State ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Castrejon , 311 Neb. 560 ( 2022 )

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
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STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. CASTREJON
Cite as 311 Neb. 560State of Nebraska ex rel. Counsel for Discipline
of the Nebraska Supreme Court, relator,
v. Dazmi H. Castrejon, respondent.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed May 13, 2022. No. S-20-825.
Judgment of suspension.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Per Curiam.
INTRODUCTION
On November 23, 2020, formal charges containing two
counts were filed by the office of the Counsel for Discipline
of the Nebraska Supreme Court, the relator, against Dazmi H.
Castrejon, the respondent. The respondent filed an answer to
the formal charges on January 6, 2021. This court appointed
a referee who conducted a hearing. At the hearing, the parties
offered a joint statement of facts and agreed on the record that
the violations alleged in the formal charges were not disputed
and that the only contested issue was appropriate discipline.
The referee filed a report on January 31, 2022. With respect
to the allegations contained in the formal charges, the referee
concluded that the respondent’s conduct breached the follow-
ing provisions of the Nebraska Rules of Professional Conduct:
Neb. Ct. R. of Prof. Cond. §§ 3-501.5(a) (fees and account-
ing), 3-501.15 (safekeeping funds), 3-508.1(b) (unresponsive-
ness in disciplinary matters), and 3-508.4(a) to (c) (rev. 2016)
(misconduct). The referee further found that the respondent
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STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. CASTREJON
Cite as 311 Neb. 560had violated her oath of office as an attorney licensed to
practice law in the State of Nebraska. See Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 7-104 (Reissue 2012). With respect to the discipline to be
imposed, the referee recommended suspension of the respond­
ent’s license to practice law for a period of 2 years, followed
by a period of probation or supervision. The relator moved
for judgment on the pleadings under Neb. Ct. R. § 3-310(L)
(rev. 2019) of the disciplinary rules. We grant the motion
for judgment on the pleadings and impose discipline as indi-
cated below.
FACTS
Background.
The respondent was admitted to the practice of law in
the State of Nebraska on January 24, 2011. The respond­
ent worked for another attorney for approximately 2 years
after her admission to practice, and thereafter, she maintained
her own law practice as a solo practitioner under the name
“Castrejon Law Office.” Beginning in 2018, the respondent
practiced with another attorney, Erika Buenrostro, as a firm
entitled “Castrejon & Buenrostro, LLC.” At all times relevant
to these proceedings, she had engaged in the practice of law in
Omaha, Nebraska.
Grounds for Attorney Discipline.
The violations arise from the respondent’s improprieties in
managing her Interest on Lawyers Trust Account (IOLTA), her
failure to provide an adequate accounting for fees to a former
client, and her delays in responding to inquiries from the rela-
tor relating to these matters.
Procedural History.
Between January 2017 and September 2019, the relator
received four separate overdraft notifications regarding the
respondent’s IOLTA. With each overdraft, the relator asked
the respondent for an explanation, and in September 2019,
the relator subpoenaed the respondent’s bank record for her
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STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. CASTREJON
Cite as 311 Neb. 560Castrejon Law Office IOLTA. After the respondent failed to
adequately respond to the relator’s requests for explanations
regarding the transfers of money from her business and per-
sonal checking accounts into her Castrejon Law Office IOLTA,
the relator upgraded the matter to a formal grievance. The
respondent submitted a written response to the formal griev-
ance as follows:
•  I will clarify that the IOLTA account was only intended
to hold client money that is used to pay immigration fil-
ing fees until they are needed.
•  Our office charges flat fees, and per our understand-
ing of the ethics and rules of conduct, flat fees can be
deposited into the regular business operating account
upon receipt.
•  I began falling behind on filing my personal federal
tax returns with the IRS and as a result of this, started
receiving letters and notices from them, including
notices of possible levies.
