State v. Irish ( 2016 )


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  • Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
    www.nebraska.gov/courts/epub/
    01/15/2016 12:05 PM CST
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    Nebraska A dvance Sheets
    292 Nebraska R eports
    STATE v. IRISH
    Cite as 
    292 Neb. 513
    State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
    Bryant L. Irish, appellant.
    ___ N.W.2d ___
    Filed January 15, 2016.   No. S-15-270.
    1.	 Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation presents a ques-
    tion of law, for which an appellate court has an obligation to reach an
    independent conclusion irrespective of the determination made by the
    court below.
    2.	 Evidence: Appeal and Error. When reviewing the sufficiency of the
    evidence to support a conviction, the relevant question for an appellate
    court is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable
    to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essen-
    tial elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
    3.	 Proximate Cause. The determination of causation, including proximate
    causation, is ordinarily a question of fact.
    4.	 Motor Vehicles: Drunk Driving: Proximate Cause. The elements of
    driving under the influence in violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,198
    (Cum. Supp. 2014) are: (1) The defendant was operating a motor vehi-
    cle, (2) the defendant was operating a motor vehicle in violation of Neb.
    Rev. Stat. § 60-6,196 (Reissue 2010) or § 60-6,197 (Cum. Supp. 2014),
    and (3) the defendant’s act of driving under the influence proximately
    caused serious bodily injury to another person.
    5.	 Motor Vehicles: Drunk Driving: Proximate Cause: Proof. To con-
    vict an accused driver in cases involving alcohol brought under Neb.
    Rev. Stat. § 60-6,198 (Cum. Supp. 2014), the State must prove beyond
    a reasonable doubt that the act of driving while under the influence
    of alcoholic liquor was a proximate cause of serious bodily injury to
    another person.
    6.	 Motor Vehicles: Drunk Driving. In making a determination as to
    causation under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,198 (Cum. Supp. 2014), a court
    should not focus on a defendant’s intoxication rather than his or her act
    of driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
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    STATE v. IRISH
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    292 Neb. 513
    7.	 Statutes: Courts: Appeal and Error. The U.S. Supreme Court’s inter-
    pretation of a federal statute is not binding upon the Nebraska Supreme
    Court’s interpretation of a state statute.
    8.	 Negligence: Proximate Cause. A court need not read phrases like
    “results from” to require “but for” causality where there are textual or
    contextual indications to the contrary.
    9.	 Proximate Cause: Criminal Law: Torts. The concept of proximate
    causation is applicable in both criminal and tort law, and the analysis is
    parallel in many instances.
    10.	 Proximate Cause. As a general matter, to say one event proximately
    caused another is a way of making two separate but related assertions:
    First, it means the former event caused the latter; second, it means
    that it was not just any cause, but one with a sufficient connection to
    the result.
    11.	 Negligence: Proximate Cause. The idea of proximate cause, as distinct
    from actual cause or cause in fact, is a flexible concept that generally
    refers to the basic requirement that there must be some direct relation
    between the injury asserted and the injurious conduct alleged.
    12.	 ____: ____. A requirement of proximate cause serves to preclude
    liability in situations where the causal link between conduct and
    result is so attenuated that the consequence is more aptly described as
    mere fortuity.
    13.	 Negligence: Proximate Cause: Words and Phrases. A “proximate
    cause” is a moving or effective cause or fault which, in the natural and
    continuous sequence, unbroken by an efficient intervening cause, pro-
    duces a death or injury and without which the death or injury would not
    have occurred.
    14.	 Proximate Cause: Proof. Three basic requirements must be met in
    establishing proximate cause: (1) that without the misconduct, the injury
    would not have occurred, commonly known as the “but for” rule; (2)
    that the injury was a natural and probable result of the misconduct; and
    (3) that there was no efficient intervening cause.
    15.	 Criminal Law: Negligence: Proximate Cause: Words and Phrases.
    Criminal conduct is a proximate cause of the event if the event in ques-
    tion would not have occurred but for that conduct; conversely, conduct
    is not a proximate cause of an event if that event would have occurred
    without such conduct.
    16.	 Negligence: Proximate Cause. An intervening cause supersedes
    and cuts off the causal link only when the intervening cause is not
    foreseeable.
    - 515 -
    Nebraska A dvance Sheets
    292 Nebraska R eports
    STATE v. IRISH
    Cite as 
    292 Neb. 513
    Appeal from the District Court for Madison County: M ark
    A. Johnson, Judge. Affirmed.
    Alan G. Stoler, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.
    Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Stacy M. Foust
    for appellee.
    Wright, Connolly, Miller-Lerman, Cassel, and Stacy, JJ.
    Cassel, J.
