).
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UseDeclaratory Judgment
of
Construe Decree
to
Both parties sought a declaratory judgment interpreting their
rights and obligations under the consent decree and incorpo-
rated PSA. Our case law has generally permitted the use of
declaratory judgment actions to resolve genuine disputes over
the meaning of language in a dissolution decree.6 But parties
have also resolved similar issues via complaints to modify,7
contempt proceedings,8 motions to enforce the judgment,9 and
motions to determine amounts due under the decree.10 Without
endorsing any particular procedure, we observe the general
rule that an action for declaratory judgment does not lie where
another equally serviceable remedy is available.11 In this case,
no party has challenged the availability of declaratory relief
or alleged that a more serviceable remedy is available. We
therefore assume, without deciding, that it was proper for
the district court to entertain the parties’ requests for declara-
tory judgment.
Parties’ Subjective Intent
Is Irrelevant
In addressing the parties’ dispute over the meaning of the
decree and incorporated PSA, the district court and the parties
6
Buhrmann v. Buhrmann, 231 Neb. 831, 835, 438 N.W.2d 481, 484 (1989)
(“[w]here there is a genuine controversy between the parties as to the
meaning of language in a decree of dissolution, and the appeal period has
passed, a proper method to resolve the controversy is by a separate action
for declaratory relief”). See, Jensen v. Jensen, 275 Neb. 921, 750 N.W.2d
335 (2008); Hohertz v. Estate of Hohertz, 19 Neb. Ct. App. 110, 802 N.W.2d
141 (2011).
7
Boyle v. Boyle, 12 Neb. Ct. App. 681, 684 N.W.2d 49 (2004).
8
Blaine v. Blaine, 275 Neb. 87, 744 N.W.2d 444 (2008).
9
Rice v. Webb, supra note 4.
10
Strunk v. Chromy‑Strunk, 270 Neb. 917, 708 N.W.2d 821 (2006).
11
Mansuetta v. Mansuetta, 295 Neb. 667, 890 N.W.2d 485 (2017); Northwall
v. State, 263 Neb. 1, 637 N.W.2d 890 (2002).
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relied, in part, on traditional contract principles. For example,
the court found the PSA was ambiguous regarding the payment
of post‑majority child support, and it thus allowed the admis-
sion of extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent. As a general
matter, if a contract is ambiguous, the meaning of the contract
is a question of fact and a court may consider extrinsic evi-
dence to determine the meaning of the contract.12 But in the
present case, we are not dealing with a contract; we are dealing
with a judgment.
The intentions of the parties regarding the PSA may have
been relevant when the dissolution court was examining the
agreement to determine whether it was fair and reasonable, not
unconscionable, and in the childrens’ best interests. But once
the PSA was approved by the court and incorporated into the
decree, it became a judgment of the court.13 Thereafter, the par-
ties’ subjective interpretations and intentions were irrelevant to
the court’s declaration of the meaning of the decree.14
[4] In both Ryder v. Ryder 15 and Rice v. Webb,16 this court
specifically disapproved of the application of contract prin-
ciples to a PSA that had been incorporated into a dissolution
decree. In Ryder, we held:
Once a property settlement agreement has been incorpo-
rated into a dissolution decree, the contractual character
of the agreement is subsumed into the court‑ordered
judgment. “‘At that point the court and the parties are
no longer dealing with a mere contract between the
parties.’”
12
David Fiala, Ltd. v. Harrison, 290 Neb. 418, 860 N.W.2d 391 (2015).
13
See, Ryder v. Ryder, 290 Neb. 648, 861 N.W.2d 449 (2015); Rice v. Webb,
supra note 4.
14
See Neujahr v. Neujahr, 223 Neb. 722, 393 N.W.2d 47 (1986) (once
decree becomes final, what parties thought it meant is irrelevant; meaning
of decree is question of law determined from four corners of decree).
15
Ryder v. Ryder, supra note 13.
16
Rice v. Webb, supra note 4.
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. . . [W]hen a decree is ambiguous, “the parties must
bring some form of action which raises the issue and
thereby requires the court before whom the matter is then
pending to resolve the issue as a matter of law in light of
the evidence and meaning of the decree as it appears.”17
Thus, in the present case, we are considering the meaning of a
judgment rather than a contract.18
[5] A decree is a judgment, and once a decree for dissolution
becomes final, its meaning, including the settlement agreement
incorporated therein, is determined as a matter of law from the
four corners of the decree itself.19 With this standard in mind,
we address the assignments of error.
