In re Guardianship of Jill G. , 312 Neb. 108 ( 2022 )

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
10/21/2022 08:06 AM CDT
- 108 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
312 Nebraska Reports
IN RE GUARDIANSHIP OF JILL G.
Cite as 312 Neb. 108In re Guardianship of Jill G.,
an incapacitated person.
Debra R., appellant, v. Jill G., appellee.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed July 29, 2022. No. S-21-586.
1. Estates: Appeal and Error. An appellate court reviews probate cases
for error appearing on the record made in the county court.
2. Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing a judgment for errors
appearing on the record, the inquiry is whether the decision conforms
to the law, is supported by competent evidence, and is neither arbitrary,
capricious, nor unreasonable.
3. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation is a question of
law, which an appellate court resolves independently of the trial court.
4. Guardians Ad Litem: Words and Phrases. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-4204(Reissue 2016) empowers the guardian ad litem to obtain information as
part of his or her investigation and permits for the admissibility of infor-
mation so collected. By its plain terms, § 30-4204 addresses “material
obtained by a guardian ad litem” and does not pertain to a report created
by a guardian ad litem.
5. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory language is to be given its plain
and ordinary meaning, and an appellate court will not resort to inter-
pretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain,
direct, and unambiguous.
6. Statutes: Intent. When interpreting a statute, the starting point and
focus of the inquiry is the meaning of the statutory language, understood
in context.
7. Statutes: Words and Phrases. The placement of a statutory word
proximate to a provision which it describes informs our interpretation of
the statute.
8. Trial: Evidence. When part of an exhibit is inadmissible, a trial court
has discretion to reject the exhibit entirely or to admit the admissible
portion.
- 109 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
312 Nebraska Reports
IN RE GUARDIANSHIP OF JILL G.
Cite as 312 Neb. 1089. Trial: Evidence: Appeal and Error. Because it is the proponent’s
responsibility to separate the admissible and inadmissible parts when
offering evidence, an appellate court will ordinarily uphold a court’s
exclusion of an exhibit if the proponent did not properly limit its offer
to the part or parts that are admissible.
Appeal from the County Court for Douglas County:
Marcena M. Hendrix, Judge. Affirmed.
Andrew Schill, of Legal Aid of Nebraska, for appellant.
James Walter Crampton for appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Miller-Lerman, J.
NATURE OF CASE
Debra R., the appellant, sought to have the Office of Public
Guardian appointed as guardian over her daughter, Jill G.,
the appellee. The county court for Douglas County ultimately
dismissed the petition for appointment of a guardian without
prejudice. Debra appeals. She contends that a report created
by the guardian ad item (GAL) pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 30-4205 (Reissue 2016) should have been admitted into evi-
dence and that in combination with the testimony of the GAL,
the evidence would support creation of a guardianship over
Jill. We conclude that exclusion of the report was not error and
accordingly affirm.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
Jill is the alleged incapacitated person in this matter. In
August 2019, Jill was arrested for trespassing and destroying
property in a church. She remained in the Douglas County jail
until August 2020, when she was released to a recovery cen-
ter. Thereafter, Debra petitioned to have the Office of Public
Guardian appointed as guardian over Jill. The county court
appointed Debra as temporary guardian and appointed a GAL
and separate counsel for Jill.
- 110 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
312 Nebraska Reports
IN RE GUARDIANSHIP OF JILL G.
Cite as 312 Neb. 108On May 17, 2021, the GAL filed a notice of availability of a
report (sometimes referred to herein as “the GAL report”). The
GAL report at the center of this appeal consisted of eight pages
and was supported by an affidavit. Attached to the report were
approximately 80 pages of information and material obtained
by the GAL pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-4204 (Reissue
2016) regarding, inter alia, Jill’s medical history. Trial was held
on June 15.
At trial, Debra testified to Jill’s medical history and diag-
noses. She described a cycle of Jill’s taking medications,
improving, ceasing medication, and then returning to a medi-
cal facility.
The GAL testified that she conducted an investigation of
Jill, which included phone conversations with Jill; a document
review, including over 80 pages of medical records; and a
report from Jill’s medical provider concerning the seven areas
relevant to a guardianship. The GAL testified that, based on
her investigation summarized in her report, she recommended
Jill have a guardian. She stated that the written eight-page
GAL report was her business record of her investigation and
that it was supported by an affidavit. At several points dur-
ing the hearing, Debra offered the GAL report, including the
attached informational documents as evidence, but each time,
the court sustained Jill’s objections on the basis that the state-
ments were hearsay and lacked foundation. The court also
declined to take judicial notice of the GAL report. At no time
did Debra offer the GAL report and informational material
attached thereto separately.
Jill testified at trial that she did not want to have a guardian-
ship. She testified that a previous guardianship had been dis-
missed in early 2018 and that she was taking medications daily.
