State v. Webb , 311 Neb. 694 ( 2022 )

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
06/24/2022 01:05 AM CDT
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
311 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. WEBB
Cite as 311 Neb. 694State of Nebraska, appellee,
v. Yohan Webb, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed June 3, 2022. No. S-21-356.
1. Judgments: Speedy Trial: Appeal and Error. Generally, a trial court’s
determination as to whether charges should be dismissed on speedy trial
grounds is a factual question which will be affirmed on appeal unless
clearly erroneous.
2. Courts: Appeal and Error. Both the district court and a higher appel-
late court generally review appeals from the county court for error
appearing on the record.
3. Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing a judgment for errors
appearing on the record, an appellate court’s inquiry is whether the deci-
sion conforms to the law, is supported by competent evidence, and is
neither arbitrary, capricious, nor unreasonable.
4. Appeal and Error. An appellate court independently reviews questions
of law in appeals from the county court.
5. Speedy Trial. The statutory right to a speedy trial is set forth in Neb.
Rev. Stat. §§ 29-1207 and 29-1208 (Reissue 2016).
6. ____. To calculate the time for statutory speedy trial purposes, a court
must exclude the day the complaint was filed, count forward 6 months,
back up 1 day, and then add any time excluded under Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 29-1207(4) (Reissue 2016) to determine the last day the defendant can
be tried.
7. Speedy Trial: Proof. When calculating the time for speedy trial pur­
poses, the State bears the burden to show, by a preponderance of the
evidence, the applicability of one or more of the excluded time periods
under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1207(4) (Reissue 2016).
8. Statutes: Legislature: Intent. In construing a statute, a court must
determine and give effect to the purpose and intent of the Legislature
as ascertained from the entire language of the statute considered in its
plain, ordinary, and popular sense.
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311 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. WEBB
Cite as 311 Neb. 6949. Statutes: Words and Phrases. The word “including,” when used in a
statute, introduces examples, not an exhaustive list.
10. Constitutional Law: Speedy Trial: Final Orders. A pretrial order
denying a motion for discharge on constitutional speedy trial grounds
does not affect a substantial right in a special proceeding for purposes of
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1902(1)(b) (Cum. Supp. 2020).
Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County, Robert
R. Otte, Judge, on appeal thereto from the County Court for
Lancaster County, Matthew L. Acton, Judge. Judgment of
District Court affirmed in part, and in part dismissed.
Joshua D. Barber, of Barber & Barber, P.C., L.L.O., for
appellant.
Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Stacy M. Foust
for appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Funke, J.
Yohan Webb appeals from an order of the district court
for Lancaster County, Nebraska, which affirmed the county
court’s decision to overrule Webb’s motion for absolute dis-
charge on statutory and constitutional speedy trial grounds. We
affirm in part, and in part dismiss.
BACKGROUND
The State of Nebraska filed a criminal complaint against
Webb on June 3, 2019, in the county court for Lancaster
County. On August 5, Webb filed several pretrial motions,
including a motion for disclosure of intention to use evidence
of other crimes, wrongs, or acts; a motion for disclosure of
intention to use evidence of prior convictions for impeach-
ment; a motion to allow Webb to wear civilian clothing when
in the presence of the jury; a request for a Jackson v. Denno 1
1
Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368, 84 S. Ct. 1774, 12 L. Ed. 2d 908 (1964).
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STATE v. WEBB
Cite as 311 Neb. 694hearing; a motion to remove Webb’s restraints when in the
presence of the jury; a motion for sequestration of the wit-
nesses; and a motion in limine. Webb’s filings did not include
a notice of hearing and were not heard or ruled upon by
the court.
On August 9, 2019, Webb filed a motion for a competency
evaluation. At a hearing held September 5, the court found
Webb incompetent to stand trial and ordered him committed
to a psychiatric hospital for appropriate treatment to remove
the disability. On February 5, 2020, a doctor opined Webb
was competent to stand trial. The court set a hearing regarding
Webb’s competency for March 17, but the matter was con-
tinued three times, until May 8, when the court found Webb
competent to stand trial and scheduled the case for a jury trial
during the court’s July 6 jury term.
On July 1, 2020, Webb requested appointment of substitute
counsel and filed numerous pretrial motions, like those filed on
August 5, 2019. On July 9, 2020, the court sustained Webb’s
motion for substitute counsel and continued trial to August 5.
Also on July 9, Webb filed a motion for discovery which, to
date, has not been ruled upon. On August 5, Webb moved for
a continuance, which the court granted. That same day, the
court set the matter for a pretrial conference to be heard on
August 10 and a jury trial for the September jury term. Webb
failed to appear for the pretrial conference, and a bench war-
rant was issued for his arrest. Webb was arrested on October
10. On October 24, Webb filed a motion for absolute discharge,
alleging violations of his statutory and constitutional speedy
trial rights.
