State v. A.D. , 305 Neb. 154 ( 2020 )

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
305 Nebraska Reports
STATE v. A.D.
Cite as 305 Neb. 154
State of Nebraska, appellee,
v. A.D., appellant.
State of Nebraska, appellee,
v. C.M., appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed February 28, 2020. Nos. S-19-583, S-19-678.
1. Judgments: Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. A jurisdictional question
that does not involve a factual dispute is determined by an appellate
court as a matter of law, which requires the appellate court to reach a
conclusion independent of the lower court’s decision.
2. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation is a question of
law, which an appellate court resolves independently of the trial court.
3. Statutes. Where it is possible to harmonize apparently conflicting stat-
utes, a court should do so.
4. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. When a lower court lacks the power,
that is, the subject matter jurisdiction, to adjudicate the merits of a
claim, issue, or question, an appellate court also lacks the power to
determine the merits of the claim, issue, or question presented to the
lower court.
5. ____: ____. When an appellate court is without jurisdiction to act, the
appeal must be dismissed.
Appeals from the County Court for Sarpy County: Robert
C. Wester and Todd J. Hutton, Judges. Appeals dismissed.
Dennis P. Marks, Deputy Sarpy County Public Defender,
and Mitchell S. Sell, Senior Certified Law Student, for appel-
lant A.D.
Todd A. West, Sarpy County Public Defender, Dennis P.
Marks, Deputy Sarpy County Public Defender, and Mitchell S.
Sell, Senior Certified Law Student, for appellant C.M.
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STATE v. A.D.
Cite as 305 Neb. 154
Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Siobhan E.
Duffy for appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Papik, J.
Appellants in both of these consolidated appeals contend
that the county court erred by concluding it lacked jurisdic-
tion to decide motions to transfer their felony criminal cases
to juvenile court. We conclude that the county court correctly
found it lacked jurisdiction over the motions to transfer to
juvenile court. Because the county court lacked jurisdic-
tion, we find that we too lack jurisdiction and dismiss the
appeals.
BACKGROUND
In both of these consolidated cases, the State filed com-
plaints in county court charging appellants with felonies. The
State charged A.D. with first degree sexual assault, a Class II
felony. The State charged C.M. with possession of a stolen
firearm, a Class IIA felony. Both offenses were alleged to have
been committed when appellants were older than 14 years old
but younger than 18 years old.
Both A.D. and C.M. filed motions asking the county court
to transfer their respective cases to juvenile court under Neb.
Rev. Stat. §§ 29-1816 (Cum. Supp. 2018) and 43-276 (Reissue
2016). In both cases, the State argued that the county court did
not have jurisdiction to decide a motion to transfer to juvenile
court in felony cases. And in both cases, after a hearing, the
county court issued orders stating that it did not have juris-
diction to rule on a motion to transfer to juvenile court and
scheduled preliminary hearings.
Before a preliminary hearing was held in either case,
appellants filed notices of appeal. We moved the appeals
to our docket and consolidated them for oral argument and
disposition.
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STATE v. A.D.
Cite as 305 Neb. 154
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Both appellants claim that the county court erred in one
respect: by holding that it lacked jurisdiction to rule on their
respective motions to transfer to juvenile court.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] A jurisdictional question that does not involve a factual
dispute is determined by an appellate court as a matter of law,
which requires the appellate court to reach a conclusion inde-
pendent of the lower court’s decision. Green v. Seiffert, 304
Neb. 212, 933 N.W.2d 590 (2019).
[2] Statutory interpretation is a question of law, which
an appellate court resolves independently of the trial court.
Griffith v. Nebraska Dept. of Corr. Servs., 304 Neb. 287, 934
N.W.2d 169 (2019).
ANALYSIS
This case presents multiple jurisdictional arguments.
Appellants argue that the county court erred by finding it
lacked jurisdiction to decide their motions to transfer to juve-
nile court. The State contends that the county court correctly
determined it lacked jurisdiction of the motions to transfer to
juvenile court in felony cases. Alternatively, the State contends
that the orders at issue are not final and appealable, an argu-
ment we discuss briefly below.
Final Order.
In State v. Bluett, 295 Neb. 369, 889 N.W.2d 83 (2016),
we held that a trial court’s denial of a motion to transfer to
juvenile court was not a final, appealable order. In response
to our decision, the Legislature amended § 29-1816 to provide
that “[a]n order granting or denying transfer of [a] case from
county or district court to juvenile court” may be appealed
to the Nebraska Court of Appeals, provided a party files a
notice of appeal within 10 days of the entry of such an order.