    INTRODUCTION
    A statute1 criminalizes the act of proximately causing seri-
    ous bodily injury to another while driving under the influence
    of alcohol. Because “but for” causation is a component of
    proximate causation, the State had to prove that but for the
    defendant’s act of driving while under the influence of alcohol,
    the serious bodily injury would not have occurred. The State
    did so. And because the injury was a direct and natural result
    of the defendant’s act of driving while under the influence and
    there was no efficient intervening cause, the evidence supports
    the conviction.
    BACKGROUND
    At approximately 12:55 a.m. on February 9, 2014, Bryant L.
    Irish and his passenger were involved in a one-vehicle rollover
    accident. Irish’s passenger suffered head injuries after being
    ejected from the vehicle, a pickup truck. The State charged
    Irish with driving under the influence of alcoholic liquor caus-
    ing serious bodily injury in violation of § 60-6,198(1).
    At the start of a bench trial, the parties stipulated to a num-
    ber of facts:
    • A test of Irish’s blood after the accident showed a blood alco-
    hol content of .117 of a gram per 100 milliliters of blood.
    1
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,198(1) (Cum. Supp. 2014).
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    • Irish’s passenger suffered serious bodily injury as defined in
    the relevant statute.
    • It appeared that the pickup had failed to negotiate a curve in
    the road.
    • Two warning signs were in the area prior to a 90-degree turn:
    a “turn ahead” sign and a “road work ahead” sign.
    • An accident reconstructionist opined that the vehicle’s mini-
    mum speed at the time it began to brake was 86.74 miles per
    hour. The posted speed limit was 45 miles per hour.
    • The roadway contained patches of ice and snow cover.
    • There were no centerline or fog line markings on the
    roadway.
    • The front airbags did not deploy, and the occupants did not
    use seatbelts.
    • According to research, the use of seatbelts prevents serious
    injury and death during collisions and is effective in prevent-
    ing ejections.
    Law enforcement officers testified regarding what Irish
    told them following the accident. Irish admitted that he was
    driving the pickup and that he consumed “no more than”
    10 beers. Irish said that when the road began to curve and
    he attempted to turn, he realized it was too icy to maneuver
    his vehicle.
    An accident reconstructionist testified that speeding was
    “definitely a factor” in the accident. The reconstructionist also
    explained that motor skills and reflexes “slow down by the
    increase of alcohol in the system.” He testified that an intoxi-
    cated person often shows a lack of judgment.
    The district court convicted Irish of the charged offense. The
    court found beyond a reasonable doubt that Irish was driving
    under the influence of alcoholic liquor at the relevant time
    and that the impairment by alcohol caused the motor vehicle
    accident which proximately caused the serious bodily injury
    to the passenger. The court found that no efficient intervening
    cause existed.
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    STATE v. IRISH
    Cite as 
    292 Neb. 513
    Irish moved for a new trial. Among other grounds, he
    asserted that the verdict was contrary to the law in light of the
    U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Burrage v. U.S.2 The dis-
    trict court overruled the motion and later imposed a sentence
    of probation.
    Irish filed a timely appeal, and we granted his petition to
    bypass the Nebraska Court of Appeals.
    ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
    Irish assigns two errors. First, he alleges that the district
    court erred by failing to strictly construe the proximate cause
    element of § 60-6,198(1) to require a “but for” causal analysis
    of proximate cause. Second, Irish claims that had the court
    properly analyzed the proximate cause requirement as a “but
    for” requirement, it could not have found him guilty beyond a
    reasonable doubt of violating § 60-6,198(1).
    STANDARD OF REVIEW
    [1] Statutory interpretation presents a question of law, for
    which an appellate court has an obligation to reach an indepen-
    dent conclusion irrespective of the determination made by the
    court below.3
    [2,3] When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to sup-
    port a conviction, the relevant question for an appellate court
    is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favor-
    able to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
    found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
    doubt.4 The determination of causation, including proximate
    causation, is ordinarily a question of fact.5
    2
    Burrage v. U.S., ___ U.S. ____, 
    134 S. Ct. 881
    , 
    187 L. Ed. 2d 715
    (2014).
    3
    State v. Covey, 
    290 Neb. 257
    , 
    859 N.W.2d 558
    (2015).
    4
    Id.
    5
    State v. Muro, 
    269 Neb. 703
    , 
    695 N.W.2d 425
    (2005).