The county court issued an order overruling Webb’s motion,
generally finding that Webb’s August 5, 2019, motions
had stopped the speedy trial clock under Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 29-1207(4)(a) (Reissue 2016). Webb appealed, and the dis-
trict court affirmed, agreeing with the county court that Webb’s
August 5 motions had stopped the speedy trial clock. For
completeness, the district court found there were additional
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
311 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. WEBB
Cite as 311 Neb. 694time periods that would be excludable from the speedy trial
calculation.
Webb appeals.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Webb assigns, restated and consolidated, that the district
court erred in affirming the county court’s decision, because
(1) the State did not meet its burden of proving that time
periods were excludable under § 29-1207(4), (2) time attribut-
able to Webb’s competency proceedings should not have been
excluded, and (3) the length of delays in bringing the case to
trial violated Webb’s constitutional speedy trial rights.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1-4] Generally, a trial court’s determination as to whether
charges should be dismissed on speedy trial grounds is a fac-
tual question which will be affirmed on appeal unless clearly
erroneous. 2 Both the district court and a higher appellate
court generally review appeals from the county court for error
appearing on the record. 3 When reviewing a judgment for
errors appearing on the record, an appellate court’s inquiry is
whether the decision conforms to the law, is supported by com-
petent evidence, and is neither arbitrary, capricious, nor unrea-
sonable. 4 However, an appellate court independently reviews
questions of law in appeals from the county court. 5
ANALYSIS
[5] Webb contends that he was entitled to discharge because
the State violated his statutory right to a speedy trial. The
statutory right to a speedy trial is set forth in § 29-1207 and
2
State v. Abernathy, 310 Neb. 880, 969 N.W.2d 871 (2022); State v.
Billingsley, 309 Neb. 616, 961 N.W.2d 539 (2021).
3
State v. Collins, 307 Neb. 581, 950 N.W.2d 89 (2020).
4
Id.5
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
311 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. WEBB
Cite as 311 Neb. 694Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1208 (Reissue 2016). 6 Under § 29-1207(1),
“[e]very person indicted or informed against for any offense
shall be brought to trial within six months, and such time shall
be computed as provided in this section.” Section 29-1207(2)
generally provides that the “six-month period shall commence
to run from the date the indictment is returned or the informa-
tion filed.” This court has held that Nebraska’s speedy trial
statutes are applicable to prosecutions in county court which
are commenced by the filing of a criminal complaint. 7 Certain
periods of delay are excluded from the speedy trial calcula-
tion. Section 29-1207(4)(a) excludes all time between the
time of the filing of a defendant’s pre­trial motions and their
final disposition.
[6,7] To calculate the time for statutory speedy trial pur-
poses, “‘a court must exclude the day the complaint was filed,
count forward 6 months, back up 1 day, and then add any time
excluded under § 29-1207(4) to determine the last day the
defendant can be tried.’” 8 The State bears the burden to show,
by a preponderance of the evidence, the applicability of one
or more of the excluded time periods under § 29-1207(4). 9 If
a defendant is “not brought to trial before the running of the
time for trial as provided for in section 29-1207, as extended
by excluded periods, he or she shall be entitled to his or her
absolute discharge from the offense charged.” 10
The timeline in this matter is uncontroverted. The State
filed a criminal complaint against Webb in county court on
June 3, 2019. In county court, at the hearing on Webb’s motion
for discharge, the court stated in oral findings that the origi-
nal speedy trial deadline was December 3. As of August 2,
6
State v. Lovvorn, 303 Neb. 844, 932 N.W.2d 64 (2019).
7
State v. Chapman, 307 Neb. 443, 949 N.W.2d 490 (2020).
8
Id. at 448, 949 N.W.2d at 493-94.
9
Billingsley, supra note 2.
10
§ 29-1208.
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STATE v. WEBB
Cite as 311 Neb. 694Webb’s trial was scheduled for the August 5 through 16 jury
term. On August 5, Webb filed seven pretrial motions that
remain pending. The court found, pursuant to § 29-1207(4)(a),
that Webb’s pretrial motions stopped the speedy trial clock on
August 5, meaning Webb had awaited trial for only 64 days.
The court therefore overruled Webb’s motion for absolute
discharge based on statutory speedy trial rights. Additionally,
the court denied Webb’s motion based upon his constitutional
speedy trial right.
Webb appealed to the district court. Webb’s amended state-
ments of errors asserted the county court erred in (1) overrul-
ing his motion for discharge, (2) determining that the State met
its burden of proof, and (3) applying the statutory grounds for
excluding time under § 29-1207(4)(a). The district court con-
cluded that Webb’s appeal “offer[ed] no authority and has no
real argument disputing the County Court’s determination that
the pretrial motions stopped the clock on August 5, 2019.” The
district court agreed with the county court’s analysis that the
August 5 pretrial motions stopped the speedy trial clock and
affirmed the county court’s decision to overrule Webb’s motion
for absolute discharge based on statutory and constitutional
speedy trial rights.