No Error in Finding
Decree A mbiguous
Mark assigns error to the trial court’s finding that the terms
of the decree and incorporated PSA were ambiguous. He con-
cedes the documents are poorly drafted but suggests that “after
reviewing the document five or six times, a single meaning
becomes clear.”20 Mark suggests that “when read in a vacuum
[the language of the decree] is susceptible to only one mean-
ing, which is that child support ends when each child reaches
the age of majority under Nebraska law, becomes emancipated,
becomes self‑supporting, marries or dies, or until further order
of the court.”21 We understand this argument to suggest that if
the decree is construed without reference to the language of
the incorporated PSA, there is no ambiguity. But we reject the
invitation to construe the decree without considering the terms
of the PSA that was expressly incorporated into the decree at
the parties’ request.
17
Ryder v. Ryder, supra note 13, 290 Neb. at 656‑57, 861 N.W.2d at 456.
18
See Rice v. Webb, supra note 4.
19
Id.
20
Brief for appellant at 17.
21
Id. at 16.
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[6,7] Whether a judgment is ambiguous is a question of
law for which the appellate court has an obligation to reach
a conclusion independent from the lower court’s conclusion.22
Ambiguity in a judgment exists when a word, phrase, or provi-
sion therein has, or is susceptible of, at least two reasonable
but conflicting interpretations or meanings.23
[8] We agree with the district court that the decree and
incorporated PSA are ambiguous regarding the parties’ rights
and obligations concerning payment of post‑majority child
support. The fact that the parties advance differing interpreta-
tions does not, by itself, compel the conclusion that the PSA is
ambiguous.24 But we agree that the conflicting interpretations
advanced by Mark and Karen illustrate an ambiguity in the
PSA which necessitated construction.
As it regards the payment of post‑majority child support, the
operative language in the PSA provides:
A child will not be determined to be emancipated and
child support may continue past age 19 in the following
circumstances:
a. If a child attends college or vocational training,
child support may continue until age 27 or graduation
from college, trade school, or graduate school, whichever
occurs first.
Mark argues the phrase “may continue” indicates that pay-
ment of post‑majority support is discretionary and allows him
the flexibility to decide whether such support is necessary
under the circumstances. Karen argues the language creates
an affirmative obligation to pay post‑majority child support
so long as the conditions of college attendance are satisfied.
Although we ultimately reject Mark’s interpretation, we agree
the operative language of the PSA is susceptible to at least
two reasonable but conflicting interpretations, and we thus
22
Friedman v. Friedman, 290 Neb. 973, 863 N.W.2d 153 (2015).
23
See Rice v. Webb, supra note 4.
24
See Strunk v. Chromy‑Strunk, supra note 10.
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agree with the district court that it is ambiguous.25 Mark’s first
assignment has no merit.
[9] We also reject as incorrect the suggestion in Mark’s
briefing that the presence or absence of ambiguity in a decree
affects our standard of review. This court has long held that the
meaning of a dissolution decree presents a question of law,26
and we recently clarified that even if ambiguity exists in a dis-
solution decree, its meaning nevertheless presents a question of
law that we review de novo.27
No Error in Construing Decree
Mark’s main contention on appeal is that the district court
erred in construing the decree and incorporated PSA to require
him to pay post‑majority child support under certain circum-
stances. Mark contends the court should have interpreted the
decree to provide that his obligation to pay child support ends
when the children reach the age of 19 and that any continued
payment of support post‑majority is entirely discretionary. The
district court rejected this construction. After our independent
review of the four corners of the decree and incorporated
PSA,28 we do too.
The parties’ primary disagreement relates to the proper inter-
pretation of the phrase “may continue” as used in the operative
provision of the PSA:
(4) Support Past Age 19: A child will not be deter-
mined to be emancipated and child support may continue
past age 19 in the following circumstances:
a. If a child attends college or vocational training,
child support may continue until age 27 or graduation
from college, trade school, or graduate school, which-
ever occurs first. (The child must be regularly attending
25
See Rice v. Webb, supra note 4.
26
See Strunk v. Chromy‑Strunk, supra note 10.
27
Ryder v. Ryder, supra note 13.
28
See id.