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    STATE v. IRISH
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    292 Neb. 513
    ANALYSIS
    Elements of Crime
    [4,5] We first recall what the State must prove in order
    to obtain a conviction for driving under the influence caus-
    ing serious bodily injury. The elements of driving under the
    influence in violation of § 60-6,198 are: (1) The defendant
    was operating a motor vehicle, (2) the defendant was operat-
    ing a motor vehicle in violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 60-6,196
    (Reissue 2010) or § 60-6,197 (Cum. Supp. 2014), and (3) the
    defendant’s act of driving under the influence proximately
    caused serious bodily injury to another person.6 Thus, to
    convict an accused driver in cases involving alcohol brought
    under § 60-6,198, the State must prove beyond a reasonable
    doubt that the act of driving while under the influence of alco-
    holic liquor was a proximate cause of serious bodily injury to
    another person.7
    [6] We digress to note that in making a determination as to
    causation, a court should not focus on a defendant’s intoxi-
    cation rather than his or her act of driving while under the
    influence of alcohol or drugs. Several of our motor vehicle
    homicide cases contain language suggesting that a defendant’s
    intoxicated condition rather than the act of driving was key,
    and to that extent, we disapprove of those cases.8 Although
    the district court articulated that Irish’s impairment by alco-
    hol caused the accident, that articulation did not discount the
    part that Irish’s act of driving played in causing the motor
    vehicle accident.
    6
    See State v. Dragoo, 
    277 Neb. 858
    , 
    765 N.W.2d 666
    (2009).
    7
    See State v. Adams, 
    251 Neb. 461
    , 
    558 N.W.2d 298
    (1997). See, also, State
    v. Anderson, 
    269 Neb. 365
    , 
    693 N.W.2d 267
    (2005); State v. Bartlett, 
    3 Neb. Ct. App. 218
    , 
    525 N.W.2d 237
    (1994).
    8
    See, State v. Back, 
    241 Neb. 301
    , 
    488 N.W.2d 26
    (1992); State v. Batts,
    
    233 Neb. 776
    , 
    448 N.W.2d 136
    (1989); State v. Ring, 
    233 Neb. 720
    , 
    447 N.W.2d 908
    (1989); State v. Sommers, 
    201 Neb. 809
    , 
    272 N.W.2d 367
          (1978).
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    STATE v. IRISH
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    292 Neb. 513
    Sufficiency of Evidence
    The crux of this appeal is whether a reasonable trier of fact
    could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Irish’s act
    of driving while under the influence of alcohol proximately
    caused serious bodily injury to his passenger. Irish argues that
    the district court could not have found him guilty beyond a
    reasonable doubt, because too many other factors contributed
    to the accident.
    Relying upon Burrage v. U.S.,9 Irish argues that the State
    was required to prove “but for” causation. In Burrage, the
    defendant was convicted under a federal statute that imposed
    a 20-year mandatory minimum sentence on a defendant who
    unlawfully distributed a Schedule I or II drug when “death or
    serious bodily injury results from the use of such substance.”10
    The Supreme Court reasoned that the statute’s use of the phrase
    “results from” required “but for” causation. The Court deter-
    mined that the penalty enhancement provision did not apply
    when use of a covered drug contributed to, but was not a “but
    for” cause of, the victim’s death or injury. In order for the
    defendant to be liable under the mandatory minimum provi-
    sion, the drug had to be an independently sufficient cause of
    the victim’s death or serious bodily injury.
    [7,8] The Burrage decision is not particularly instructive for
    two reasons. First, Burrage involved statutory interpretation of
    a federal statute. But we are called to interpret a state statute.
    The U.S. Supreme Court’s interpretation of a federal statute
    is not binding upon our interpretation of a state statute.11 And
    here, the statutes address different matters. Second, the statu-
    tory causation language in Burrage was “results from,” but
    in the instant appeal, the statute’s causation phrase is “proxi-
    mately causes.” A court need not read phrases like “results
    9
    Burrage v. U.S., supra note 2.
    10
    See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C) (2012).
    11
    See State v. Portsche, 
    258 Neb. 926
    , 
    606 N.W.2d 794
    (2000).
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    from” to require “but for” causality where there are textual or
    contextual indications to the contrary.12 In this case, the text
    of the statute plainly calls for proximate causation. And as we
    explain in detail below, proximate cause includes the concept
    of “but for” causation.
    [9-12] The concept of proximate causation is applicable
    in both criminal and tort law, and the analysis is parallel
    in many instances.13 As a general matter, to say one event
    proximately caused another is a way of making two separate
    but related assertions: First, it means the former event caused
    the latter; second, it means that it was not just any cause,
    but one with a sufficient connection to the result.14 The idea
    of proximate cause, as distinct from actual cause or cause in
    fact, is a flexible concept that generally refers to the basic
    requirement that there must be some direct relation between
    the injury asserted and the injurious conduct alleged.15 A
    requirement of proximate cause serves to preclude liability in
    situations where the causal link between conduct and result
    is so attenuated that the consequence is more aptly described
    as mere fortuity.16
    [13-15] Proximate causation and “but for” causation are
    interrelated. A “proximate cause” is a moving or effective
    cause or fault which, in the natural and continuous sequence,
    unbroken by an efficient intervening cause, produces a death
    or injury and without which the death or injury would not
    have occurred.17 Three basic requirements must be met in
    establishing proximate cause: (1) that without the misconduct,
    12
    See Burrage v. U.S., supra note 2.