On appeal from the district court’s order to this court, Webb
contends his August 5, 2019, motions should not be considered
when calculating excludable time because the motions were
not specifically enumerated in § 29-1207(4)(a) and because the
motions did not cause any delay in bringing his case to trial.
Section 29-1207(4)(a) provides:
(4) The following periods shall be excluded in comput-
ing the time for trial:
(a) The period of delay resulting from other pro-
ceedings concerning the defendant, including, but not
limited to, an examination and hearing on competency
and the period during which he or she is incompetent
to stand trial; the time from filing until final disposition
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STATE v. WEBB
Cite as 311 Neb. 694of pretrial motions of the defendant, including motions
to suppress evidence, motions to quash the indictment
or information, demurrers and pleas in abatement, and
motions for a change of venue; and the time consumed in
the trial of other charges against the defendant.
Webb’s argument that his August 5, 2019, motions did
not cause any delay in bringing his case to trial is inapposite
to our jurisprudence. Moreover, Webb candidly admitted in
his brief that his argument has previously been rejected by
this court.
We have consistently held the plain terms of § 29-1207(4)(a)
dictate the exclusion of all time between the filing of a defend­
ant’s pretrial motion and the final disposition of such motion,
regardless of the delay of disposition. 11 Additionally, we have
recognized that under § 29-1207(4)(a), the period of delay
is defined by the statute itself as the period between the fil-
ing and final disposition of the pretrial motion. 12 Because a
period of delay is generally synonymous with a period of time,
excludable periods can result from delays in the progression
of a criminal case regardless of whether the trial date was
postponed or remained unchanged. 13 As such this argument is
without merit.
Webb’s argument that because his motions were not the same
type of motions as those specifically listed in § 29-1207(4)(a),
the motions do not qualify as pretrial motions for purposes of
calculating excludable time, is also without merit.
On August 5, 2019, Webb filed a motion for disclosure of
intention to use evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts;
11
State v. Washington, 269 Neb. 728, 695 N.W.2d 438 (2005), citing State v.
Covey, 267 Neb. 210, 673 N.W.2d 208 (2004). See State v. Williams, 277
Neb. 133, 761 N.W.2d 514 (2009).
12
Williams, supra note 11.
13
State v. Coomes, 309 Neb. 749, 962 N.W.2d 510 (2021). See, Lovvorn,
supra note 6; State v. Feldhacker, 267 Neb. 145, 672 N.W.2d 627 (2004).
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
311 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. WEBB
Cite as 311 Neb. 694a motion for disclosure of intention to use evidence of prior
convictions for impeachment; a motion to allow Webb to wear
civilian clothing when in the presence of the jury; a request
for a Jackson v. Denno hearing 14; a motion to remove Webb’s
restraints when in the presence of the jury; a motion for seques-
tration of the witnesses; and a motion in limine. Webb argues
his August 5 motions are not governed by § 29-1207(4)(a),
because they were not “motions to suppress evidence, motions
to quash the indictment or information, demurrers and pleas
in abatement, and motions for a change of venue.” Webb’s
argument focuses on § 29-1207(4)(a)’s phrase “including,
but not limited to” and argues that absent authority that the
Legislature’s inclusion of the language “but not limited to” in
reference to “other proceedings concerning the defendant” in
contrast to its use of just the word “including” with respect to
pretrial motions to the defendant shows an intent to establish
an exclusive list of pretrial motions.
[8,9] In construing a statute, a court must determine and
give effect to the purpose and intent of the Legislature as
ascertained from the entire language of the statute considered
in its plain, ordinary, and popular sense. 15 This court has rec-
ognized the conventional wisdom that the word “including”
introduces examples, not an exhaustive list. 16 We have held
that the word “include,” as used in a statute, connotes that the
provided list of components is not exhaustive and that there are
other items includable that are not specifically enumer­ated. 17
14
Jackson, supra note 1.
15
Ash Grove Cement Co. v. Nebraska Dept. of Rev., 306 Neb. 947, 947
N.W.2d 731 (2020).
16
In re Interest of Seth C., 307 Neb. 862, 951 N.W.2d 135 (2020), citing
Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of
Legal Texts 132 (2012).
17
In re Interest of Seth C., supra note 16; State v. Jedlicka, 305 Neb. 52, 938
N.W.2d 854 (2020); Stephens v. Stephens, 297 Neb. 188, 899 N.W.2d 582(2017), citing Samantar v. Yousuf, 560 U.S. 305, 130 S. Ct. 2278, 176 L.