•  I did not know how to handle the situation appropri-
ately and instead of seeking help or taking appropriate
measures to resolve the situation, I instead panicked and
withdrew into myself by trying to avoid the situation.
•  However, I still wanted to ensure that I would be able
to have some cash flow for the business and for pay-
ing staff payroll in the event that levies would be
implemented.
•  So, I would make the regular deposits into my business
checking account, but not knowing when those accounts
would be levied upon, I started transferring money from
my business checking account into my IOLTA account
as “safekeeping” knowing that if it was there it would
not be subject to any levies.
•  Thus, while I continued to use the IOLTA account as
it was intended for, making appropriate deposits and
withdrawals for client filing fees, I did start also using
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STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. CASTREJON
Cite as 311 Neb. 560it to keep regular business income in it and then trans-
ferring it back as needed.
•  I knew that my actions were wrong and inappropriate.
•  When I jointly opened Castrejon & Buensotro, LLC in
2008, it was with the intention of phasing out Castrejon
Law Office.
•  My partner Erika Buenrostro manages all accounts
for Castrejon & Buenrostro LLC[,] and I manage the
Castrejon Law Office accounts. We do not have joint
access to these accounts.
•  The Castrejon Law Office IOLTA has now been phased
out in its entirety, meaning, there is no more client
money that needs to be drawn from it, and no more
money will be deposited into it.
•  All client filing fees from this point forward are being
processed through the Castrejon & Buenrostro IOLTA
account which I do not have access to.
On March 18, 2020, we temporarily suspended the respond­
ent’s license to practice law. The respondent’s IOLTA was also
closed in March 2020.
On April 1, 2020, the relator received a written griev-
ance from a former client of the respondent, alleging that the
respondent had charged $3,500 for assistance with an “I-130”
immigration-related application, that the former client had
requested an accounting of services and a refund of any unused
funds, and that the client received a refund of $636 without
an accounting of work done. The respondent failed to respond
to the former client, to the grievance letter, and to a formal
complaint to the respondent’s last known address. The respond­
ent had not reported to the relator or “Attorney Services”
of a change in her mailing address or contact information.
After several attempts to contact the respondent, the relator
amended the formal complaint and sent the new complaint to
the respond­ent’s updated address.
Formal charges were filed on November 23, 2020, and
on January 6, 2021, the respondent filed an answer. She
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Cite as 311 Neb. 560admitted that she used her IOLTA to shield money from the
Internal Revenue Service’s levy attempts, placing client money
at risk for seizure; that she deposited funds into the Castrejon
Law Office IOLTA greater than necessary to pay bank service
charges on that account; that she deposited funds that were not
connected with the representation of a client; and that she com-
mingled her funds with client funds. With respect to the former
client, she admitted that she failed to provide a full accounting
of services she had provided. She admitted that she failed to
cooperate with the formal investigation and did not provide
any of the requested information to the relator.
Referee’s Report.
The referee held a hearing at which the respondent testi-
fied and evidence was adduced. The parties stipulated to a
joint statement of facts, in which the respondent admitted the
formal charges and allegations of her actions and misconduct
as proved. The only contested issue at the hearing was the
question of appropriate discipline. In the January 31, 2022,
report, the referee found that by clear and convincing evidence,
through the respondent’s conduct, the respondent had breached
provisions of the Nebraska Rules of Professional Conduct
as follows: §§ 3-501.5(a) (fees and accounting), 3-501.15
(safekeeping funds), 3-508.1(b) (unresponsiveness in discipli­
nary matters), and 3-508.4(a) to (c) (misconduct). The referee
further found that with regard to each of the counts enumer-
ated above, the respondent had violated her oath of office as
an attorney licensed to practice law in the State of Nebraska.
See § 7-104.