    13
    Paroline v. U.S., ___ U.S. ____, 
    134 S. Ct. 1710
    , 
    188 L. Ed. 2d 714
          (2014).
    14
    See 
    id. 15 See
    id.
    16
    See 
    id.
    17
    See 
    State v. Sommers, supra note 8.
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    the injury would not have occurred, commonly known as the
    “but for” rule; (2) that the injury was a natural and probable
    result of the misconduct; and (3) that there was no efficient
    intervening cause.18 Criminal conduct is a proximate cause of
    the event if the event in question would not have occurred but
    for that conduct; conversely, conduct is not a proximate cause
    of an event if that event would have occurred without such
    conduct.19 Thus, “but for” causation is encompassed within
    proximate causation.
    A reasonable trier of fact could find “but for” causation in
    this case. If Irish had not been driving the pickup while under
    the influence, his passenger would not have been seriously
    injured when Irish failed to negotiate a curve and rolled the
    pickup, leading to the ejection of the passenger. There is a
    causal nexus between Irish’s act of driving while under the
    influence and the passenger’s serious bodily injury; such injury
    did not merely occur while Irish was driving.
    The presence of other factors combining with Irish’s act of
    driving while under the influence does not defeat “but for”
    causation. Irish argues that “but for” causation cannot be estab-
    lished due to other considerations such as vehicle speed, road
    construction, failure of the passenger to wear a seatbelt, and
    snow and ice on the road. We find helpful the following expla-
    nation of the U.S. Supreme Court:
    Thus, “where A shoots B, who is hit and dies, we can
    say that A [actually] caused B’s death, since but for A’s
    conduct B would not have died.” . . . The same conclu-
    sion follows if the predicate act combines with other
    factors to produce the result, so long as the other factors
    alone would not have done so—if, so to speak, it was
    the straw that broke the camel’s back. Thus, if poison is
    18
    See Amanda C. v. Case, 
    275 Neb. 757
    , 
    749 N.W.2d 429
    (2008). See, also,
    State v. Muro, supra note 5.
    19
    State v. Muro, supra note 5.
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    administered to a man debilitated by multiple diseases,
    it is a but-for cause of his death even if those diseases
    played a part in his demise, so long as, without the incre-
    mental effect of the poison, he would have lived.20
    The other factors to which Irish points may have combined
    with Irish’s act of driving to produce the result, but a reason-
    able trier of fact could conclude that the other factors alone
    would not have done so. And Irish’s act of driving while
    under the influence was an independently sufficient cause of
    the passenger’s serious bodily injury. Thus, “but for” causa-
    tion exists.
    [16] A reasonable trier of fact could also conclude that the
    passenger’s serious bodily injury was a direct and natural result
    of Irish’s act of driving the pickup while under the influence of
    alcohol and that no intervening cause superseded and severed
    the causal link. An intervening cause supersedes and cuts off
    the causal link only when the intervening cause is not fore-
    seeable.21 The other factors that Irish claims contributed to the
    accident were not efficient intervening causes, because they
    were foreseeable. And, as noted, there was sufficient causal
    connection between Irish’s act of driving while under the
    influence of alcohol and the resulting serious bodily injury to
    Irish’s passenger.
    The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the
    prosecution, supports a conclusion that Irish’s act of driv-
    ing in violation of § 60-6,196 proximately caused serious
    bodily injury to his passenger. We recognize that the district
    court did not use the words “but for” in its findings or any
    similar language to show that it clearly considered the first
    component of proximate causation. Rather, the court stated:
    “[I]mpairment by alcohol caused the motor vehicle accident
    which, in turn, proximately caused the serious bodily injury to
    20
    Burrage v. U.S., supra note 
    2, 134 S. Ct. at 888
    .
    21
    See Wilke v. Woodhouse Ford, 
    278 Neb. 800
    , 
    774 N.W.2d 370
    (2009).
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    his passenger . . . . No efficient intervening cause exists.” The
    court correctly concluded that proximate causation existed,
    although its articulation was not precisely correct. Because a
    reasonable trier of fact could find that Irish’s act of driving
    while under the influence was both a “but for” cause and a
    proximate cause of the passenger’s serious bodily injury, the
    State met its burden of proof to sustain a conviction under
    § 60-6,198(1).
    CONCLUSION
    A reasonable trier of fact could conclude that the passenger
    would not have suffered serious bodily injury but for Irish’s
    act of driving while under the influence of alcohol, that the
    serious bodily injury was a direct and natural result of Irish’s
    act of driving while under the influence, and that there was no
    efficient intervening cause. Because a reasonable trier of fact
    could find that the State met its burden of proof on causation,
    there was sufficient evidence to support Irish’s conviction.
    A ffirmed.
    Heavican, C.J., and McCormack, J., not participating.