Ed. 2d 1047 (2010).
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STATE v. WEBB
Cite as 311 Neb. 694The Legislature’s decision to pair the word “including” with
a belt-and-suspenders phrase such as “but not limited to” does
not alter the meaning of “including.” 18 “Including” indicates
a nonexhaustive list, and adding “but not limited to” aids in
emphasizing the nonexhaustive nature. 19 “‘Even though the
word including itself means that the list is merely exemplary
and not exhaustive, the courts have not invariably so held.
So the longer, more explicit variations are necessary in the
eyes of many drafters.’” 20 “Even so, the commonness of these
belts-and-suspenders phrases does not lessen the exemplari-
ness of include.” 21 Thus, based on the plain and ordinary
meaning of the word “including,” under § 29-1207(4)(a), we
reject Webb’s argument.
We again hold that the pretrial motions listed under
§ 29-1207(4)(a) are provided as examples and are not intended
to be an exhaustive list.
Furthermore, Nebraska appellate courts have held in
numerous cases that pretrial motions not specifically enu-
merated in § 29-1207(4)(a) still constitute excludable time. 22
18
See Timberlake v. Douglas County, 291 Neb. 387, 865 N.W.2d 788 (2015),
citing Black’s Law Dictionary 880 (10th ed. 2014).
19
See, U.S. v. Philip Morris USA Inc., 566 F.3d 1095 (D.C. Cir. 2009); Spine
Soc. v. Health Benefits Bd., 453 N.J. Super. 94, 180 A.3d 333 (2018).
20
Scalia & Garner, supra note 16 at 133, quoting Garner’s Dictionary of
Legal Usage 439-40 (3d ed. 2011) (emphasis in original).
21
Id. (emphasis in original).
22
See, State v. Smith, 286 Neb. 856, 839 N.W.2d 333 (2013) (defendant’s
pretrial motion to sever tolled speedy trial period); Williams, supra note 11(discovery motion created excludable period for speedy trial calculation);
State v. Baker, 264 Neb. 867, 652 N.W.2d 612 (2002) (motion to discharge
was excludable time); State v. Turner, 252 Neb. 620, 564 N.W.2d 231(1997) (motions for DNA testing and private investigator were excludable
for speedy trial calculation); State v. Shipler, 17 Neb. App. 66, 758
N.W.2d 41 (2008) (25 days attributable to defendant’s motion in limine
were excludable); State v. Summage, No. A-19-1129, 2020 WL 6589973(Neb. App. Nov. 5, 2020) (motion for production of victim’s mental health
records tolled speedy trial time).
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STATE v. WEBB
Cite as 311 Neb. 694We have also said that “‘[w]here a statute has been judicially
construed and that construction has not evoked an amendment,
it will be presumed that the Legislature has acquiesced in the
court’s determination of the Legislature’s intent.’” 23 As such,
we are not persuaded by Webb’s argument.
The district court and the county court correctly found that
§ 29-1207(4)(a) applies to Webb’s August 5, 2019, motions and
that Webb’s motions stopped the speedy trial clock on the date
he filed them. Because the undisputed record shows the State
carried its burden of showing an excludable time period under
§ 29-1207(4), we affirm the analysis and dispositions of the
district court and the county court.
Webb asserts further arguments regarding his statutory
speedy trial rights. However, given our conclusion that Webb’s
speedy trial clock stopped on August 5, 2019, and calculation
that only 64 days have passed since the filing of the criminal
complaint, we need not address Webb’s remaining arguments.
An appellate court is not obligated to engage in an analysis
that is not necessary to adjudicate the case and controversy
before it. 24
[10] Lastly, Webb contends lengthy delays in competency
proceedings violated his constitutional speedy trial rights.
“[T]he constitutional right to a speedy trial and the statu-
tory implementation of that right exist independently of each
other.” 25 As we recently held, a pretrial order denying a
motion for discharge on constitutional speedy trial grounds
does not affect a substantial right in a special proceeding for
purposes of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1902(1)(b) (Cum. Supp.
2020). 26 We lack appellate jurisdiction to review Webb’s
23
State v. Coble, 299 Neb. 434, 445, 908 N.W.2d 646, 655 (2018).
24
State v. Parnell, 305 Neb. 932, 943 N.W.2d 678 (2020).
25
State v. Brooks, 285 Neb. 640, 643, 828 N.W.2d 496, 499 (2013).
26
State v. Moody, ante p. 143, 970 N.W.2d 770 (2022); Abernathy, supra
note 2.
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
311 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. WEBB
Cite as 311 Neb. 694claim that he was entitled to absolute discharge on constitu-
tional speedy trial grounds. We therefore dismiss that aspect
of Webb’s appeal.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated herein, we affirm in part, and in
part dismiss.
Affirmed in part, and in part dismissed.