Bohling v. Tecumseh Poultry , 314 Neb. 129 ( 2023 )

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
04/27/2023 08:04 AM CDT
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314 Nebraska Reports
BOHLING V. TECUMSEH POULTRY
Cite as 314 Neb. 129Kimberly Bohling, appellant, v.
Tecumseh Poultry LLC, appellee.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed April 27, 2023. No. S-22-604.
1. Actions: Proof. In a malicious prosecution case, the conjunctive ele-
ments for the plaintiff to establish are (1) the commencement or pros-
ecution of the proceeding against the plaintiff, (2) its legal causation
by the present defendant, (3) its bona fide termination in favor of the
plaintiff, (4) the absence of probable cause for such proceeding, (5)
the presence of malice therein, and (6) damages.
2. Appeal and Error. To be considered by an appellate court, an alleged
error must be both specifically assigned and specifically argued in the
brief of the party asserting the error.
3. Motions to Dismiss: Pleadings: Appeal and Error. A district court’s
grant of a motion to dismiss on the pleadings is reviewed de novo by
an appellate court, accepting the factual allegations in the complaint as
true and drawing all reasonable inferences of law and fact in favor of the
nonmoving party.
4. Judgments: Claim Preclusion: Issue Preclusion: Appeal and Error.
The applicability of claim and issue preclusion is a question of law. On
a question of law, an appellate court reaches a conclusion independent
of the court below.
5. Judgments: Claim Preclusion. Claim preclusion bars the relitigation
of a claim that has been directly addressed or necessarily included in a
former adjudication if (1) the former judgment was rendered by a court
of competent jurisdiction, (2) the former judgment was a final judgment,
(3) the former judgment was on the merits, and (4) the same parties or
their privies were involved in both actions. The doctrine bars relitigation
not only of those matters actually litigated, but also of those matters
which might have been litigated in the prior action.
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BOHLING V. TECUMSEH POULTRY
Cite as 314 Neb. 1296. Claim Preclusion. The doctrine of claim preclusion rests on the neces-
sity to terminate litigation and on the belief that a person should not be
vexed twice for the same cause.
7. Dismissal and Nonsuit: Judgments. A dismissal based on a failure to
state a cause of action is a judgment on the merits.
8. ____: ____. As a general rule, a dismissal with prejudice is an adjudica-
tion on the merits.
9. Claims: Parties: Final Orders: Appeal and Error. If a court enters an
order that is final as to some—but not all—of the claims, the order is
appealable only upon an express determination that there is no just rea-
son for delay and upon an express direction for the entry of judgment.
Without such an entry of judgment, an order adjudicating fewer than all
claims is not final and is subject to revision at any time before the entry
of judgment adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of
all the parties.
10. Judgments. A judgment rendered by a court of competent jurisdic-
tion is conclusive upon the parties thereto, even though the judgment
is erroneous.
11. Appeal and Error. An appellate court is not obligated to engage in an
analysis that is not needed to adjudicate the controversy before it.
Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: Ryan
S. Post, Judge. Affirmed.
Joy Shiffermiller, of Shiffermiller Law Office, P.C., L.L.O.,
for appellant.
Marcia A. Washkuhn and Meaghan M. Gandy, of Kutak
Rock, L.L.P., for appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Cassel, Stacy, Funke, Papik, and
Freudenberg, JJ., and Lux, District Judge.
Cassel, J.
INTRODUCTION
Kimberly Bohling twice sued her former employer for
malicious prosecution based on her criminal prosecution. In
the first action, the district court for Johnson County ulti-
mately dismissed the malicious prosecution claim “with preju-
dice” for failure to state a claim. In this second action, the
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BOHLING V. TECUMSEH POULTRY
Cite as 314 Neb. 129district court for Lancaster County dismissed the complaint
after finding that claim preclusion applied and that the com-
plaint failed to state a claim. We conclude that the judgment in
the first action, even if erroneous, was on the merits and not
appealed, and that claim preclusion applies. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
[1] This appeal involves an action for malicious prosecution.