She testified she was living in the home of her deceased aunt
and fixing up the house. Her father paid for utilities and gave
her a vehicle. She testified that she would continue to take care
of herself without a guardian.
- 111 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
312 Nebraska Reports
IN RE GUARDIANSHIP OF JILL G.
Cite as 312 Neb. 108On June 15, 2021, the county court entered a journal entry
that granted Jill’s motion to dismiss because Debra had failed
to make a prima facie case for appointment of a permanent
guardian.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Debra assigns, summarized and restated, that the county
court erred when it failed to admit the GAL report into evi-
dence and when it dismissed her petition for appointment of a
guardian for Jill.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
[1,2] An appellate court reviews probate cases for error
appearing on the record made in the county court. In re
Guardianship & Conservatorship of J.F., 307 Neb. 452, 949
N.W.2d 496 (2020). When reviewing a judgment for errors
appearing on the record, the inquiry is whether the decision
conforms to the law, is supported by competent evidence, and
is neither arbitrary, capricious, nor unreasonable. Id.[3] Statutory interpretation is a question of law, which an
appellate court resolves independently of the trial court. In re
Estate of Larson, 311 Neb. 352, 972 N.W.2d 891 (2022).
ANALYSIS
Debra argues that the GAL report was improperly excluded
from evidence, because the GAL statutes revised in 2016 show
“clear intent of allowing both the report of the GAL and the
fruits of the GAL’s investigation into evidence.” Brief for
appellant at 11. Debra contends that by statute, the county
court was obligated to admit the GAL report for the purpose
of evaluating the question of creating a guardianship, and that
the report was material. We conclude that the county court cor-
rectly analyzed the GAL report as inadmissible hearsay, and
thus, we affirm.
Several relevant statutes, including the GAL statutes amended
in 2016, Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 30-4201 to 30-4210 (Reissue 2016),
control our analysis. Consistent with §§ 30-4201 to 30-4210, in
a guardianship proceeding, the court may appoint a GAL to
- 112 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
312 Nebraska Reports
IN RE GUARDIANSHIP OF JILL G.
Cite as 312 Neb. 108advocate for the best interests of the person alleged to be inca-
pacitated. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-2619(b) (Reissue 2016). A GAL
appointed pursuant to the Nebraska Probate Code must be an
attorney in good standing admitted to the practice of law in the
State of Nebraska and meet any other requirements, including
training, imposed by the Supreme Court. See § 30-4202(1).
Regarding its 2016 amendments, the Legislature explained
as follows:
The Legislature finds that it is in the best interests of
persons under disability and the public for the authorities
and responsibilities of a [GAL] to be expanded to include
an objective investigation and assessment of the needs
of a person who comes before the court in any guardian-
ship, conservatorship, or other protective proceeding to
ensure the protection of the rights of the person who is
the subject of the proceeding. The Legislature also finds
that the public is benefited from having trustworthy and
competent guardians and conservators appointed for inca-
pacitated persons, wards, protected persons, and minors.
§ 30-4201. To this end, the Legislature set forth various
expanded duties and powers of a GAL. With respect to the
evidentiary issue in this case, a GAL is required to, inter alia,
investigate, gather information regarding, and make an assess-
ment of the condition of the person for whom he or she has
been appointed to represent and report to the court the condi-
tion of such person. See § 30-4203(1)(b). The written report
addresses whether the person for whom the guardianship is
sought is an incapacitated person, and it further addresses the
scope of a limited guardianship or why a full guardianship is
necessary to protect the best interests of the incapacitated per-
son. See § 30-4205.
Section 30-4204 provides the statutory authority for the
GAL to obtain certain information, informally or by subpoena,
about the person for whom the GAL has been appointed,
including “report[s] from any medical provider, provider of
psychological services, law enforcement, adult protective serv­
ices agency, or financial institution; and . . . any account or
- 113 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
312 Nebraska Reports
IN RE GUARDIANSHIP OF JILL G.
Cite as 312 Neb. 108record of any business, corporation, partnership, or other busi-
ness entity which such person owns or in which such person
has an interest.” Of particular interest in this appeal is the
concluding provision in § 30-4204, which states that “[a]ny
material obtained by a [GAL] pursuant to this section is admis-
sible in evidence.” (Emphasis supplied.) Debra relies primarily
on this provision of § 30-4204 pertaining to gathered materials
as the basis of her claim that the GAL report which the GAL
authored should have been admitted into evidence. We do not
agree with Debra’s reading of the statute.
Historically, in other contexts, we have observed that GAL
reports are hearsay and, whether in written form or testi-
mony by the GAL, are subject to the rules of evidence. We
have stated that “‘a report is not somehow made admissible
because it was prepared by a [GAL] appointed by a court
pursuant to a statute.’” Betz v. Betz, 254 Neb. 341, 347, 575
N.W.2d 406, 410 (1998). We have applied the principle that
in the absence of admissibility authorized by the Nebraska
Evidence Rules or by other statute as a nonhearsay state-
ment or statements otherwise exempted or excluded from
the operation or purview of the “hearsay rule,” Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 27-802 (Reissue 2016), a hearsay statement will be
excluded. See, generally, State v. McCurry, 296 Neb. 40, 891
N.W.2d 663 (2017). See, also, Heistand v. Heistand, 267 Neb.