§ 29-1816(3)(c). See 2017 Neb. Laws, L.B. 11, § 1. See, also,
State v. Uhing, 301 Neb. 768, 919 N.W.2d 909 (2018). Both
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STATE v. A.D.
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appellants filed notices of appeal within 10 days of the county
court orders at issue, but the State argues that the county court
declined to rule on the motions to transfer, as opposed to grant-
ing or denying them, and that thus, the orders are not covered
by § 29-1816(3)(c) and are not appealable.
It is unnecessary to resolve whether the orders appealed from
were orders “denying transfer” for purposes of § 29-1816(3)(c).
Even if they were, we find that we lack jurisdiction over these
appeals and are obligated to dismiss them for another reason,
as we explain in more detail below.
County Court Jurisdiction Over
Motions to Transfer Felony
Cases to Juvenile Court.
As noted above, appellants’ central argument in these appeals
is that county courts have jurisdiction to decide motions to
transfer felony cases to juvenile court. Any case in which the
scope of a county court’s authority is at issue must begin with
the understanding that county courts are statutorily created
courts which possess limited jurisdiction. See In re Estate of
Evertson, 295 Neb. 301, 889 N.W.2d 73 (2016). More spe-
cifically, county courts have only that jurisdiction which has
been granted to them through specific legislative enactment.
See id. And while county courts have been given jurisdiction
of criminal matters classified as misdemeanors or infractions
via Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-517 (Cum. Supp. 2018), that statute
does not provide for county court jurisdiction over felonies. In
State v. Schanaman, 286 Neb. 125, 835 N.W.2d 66 (2013), we
cited § 24-517 for the proposition that county courts cannot try
felony cases.
While we were correct in Schanaman to note that § 24-517
does not generally grant county courts jurisdiction over felo-
nies, other statutes do authorize county court judges to play
a role in felony matters. For example, in those counties that
do not have separate juvenile courts, county court judges
can, sitting as a juvenile court, preside in proceedings against
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juveniles who are alleged to have committed a felony. See,
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-245(12) (Supp. 2019); Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 43-246.01(1)(d) and (2)(b) (Reissue 2016). See, also, In re
Interest of Tyrone K., 295 Neb. 193, 887 N.W.2d 489 (2016).
Another statute authorizes county court judges to act as a dis-
trict judge in Class IV felony cases, even without the consent
of the parties. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-312 (Reissue 2016).
The authority of the county court to act as a juvenile court or
district court as described is not at issue in these appeals.
Our opinion in Schanaman, supra, discussed another func-
tion county courts are authorized to serve in felony cases. As
we noted, “a felony charge generally originates by complaint
in county court, but after a preliminary hearing and prob-
able cause finding, the county court must bind the defendant
over to the district court.” Id. at 131, 835 N.W.2d at 70. The
authority of county courts to conduct preliminary hearings
in felony cases referred to in Schanaman is derived from
other statutes. As we explained in State v. Wilkinson, 219
Neb. 685, 686, 365 N.W.2d 478, 479 (1985), when a county
court judge conducts a preliminary hearing, he or she is act-
ing as an “examining magistrate,” pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat.
§§ 29-201, 29-504, and 29-506 (Reissue 2016), and has only
the authority to discharge the defendant or, upon a probable
cause finding, bind the defendant over to the district court for
further proceedings.
The county court concluded in these matters that its author-
ity was limited to conducting a preliminary hearing and that
thus, a motion to transfer to juvenile court could only be
decided by the district court in the event probable cause was
found and the case was bound over. Appellants argue that the
county court misunderstood its authority and that it is autho-
rized to decide a motion to transfer to juvenile court even in
felony cases.
In support of this argument, appellants rely on several
statutes that they contend provide such authority. First, they
direct us to § 43-246.01(3), a statute that provides that juvenile
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STATE v. A.D.
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courts shall have “[c]oncurrent original jurisdiction with the
county court or district court” in several categories of cases.
One such category is cases involving juveniles that were
younger than 18 years old and were 14 years old or older
“when an alleged offense punishable as a Class I, IA, IB, IC,
ID, II, or IIA felony was committed.” § 29-1816(1)(a)(ii). See
§ 43-246.01(3)(c).
Appellants also find support for their position in § 29-1816,
the statute discussing motions to transfer to juvenile court, and
invoke the following portions of that statute:
(1)(a) The accused may be arraigned in county court or
district court:
(i) If the accused was eighteen years of age or older
when the alleged offense was committed;
(ii) If the accused was younger than eighteen years
of age and was fourteen years of age or older when an
alleged offense punishable as a Class I, IA, IB, IC, ID, II,
or IIA felony was committed;
(iii) If the alleged offense is a traffic offense as defined
in section 43-245; or
(iv) Until January 1, 2017, if the accused was seven-
teen years of age when an alleged offense described in
subdivision (1) of section 43-247 was committed.