The record upon which the referee found violations was
based on extensive exhibits and testimony from the respond­
ent and her therapist. Morgan Keen Hecht, a licensed indepen-
dent mental health practitioner and licensed certified social
worker, offered expert testimony concerning domestic abuse,
domestic violence, and coercive control, and she described
her treatment of the respondent from December 2020 to the
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STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. CASTREJON
Cite as 311 Neb. 560time of the hearing. Hecht and the respondent had met on
average twice per month. Hecht testified to the “Power and
Control Wheel of Violence,” which addresses both physical
and sexual violence and is divided into eight criteria and is
applicable regardless of the gender of the person exercising
power and control. Hecht testified that all of the following
indicia were present with the respondent’s relationship with
her ­ex-husband: (1) using intimidation; (2) using emotional
abuse; (3) using isolation; (4) minimizing, denying, or blam-
ing; (5) using children; (6) using male privilege; (7) using
economic abuse; and (8) using coercion and threats. Hecht
related a series of traumas the respondent had experienced
over the course of her life starting in her childhood, which
traumas included sexual assault and her marriage to her
abusive husband at age 16. The respondent gave birth to her
older daughter when the respondent was 17 years old. The
respondent’s ex-husband became increasingly abusive, and the
escalating demands began to overwhelm the respondent “to
the point of being actually immobilized at some point and not
able to use what we know are the intellectual and emotional
capacity that she actually has.” This was exacerbated when
the ex-husband became physically violent toward the couple’s
older daughter, and the respondent was alerted that he might
be sexually inappropriate toward the older daughter.
Hecht testified that the respondent had described the sit­
uation within the family as escalating to crisis proportions by
2015. The husband’s business failed, and the family lost about
$25,000. The respondent was unable to keep up economically,
she was not handling her professional financial responsibili-
ties, and the Internal Revenue Service had become involved.
She did not share this with her husband, because she feared
“abuse or worse.” Because of the abuse and isolation, the
respondent had no family or close confidant in which she
could confide.
In 2019, the respondent was teaching the older daughter
how to drive an automobile; her ex-husband found out and
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STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. CASTREJON
Cite as 311 Neb. 560flew into a rage. The ex-husband attacked and threatened to
kill the daughter, the respondent, and himself. The younger
daughter, in fear, called the police, but the police took no
further action after defusing the matter on scene. A month
later, the husband had “another violent temper tantrum,”
and the respond­ent fled from the house with the younger
daughter, went to a park, and told her husband she was call-
ing the police. When the respondent and younger daughter
returned home, the husband was gone, and he never returned.
The respondent had described her husband’s abandonment as
“number one crisis and loss in her life.” Hecht testified that
as of this event, the respondent was devastated and became
nonfunctional for a period of months. She also lost her law
license, and this was followed by extreme financial problems
and economic privation.
Hecht diagnosed the respondent with post-traumatic stress
disorder and “major depressive episode with severe anxious
distress.” Based on Hecht’s testimony, the referee found that
a person so afflicted would be incapable of functioning as a
lawyer. Hecht opined that the respondent should continue in
therapy for about 1 year beyond the time of the hearing. She
testified that based on her interactions with the respondent, the
respondent was clearly aware that the conduct which resulted
in the formal charges was clearly wrong and a violation of the
lawyer’s ethical code. She testified that she observed that the
respondent is a highly intelligent and ethical human being with
the “capacity to live out high ethics.”
The referee found that the testimony of the respondent and
Hecht was truthful and accurate. The referee further found that
the extreme mental and emotional distress of the respondent,
as well as the disability resulting from it, existed throughout
the entire period of her conduct that was the basis for the
formal charges. After reviewing the factors for discipline,
the referee emphasized the “extraordinary circumstances in
this case” and found that a suspension with the possibility
of a return to practice if and when the Supreme Court deems
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STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. CASTREJON
Cite as 311 Neb. 560appropriate was in the public interest. The referee found that
because the respondent was a victim of domestic violence, her
trauma and mental health were substantial mitigating factors,
and he noted that the respondent had voluntarily and in good
faith sought professional mental health treatment. The referee
noted with respect to her rehabilitative potential that
the Respondent could endure a lifetime of physical and
sexual violence beginning at the age of five (5) and
continuing for over more than two decades, while at the
same time completing her high school, college[,] and law
school educations, maintaining a household and raising
two children, is a remarkable and unique testament to her
extraordinary qualities as a human being.