300, 673 N.W.2d 541 (2004).
[4-7] Debra contends that the GAL statutes set forth above
create a statutory exception to the rules of evidence, rendering
the GAL report admissible into evidence. We do not agree. Of
the GAL statutes referenced above, only § 30-4204 concerns
admissibility of GAL materials in court. Section 30-4204,
which empowers the GAL to obtain information as part of
his or her investigation, only permits for the admissibility
of information so collected. By its plain terms, § 30-4204
addresses “material obtained by a [GAL]” and does not per-
tain to a report created by a GAL. Statutory language is to be
given its plain and ordinary meaning, and an appellate court
will not resort to interpretation to ascertain the meaning of
- 114 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
312 Nebraska Reports
IN RE GUARDIANSHIP OF JILL G.
Cite as 312 Neb. 108statutory words which are plain, direct, and unambiguous. In re
Adoption of Yasmin S., 308 Neb. 771, 956 N.W.2d 704 (2021).
When interpreting a statute, the starting point and focus of the
inquiry is the meaning of the statutory language, understood
in context. Parks v. Hy-Vee, 307 Neb. 927, 951 N.W.2d 504(2020). The placement of the admissibility provision proxi-
mate to the statutory authority to gather information informs
our conclusion that the admissibility provision is directed
to the information so gathered. Specifically, the placement
of the admissibility provision in the guardianship statutes
at § 30-4204, which provides for the gathering of informa-
tion to present to the court, supports our conclusion that the
admissibility provision of § 30-4204 is directed toward that
information and not the separate report, the creation of which
is authorized by § 30-4205. If the Legislature had wanted the
GAL report prepared under § 30-4205 to be admissible, it
could have so provided. Compare § 30-4204 (providing for
admissibility of information gathered). Contrary to Debra’s
assertion, § 30-4204 does not address the evidentiary issue sur-
rounding the report authored by the GAL as distinguished from
the material collected, and we further observe that such report
may contain impressions of the GAL implicating additional
layers of opinion and hearsay and their attendant admissibil-
ity challenges. It was not error for the county court to sustain
objections to the GAL report as hearsay.
[8,9] As noted, the product of the GAL’s work included
both the recommendation of the GAL contained in the GAL
report and informational material attached thereto, the latter
of which the GAL had gathered pursuant to § 30-4204. We
have carefully examined the record, noting that the county
court was not asked to rule separately on the admissibility of
medical records and other information attached to the GAL
report as distinguished from the report itself. When part of an
exhibit is inadmissible, a trial court has discretion to reject
the exhibit entirely or to admit the admissible portion. Arens
v. NEBCO, Inc., 291 Neb. 834, 870 N.W.2d 1 (2015). Because
it is the proponent’s responsibility to separate the admissible
- 115 -
Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
312 Nebraska Reports
IN RE GUARDIANSHIP OF JILL G.
Cite as 312 Neb. 108and inadmissible parts when offering evidence, an appellate
court will ordinarily uphold a court’s exclusion of an exhibit
if the proponent did not properly limit its offer to the part
or parts that are admissible. Id. Specifically, the court was
not asked to admit the informational material only, pursuant
to § 30-4204, and we therefore do not consider whether the
addition of such evidence would have been sufficient had the
informational material been properly before the court.
For completeness, we note that, relying on Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 30-2619.04 (Reissue 2016), Debra also contends that Jill
waived objections to the admissibility of the GAL report by
failing to respond to it within 10 judicial days. We reject
this argument. Section 30-2619.04 provides that “[t]he peti-
tioner and the proposed ward shall have ten judicial days
to file responses to the visitor’s evaluation report.” Debra’s
reliance on the court visitor report statutes is misplaced and
unavailing. See Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 30-2619.01 to 30-2619.04
(Reissue 2016). The plain language of § 30-2619.04 applies
to visitor reports, and this case concerns a GAL report.
We have acknowledged that procedural comparisons may be
drawn between the GAL reports and visitor reports in the
Supreme Court rules for the nomination of the Office of the
Public Guardian. See Neb. Ct. R. 6-1433.01 (2015). However,
because § 30-2619.04 does not apply to reports by a GAL, this
statute does not limit the time during which a party may object
to a GAL report.
Having reviewed the admitted evidence, we do not find that
the county court erred when it granted Jill’s motion to dismiss
Debra’s petition for the appointment of a guardian.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we affirm the order of the dis-
trict court that dismissed Debra’s petition for appointment of a
guardian for Jill.
Affirmed.