(b) Arraignment in county court or district court shall
be by reading to the accused the complaint or informa-
tion, unless the reading is waived by the accused when
the nature of the charge is made known to him or her. The
accused shall then be asked whether he or she is guilty or
not guilty of the offense charged. If the accused appears
in person and by counsel and goes to trial before a jury
regularly impaneled and sworn, he or she shall be deemed
to have waived arraignment and a plea of not guilty shall
be deemed to have been made.
(2) At the time of the arraignment, the county court or
district court shall advise the accused, if the accused was
younger than eighteen years of age at the time the alleged
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offense was committed, that the accused may move the
county court or district court at any time not later than
thirty days after arraignment, unless otherwise permitted
by the court for good cause shown, to waive jurisdiction
in such case to the juvenile court for further proceedings
under the Nebraska Juvenile Code.
Appellants contend that §§ 43-246.01 and 29-1816 give
county courts the power to decide motions to transfer to
juvenile court in felony cases. They contend that by its plain
language, § 43-246.01(3)(c) gives county courts concurrent
jurisdiction of cases involving juveniles charged with the enu-
merated felonies. If that were not enough, they contend that
§ 29-1816(1)(a) authorizes county courts to conduct arraign-
ments in those cases. And finally, they argue that the advise-
ment at arraignment required by § 29-1816(2) indicates that
the accused may seek transfer in either county court or dis-
trict court.
The State interprets each of these statutes differently. It
argues that each time the statutes mentioned above refer to
“county court or district court,” they do so against the back-
drop of the jurisdiction that has been granted to those respec-
tive courts. So, according to the State, § 43-246.01(3)(c)
should not be read to give county courts and district courts
(along with juvenile courts) concurrent jurisdiction over all of
the enumerated categories of cases, but to give juvenile courts
concurrent jurisdiction with county courts over those cases for
which the county court has jurisdiction and concurrent jurisdic-
tion with district courts over those cases for which the district
court has jurisdiction.
The State urges us to interpret § 29-1816 in a similar fash-
ion. It argues that statute should be understood to give county
courts the authority to arraign defendants and decide motions
to transfer to juvenile court in cases in which it has jurisdic-
tion over the underlying charge and to give district courts the
same authority in cases in which it has jurisdiction over the
underlying charge. Under the State’s interpretation, the county
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court could not entertain the motions to transfer to juvenile
court, because it did not have jurisdiction to try these cases
in which appellants were charged with Class II and Class IIA
felonies. Although it does not appear we were addressing this
particular issue, language in one of our recent opinions is con-
sistent with the State’s interpretation. See State v. Tyler P., 299
Neb. 959, 967, 911 N.W.2d 260, 266-67 (2018) (“in deciding
whether to grant the requested waiver and to transfer the pro-
ceedings to juvenile court, the court having jurisdiction over
a pending criminal prosecution must carefully consider the
juvenile’s request in the light of the criteria or factors set forth
in § 43-276”) (emphasis supplied).
Appellants contend that their interpretation gives effect to
the plain language of the statutes at issue and that the State’s
does not. In our view, however, both sides present plausible
interpretations of the plain language of the statutes if that lan-
guage is viewed in isolation. Statutes, however, are not prop-
erly interpreted in isolation. See State v. Jedlicka, ante p. 52,
___ N.W.2d ___ (2020). Rather, when interpreting a statute,
well-established principles of statutory interpretation require a
court to take account of context and of other statutes pertaining
to the same subject. See id. As we will explain below, those
principles lead us to conclude that the State’s interpretation is
correct and that county courts have not been given authority to
decide motions to transfer to juvenile court in cases in which
they lack jurisdiction to try the case.
First, we note that the interpretations offered by appel-
lants sweep much more broadly than they are willing to
acknowledge. Appellants assert repeatedly that § 43-246.01(3)
gives county courts concurrent jurisdiction over cases involv-
ing juveniles who are between 14 and 18 years old accused
of Class I and Class II felonies. Appellants attempt to cabin
their argument, however, by conceding that county courts can-
not decide the merits of these felony cases and contending
that this case involves only the authority of a county court to
decide a motion to transfer to juvenile court. But appellants’
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textual argument cannot logically stop at a motion to transfer
to juvenile court. If county courts truly have concurrent juris-
diction over cases in which juveniles are accused of Class I
and Class II felonies, they have jurisdiction to decide not only
motions to transfer but also the merits of such cases.