The referee recommended suspension of the respondent’s
license to practice law for a period of 2 years, with credit
for the time since she surrendered her license to practice
law, followed by a period of probation or supervision. The
referee recommended that the respondent be ordered to com-
plete her current treatment with Hecht and that she remain in
therapy with a licensed professional through the balance of
her supervision.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Because attorney discipline cases are original proceedings
before this court, we review a referee’s recommendations de
novo on the record, reaching a conclusion independent of the
referee’s findings. State ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Trembly, 300
Neb. 195, 912 N.W.2d 764 (2018).
ANALYSIS
A proceeding to discipline an attorney is a trial de novo
on the record. State ex. rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Wolfe, 301
Neb. 117, 918 N.W.2d 244 (2018). To sustain a charge in a
disciplinary proceeding against an attorney, a charge must be
established by clear and convincing evidence. Id. Violation of
a disciplinary rule concerning the practice of law is a ground
for discipline. Id.- 568 -
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STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. CASTREJON
Cite as 311 Neb. 560Based on the record and the undisputed findings of the ref-
eree, we find that the above-referenced facts have been estab-
lished by clear and convincing evidence. Based on the forego-
ing evidence, we conclude that by virtue of the respondent’s
conduct, the respondent has violated §§ 3-501.5(a), 3-501.15,
3-508.1(b), and 3-508.4(a) to (c). We specifically conclude that
the respondent has violated her oath of office as an attorney,
see § 7-104. Accordingly, we grant the joint motion for judg-
ment on the pleadings.
We have stated that the basic issues in a disciplinary pro-
ceeding against a lawyer are whether discipline should be
imposed and, if so, the type of discipline appropriate under
the circumstances. State ex. rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Wolfe,
supra. Neb. Ct. R. § 3-304 of the disciplinary rules provides
that the following may be considered as discipline for attor-
ney misconduct:
(A) Misconduct shall be grounds for:
(1) Disbarment by the Court; or
(2) Suspension by the Court; or
(3) Probation by the Court in lieu of or subsequent to
suspension, on such terms as the Court may designate; or
(4) Censure and reprimand by the Court; or
(5) Temporary suspension by the Court; or
(6) Private reprimand by the Committee on Inquiry or
Disciplinary Review Board.
(B) The Court may, in its discretion, impose one or
more of the disciplinary sanctions set forth above.
See, also, § 3-310(N).
With respect to the imposition of attorney discipline in an
individual case, we evaluate each attorney discipline case in
light of its particular facts and circumstances. State ex rel.
Counsel for Dis. v. Wolfe, supra. For purposes of determin-
ing the proper discipline of an attorney, this court considers
the attorney’s acts both underlying the events of the case and
throughout the proceeding, as well as any aggravating or miti-
gating factors. Id.- 569 -
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STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. CASTREJON
Cite as 311 Neb. 560To determine whether and to what extent discipline should
be imposed in an attorney discipline proceeding, this court
considers the following factors: (1) the nature of the offense,
(2) the need for deterring others, (3) the maintenance of
the reputation of the bar as a whole, (4) the protection of the
public, (5) the attitude of the offender generally, and (6) the
offender’s present or future fitness to continue in the practice
of law. Id.The evidence in the present case establishes that there were
several types of misconduct, including that the respondent
deposited her own funds into her IOLTA to avoid levy by the
Internal Revenue Service, failed to respond to the relator’s
investigations and requests for information, and failed to pro-
vide an accounting to a former client.
Mishandling of trust accounts is one of the most serious vio-
lations of professional responsibility, and it must be deterred.