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college (enrolled in 12 or more credit hours of course
work per semester) or a vocational school. (However,
the parties intend to allow some flexibility in the child’s
college attendance, therefore a child may have up to two
(2) semester[s] of nonattendance at school, not includ-
ing summer vacations, without being understood to be
­emancipated.[)]
Mark suggests the term “may” is permissive and affords him
the discretion to pay post‑majority child support if he thinks
it is needed. We reject this construction not only because it
invites construing the judgment to be conditional upon Mark’s
decision to pay,29 but because there is no support for such a
construction within the four corners of the judgment.
Instead, considering the entirety of the decree and incor-
porated PSA, we find the parties agreed to an affirmative
obligation to pay post‑majority child support so long as the
agreed‑upon conditions precedent are satisfied. Those condi-
tions include that the child be regularly attending college, trade
school, or graduate school and not have attained the age of 27.
This construction is compelled by several provisions within
the judgment.
Section 3.01(2) of the PSA recognizes that child support
generally terminates when the child turns 19 “unless the par-
ties agree otherwise.” Section 3.01(4) then reflects the par-
ties’ agreement that the children “will not be determined to
be emancipated and child support may continue past the age
of 19” under specific enumerated circumstances. Within this
framework, the phrase “child support may continue past age
19” in § 3.01(4) is not permissive or discretionary; rather, it
reflects the prior acknowledgment that ordinarily child support
terminates at age 19.
That the payment of post‑majority support is not discre-
tionary is further supported by language in the PSA acknowl-
edging the possibility that payment of post‑majority child
29
See Strunk v. Chromy‑Strunk, supra note 10.
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support will overlap with the separate obligation to contribute
to college expenses under the agreement. In that regard, the
PSA provides:
3.03 Educational Expenses: Trade School or College
Education Costs and Expenses
(1) The parties agree that should any of the children
desire to attend college (trade or vocational school after
high school) and be accepted to a school, the parties
shall be responsible to provide for the costs and expenses
of that education in an amount no more than the cost
of an education at the primary state college or univer-
sity (University of Nebraska‑Lincoln) in the state where
the children may reside at the time the child has been
accepted, regardless of where he/she may attend school
or college.
(2) This Agreement contemplates a four‑year under-
graduate college education that may extend beyond the
age of majority as long as the child is in good stand-
ing as a student, but in no event beyond the child’s 23rd
birthday.
....
(5) The parties understand that amounts paid for the
college educations of the children still may not fully cover
other child care expenses including car insurance, cloth-
ing, recreation, or time spent at home during vacations.
Alternatively, the amounts being paid in child support
by one party to the other party may duplicate amounts
being paid for college room and board. The parties agree
to negotiate, or if necessary, mediate the balance between
payment of child support and college costs and expenses
if and when a child attends college.
(6) These provisions are intended to set out the mini-
mum amounts obliged to be paid by a parent to assure
that the children obtain further training or an undergrad­
uate college education, should the children be capable
and desire to so do. These provisions are not intended to
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limit the additional contribution either parent may volun-
tarily make toward a child’s undergraduate or graduate
school education.
These provisions not only acknowledge the potential for
duplication between payment of post‑majority child support
and payment of college expenses, but also express the intent
of the parties to “set out the minimum amounts obliged to be
paid” to continue supporting a child beyond the age of majority
who wishes to pursue further education.
We hold that the decree and incorporated PSA affirmatively
obligate Mark to pay post‑majority child support so long as the
conditions set forth in § 3.01(4) of the PSA are met. We find
this construction is supported by the language of the judgment,
can be harmonized with the standard child support language
set out in the decree, and results in a sensible construction that
is consistent with the best interests of the children.
No Error in Denying
Complaint to Modify
In a counterclaim, Mark sought to modify the decree based
on a material change in circumstances in the event the court
determined he was obligated to pay post‑majority child sup-
port. The district court denied his request to modify. It rea-
soned that the post‑majority child support was agreed to in
a PSA that had been approved by the court and incorporated
into the decree and as such it could be vacated or modified
only upon a showing of fraud or gross inequity.30 The court
concluded Mark had failed to allege or prove fraud or gross
inequity, and it denied the modification.
On appeal, Mark argues the court applied the wrong legal
standard. He claims that rather than being required to show
fraud or gross inequity, he should have been permitted to mod-
ify the terms of his post‑majority child support upon showing
a material change in circumstances. In making this argument,
30
See Ryder v. Ryder, supra note 13.
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Mark relies on the statutory provisions31 and case law32 govern-
ing modification of statutory child support for minors.