In addition, if, as appellants contend, the authority to
arraign defendants given to county courts and district courts in
§ 29-1816(1)(a) is made without reference to existing jurisdic-
tional limitations, county courts’ authority would be expanded
in another way. One type of case listed in that statute is one in
which “the accused was eighteen years of age or older when
the alleged offense was committed.” § 29-1816(1)(a)(i). Under
appellants’ interpretation then, county courts would have the
authority to conduct an arraignment and, presumably, accept a
guilty plea in any case in which a defendant 18 years of age or
older was charged with a felony.
Interpreting the statutes discussed above as appellants sug-
gest would significantly expand the authority of county courts
over felony cases. While § 24-517 does not confer jurisdiction
over felony cases to county courts, appellants’ interpretations
would result in county courts having jurisdiction to try cer-
tain felony cases and to conduct arraignments in many oth-
ers. One would expect such significant expansions of county
court authority to be stated in much clearer terms. As the U.S.
Supreme Court memorably observed, legislative bodies do “not
alter the fundamental details of a regulatory scheme in vague
terms or ancillary provisions—[they do] not, one might say,
hide elephants in mouseholes.” Whitman v. American Trucking
Assns., Inc., 531 U.S. 457, 468, 121 S. Ct. 903, 149 L. Ed. 2d
1 (2001).
Appellants’ interpretation has other problems. As the State
points out, it creates conflicts with other statutes. Section
43-246.01(3)(b) states that the juvenile court shall have con-
current original jurisdiction with the county court or district
court as to juveniles described in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-247(9)
(Reissue 2016). That section refers to adoption or guardianship
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proceedings for a child over which the juvenile court already
has jurisdiction. Under appellants’ interpretation of § 43-246.01,
the district court would have concurrent jurisdiction over such
adoption proceedings. Section 24-517(11), however, provides
that if a separate juvenile court already has jurisdiction over
the child to be adopted, the county court has concurrent juris-
diction with the separate juvenile court. No mention is made of
the district court.
[3] Where it is possible to harmonize apparently conflicting
statutes, a court should do so. Salem Grain Co. v. City of Falls
City, 302 Neb. 548, 924 N.W.2d 678 (2019). Interpreting the
references to “county court or district court” in §§ 43-246.01
and 29-1816, in light of the jurisdiction granted to those courts
elsewhere, results in no such conflicts. This interpretation also
still allows juvenile offenders to seek transfer to juvenile court
when the county court does not have jurisdiction to decide the
case. It merely requires that in such cases, they seek transfer in
the district court after the case is bound over.
Perhaps recognizing the problems posed by their reliance on
§§ 43-246.01 and 29-1816, appellants shifted course in their
reply brief and primarily argued that county courts have juris-
diction to decide motions to transfer to juvenile court in felony
cases by analogizing to county courts’ authority to conduct
preliminary hearings in felony cases. Appellants suggest that
just as a county court can find probable cause and bind over
a felony case to district court for disposition of the merits, it
should be able to decide that a case alleging a felony should
be transferred to juvenile court for further proceedings. But
appellants’ analogy is flawed. As noted above, county courts
have authority to conduct preliminary hearings in felony cases
because statutes specifically authorize them to do so. Those
same statutes cannot be interpreted to authorize county courts
to decide motions to transfer to juvenile court. See §§ 29-201,
29-504, and 29-506.
Finally, we note that throughout their briefing and again in
oral argument, appellants have emphasized that juveniles will
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benefit from having a transfer motion decided as soon as pos-
sible and that such motions can be resolved sooner in felony
cases if they can be decided in county court. All of this may
be true, but it is also a policy argument about whether county
courts should have the power to decide motions to transfer
to juvenile court in felony cases. That is a question for the
Legislature to resolve rather than this court. See Rogers v.
Jack’s Supper Club, 304 Neb. 605, 614, 935 N.W.2d 754, 762
(2019) (“[b]ut we are not tasked with selecting what we believe
is the best policy”). Our role is limited to deciding whether
the Legislature has given county courts the authority to decide
motions to transfer to juvenile court in these cases. For all the
reasons discussed herein, we conclude it has not.
[4,5] When a lower court lacks the power, that is, the sub-
ject matter jurisdiction, to adjudicate the merits of a claim,
issue, or question, an appellate court also lacks the power to
determine the merits of the claim, issue, or question presented
to the lower court. In re Estate of Evertson, 295 Neb. 301, 889
N.W.2d 73 (2016). When an appellate court is without juris-
diction to act, the appeal must be dismissed. Id. Because the
county court lacked jurisdiction over the motions to transfer,
we lack jurisdiction over these appeals and must dismiss.
CONCLUSION
Because we conclude we lack jurisdiction, we dismiss the
appeals.
Appeals dismissed.