Absent mitigating circumstances, the appropriate sanction is
disbarment. State ex rel. Counsel for Dis. v. Council, 289 Neb.
33, 853 N.W.2d 844 (2014) (noting that we have disbarred
numerous attorneys for the misappropriation of client funds).
“Mitigating factors may ‘overcome the presumption of disbar-
ment in misappropriation and commingling cases’ where they
are ‘extraordinary’ and ‘substantially outweigh’ any aggravat-
ing circumstances.” Id. at 45, 853 N.W.2d at 853. When an
attorney asserts domestic violence as a mitigating factor, the
relator has an obligation to investigate and present evidence, if
any, regarding the claim. The burden of proof of a mitigating
factor is on the attorney.
With respect to the protection of the public, the referee noted
that the respondent has demonstrated medical improvement,
indicating a repeat of misconduct is extremely unlikely. We
note Hecht’s extensive testimony regarding the respondent’s
success in therapy, her commitment to continuing therapy, and
the potential for ethical future conduct should the respondent
return to the practice of law.
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STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. CASTREJON
Cite as 311 Neb. 560The respondent has admitted wrongdoing and, since her
answer to the formal charges, has cooperated with the relator
despite her extreme mental and emotional distress. She sought
help from professionals for both mental health support and
accounting, and she unconditionally agreed to continue in men-
tal health therapy.
Although the respondent’s fitness to practice law was sig-
nificantly impaired, the referee found that the respondent can
regain her fitness and capability to practice law.
With respect to mitigating factors, the parties agree that the
respondent had no prior disciplinary complaints against her.
Several letters of support attested to her work ethic, charac-
ter, and advocacy on behalf of underrepresented and under-
served populations.
We have not previously addressed the role of domestic
violence victimization, including intimate partner violence,
coercive control, relationship abuse, and sexual violence in
attorney ethical breaches. Specifically, we have not considered
the role of being a victim of domestic violence serves as a
mitigator in attorney discipline. Compare State ex. rel. Counsel
for Dis. v. Thompson, 264 Neb. 831, 642 N.W.2d 593 (2002)
(establishing considerations for mitigation involving mental
health issues). In the referee’s report, there was no mention of
the nascent Nebraska Lawyers Assistance Program’s undertak-
ing that assists and supports lawyers, judges, and law students
who experience intimate partner violence. Acknowledging
the “alarming trend within the legal profession” in reported
domestic violence and sexual assaults, the Nebraska Lawyers
Assistance Program now provides resources to legal profes-
sionals experiencing intimate partner violence. See Chris
Aupperle, Acknowledging Relationship Violence Within the
Legal Profession, Neb. Lawyer, Jan.-Feb. 2022, at 47. Further,
in a related area, we note the recent creation of Lancaster
County’s Safe and Healthy Families Court, a postadjudication
court program for families where one of the adjudication issues
involved domestic violence.
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STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. CASTREJON
Cite as 311 Neb. 560As it relates to attorneys, the impact of intimate partner
violence has been recognized nationwide, and courts have spe-
cifically considered such circumstances to be a mitigating fac-
tor in attorney discipline. The Supreme Court of Washington
stated in In re Disciplinary Proceeding Against Dornay, 160
Wash. 2d 671, 687, 161 P.3d 333, 341 (2007), that intimate
partner violence did not excuse the attorney’s actions, but was
“a mitigating factor that merits substantial weight.” Oklahoma
has addressed similar mitigation issues in several discipli­
nary matters where the attorney’s misconduct correlated with
the years of domestic violence and threats of violence by the
attorney’s abuser or where intimate partner violence contrib-
uted to the attorney’s extreme emotional distress. See, State
ex. rel. Oklahoma Bar Association v. Levisay, 2020 OK 86,
474 P.3d 875 (2020); State ex. rel. Oklahoma Bar Association
v. Black, 2018 OK 85, 432 P.3d 227 (2018); State ex. rel.