But the present case does not involve modification of statu-
tory child support for a minor and requires us to answer a dif-
ferent question: Under what circumstances can a party seek to
vacate or modify an approved PSA that requires payment of
post‑majority child support? To answer this question, we look
to our jurisprudence on post‑majority child support.
[10‑12] As a general rule, absent agreement of the par-
ties, a Nebraska district court cannot order a party to pay
child support beyond the age of majority.33 In Zetterman v.
Zetterman,34 however, we held that a court can enforce an
approved PSA voluntarily entered into by the parties which
provides for post‑majority child support. We held that a
district court, “in the exercise of its broad jurisdiction over
marriage dissolutions, retains jurisdiction to enforce all the
terms of approved property settlement agreements, including
agreements made to support children of the marriage past the
age of majority.”35 Thus, pursuant to Zetterman, if the parties
voluntarily include a provision for post‑majority child sup-
port in an approved PSA, a district court has the authority to
enforce that provision.
We have not yet addressed whether a district court has the
authority to modify such a provision and, if it does, what
standard applies to the modification. The general consensus of
other jurisdictions that, like Nebraska, hold that a court lacks
authority to impose an obligation to pay post‑majority child
support but can enforce an agreement to pay such support
31
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42‑364 (Reissue 2016).
32
See, State on behalf of B.M. v. Brian F., 288 Neb. 106, 846 N.W.2d 257
(2014); Caniglia v. Caniglia, 285 Neb. 930, 830 N.W.2d 207 (2013).
33
See Foster v. Foster, 266 Neb. 32, 662 N.W.2d 191 (2003).
34
Zetterman v. Zetterman, 245 Neb. 255, 512 N.W.2d 622 (1994).
35
Id. at 261, 512 N.W.2d at 625.
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made via an approved PSA is that post‑majority child support
can be modified using either the standard adopted by the par-
ties in their agreement or the standard applied in that jurisdic-
tion to modify an approved PSA.36 The rationale for such a
rule is that the court could not have imposed the post‑majority
child support obligation in the first instance, so it lacks the
authority to modify it as a child support obligation.37
[13] We agree with this rationale and find it is consistent
with our holding in Zetterman.38 We thus hold that a provision
for post‑majority child support in an approved PSA can be
modified either as agreed to by the parties in the agreement39
or according to the general standard for modifying an approved
PSA under Nebraska law.
In this case, neither the decree nor the incorporated PSA
contained provisions for modifying post‑majority child sup-
port. Thus, Mark’s request for modification of post‑majority
support will be governed by the general standard for modifying
an approved PSA under Nebraska law.
[14] This court has consistently held that where parties to
a divorce action voluntarily execute a PSA which is approved
by the dissolution court and incorporated into a divorce decree
from which no appeal is taken, its provisions as to real
and personal property and maintenance will not thereafter be
vacated or modified in the absence of fraud or gross inequity.40
36
See, Van Camp v. Van Camp, 333 Ark. 320, 969 S.W.2d 184 (1998); Miner
v. Miner, 48 Conn. App. 409, 709 A.2d 605 (1998); Katz v. Katz, 258 Ga.
184, 366 S.E.2d 766 (1988); Helms v. Schultze, 161 N.C. App. 404, 588
S.E.2d 524 (2003).
37
Id.
38
Zetterman v. Zetterman, supra note 34.
39
See, also, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42‑366(7) (“[e]xcept for terms concerning the
custody or support of minor children, the decree may expressly preclude
or limit modification of terms set forth in the decree”).
40
Ryder v. Ryder, supra note 13; Whitesides v. Whitesides, 290 Neb. 116, 858
N.W.2d 858 (2015).
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The district court correctly applied this standard to Mark’s
complaint to modify the post‑majority child support provision
and properly found he had not met his burden of proof in that
regard. Mark’s arguments to the contrary are without merit.
No Error in Award
of Attorney Fees
[15] The district court awarded Karen $3,500 in attorney
fees and costs. Mark assigns this as error. In an action for the
dissolution of marriage, the award of attorney fees is discre-
tionary with the trial court, is reviewed de novo on the record,
and will be affirmed in the absence of an abuse of discretion.41
Having reviewed the parties’ arguments and the record, we find
no abuse of discretion in the award of attorney fees.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the
district court.
A ffirmed.
K elch, J., not participating in the decision.
Wright, J., not participating.
41
Vlach v. Vlach, supra note 3.