Oklahoma Bar Association v. Hastings, 2017 OK 43, 395 P.3d
552 (2017). In a Georgia disciplinary case, an attorney who
admitted that she converted client funds for her own personal
use to recover from the financial challenges brought on by her
former abusive relationship was found to have done so due to
extreme emotional distress stemming from domestic violence.
Matter of Saunders, 304 Ga. 824, 822 S.E.2d 235 (2018). In
such cases, the impact of the intimate partner violence caused
mental distress and emotional problems for the attorney and
could be considered as a mitigating factor in determining the
appropriate discipline.
The record shows that Castrejon’s medical evidence estab-
lished that she was affected by numerous mental and emotional
traumas related to sexual assault and domestic partner violence.
The testimonial evidence connected her mental and emotional
state as a contributing cause of her misconduct. The testimony
of Hecht and the respondent demonstrated that the treatment
has been successful, that Castrejon is committed to continu-
ing to work on her treatment, and that future misconduct is
highly unlikely.
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STATE EX REL. COUNSEL FOR DIS. v. CASTREJON
Cite as 311 Neb. 560With respect to the discipline to be imposed, the referee
recommended suspension of the respondent’s license to prac-
tice law for a period of 2 years, with credit for her present
temporary suspension. We have considered the record, the
findings of which have been established by clear and convinc-
ing evidence, and the applicable law. Upon due consideration,
the court finds extraordinary mitigating factors and finds
that a 30-month suspension, retroactive to March 18, 2020,
is appropriate.
The respondent shall comply with Neb. Ct. R. § 3-316 (rev.
2014), and upon failure to do so, she shall be subject to pun-
ishment for contempt of this court. The respondent is directed
to pay costs and expenses in accordance with Neb. Rev. Stat.
§§ 7-114 and 7-115 (Reissue 2012), § 3-310(P) and Neb. Ct.
R. § 3-323(B) within 60 days after an order imposing costs and
expenses, if any, is entered by this court.
At the end of the 30-month suspension, the respondent may
apply to be reinstated to the practice of law, provided that she
has demonstrated her compliance with § 3-316 and further
provided that the relator has not notified this court that the
respond­ent has violated any disciplinary rule during her sus-
pension. Upon reinstatement, the respondent shall complete
2 years of monitored probation. During the period of proba-
tion, the respondent will be monitored by an attorney licensed
to practice law in the State of Nebraska and approved by the
relator. The 2-year monitoring plan shall include, but not be
limited to, the following:
(1) The respondent shall continue her current regime of
therapy with Hecht, and the respondent will remain in therapy
with Hecht or another licensed professional for the balance of
her supervision or until such time as her therapist or supervis-
ing attorney (see below) jointly agree that ongoing therapy is
no longer needed.
(2) The respondent shall be subject to supervision by an
appropriate licensed Nebraska attorney for a 2-year period.
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Cite as 311 Neb. 560(3) The respondent shall not engage in a solo law practice,
but, rather, she shall work in a setting with other attorneys.
(4) The respondent shall not have primary responsibility
for managing any law firm operating or trust accounts. Any
law firm operating or trust account transactions made by the
respondent shall be reviewed and approved by her supervis-
ing attorney.
(5) The respondent shall complete additional coursework in
accounting as directed by her supervising attorney, to ensure
the respondent’s future compliance with IOLTA requirements.
CONCLUSION
We find that the respondent violated §§ 3-501.5(a), 3-501.15,
3-508.1(b), and 3-508.4(a) to (c), as well as her oath of office
as an attorney, see § 7-104. It is the judgment of this court
that the respondent is suspended from the practice of law for
a period of 30 months, commencing on the date of temporary
suspension, March 18, 2020. Upon completion of the period of
suspension and reinstatement to the bar, the respondent shall be
placed on monitored probation for 2 years, subject to the terms
set forth above.
Judgment of suspension.