In a malicious prosecution case, the conjunctive elements for
the plaintiff to establish are (1) the commencement or pros-
ecution of the proceeding against the plaintiff, (2) its legal
causation by the present defendant, (3) its bona fide termina-
tion in favor of the plaintiff, (4) the absence of probable cause
for such proceeding, (5) the presence of malice therein, and
(6) damages. 1
We begin by briefly summarizing the complaint filed in the
case now before us, from Lancaster County. We then review
the Lancaster County hearing on the motion to dismiss, which
included taking notice of public records from the earlier crimi-
nal and civil proceedings in Johnson County. We then sum-
marize the Johnson County records. We conclude this section
by recapping the district court’s reasoning in dismissing the
Lancaster County case.
Complaint in Lancaster County
On February 15, 2022, Bohling filed a complaint against
Tecumseh Poultry LLC in the district court for Lancaster
County. The complaint sought damages for malicious prosecu-
tion. Allegations contained in the complaint follow.
Bohling worked for Tecumseh Poultry at one of its farms
in Johnson County, Nebraska. In December 2018, Bohling
witnessed a coworker hugging and kissing a supervisor on
Tecumseh Poultry’s property. Bohling reported the incident and
was immediately placed on probation.
1
McKinney v. Okoye, 287 Neb. 261, 842 N.W.2d 581 (2014).
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BOHLING V. TECUMSEH POULTRY
Cite as 314 Neb. 129In January 2019, Bohling expressed frustration, related to
her employment, on a social media website. Tecumseh Poultry
then terminated her employment. Three days later, agents of
Tecumseh Poultry accused Bohling of vandalizing the com­
pany’s property. After multiple other incidents, law enforce-
ment searched Bohling’s home and arrested her.
The State filed an information in the district court for
Johnson County charging Bohling with 10 felonies. It subse-
quently filed an amended information that retained three of
the original charges and added three misdemeanor charges.
Following a jury trial, the jury deadlocked on the felony
charges, found Bohling guilty of one misdemeanor, and found
her not guilty of the other two misdemeanor charges.
Bohling alleged that Tecumseh Poultry’s actions consti-
tuted a malicious prosecution. She asserted that Tecumseh
Poultry “presented to the complaints and evidence that were
demonstrably unreliable, mispleading [sic], or false” with
“[t]he obvious and intended result [being] to cause her pros-
ecution.” She further alleged that Tecumseh Poultry’s actions
were the direct and proximate cause of damage and harm to
her, including attorney fees and costs of $35,589.55 incurred
to defend herself.
Motion to Dismiss and Hearing
Tecumseh Poultry filed a motion to dismiss with prejudice
or, in the alternative, to change venue to Johnson County. It
asserted that the complaint failed to state a claim upon which
relief could be granted under Neb. Ct. R. Pldg. § 6-1112(b)(6).
At the hearing, Tecumseh Poultry asked the court to con-
sider public records from the Johnson County civil and crimi-
nal proceedings involving Bohling. The court did so, stating
that it took judicial notice of the existence of documents and
not the truth of any facts contained therein.
Johnson County Public Records
We summarize the respective Johnson County documents
from both proceedings in essentially chronological order. In
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BOHLING V. TECUMSEH POULTRY
Cite as 314 Neb. 129the criminal case, the State filed the original information on
July 22, 2019. One week later, Bohling sued Tecumseh Poultry.
Among other claims, the civil complaint asserted one for mali-
cious prosecution. In a March 30, 2020, order, the court found
that Bohling failed to plead a claim for malicious prosecution.
It dismissed with prejudice all claims except a gender discrimi-
nation claim. Thus, the gender discrimination claim remained
outstanding as of March 2020.
In the criminal case, the State filed the amended information
on January 12, 2021. The matter then proceeded to a jury trial.
On February 16, the court filed the verdict form, which showed
that the jury “[d]eadlocked” as to the three original felony
charges and found Bohling guilty of one misdemeanor.
Over 9 months after the verdict in the criminal case, the
court entered a “30 day order of dismissal” in the civil case.
On December 27, 2021 (the first court day more than 30 days
after the warning order), the court entered an order dismissing
the remainder of Bohling’s complaint.
On the same day as the final dismissal order, Bohling filed
a “Showing and Motion to Set Aside the Dismissal” and a
motion to amend the complaint. In the motion to set aside
the dismissal, Bohling’s counsel stated that she communi-
cated with counsel for Tecumseh Poultry to discuss filing an
amended complaint to reassert the malicious prosecution claim
and that the parties were awaiting termination of the criminal
matter before proceeding with the civil trial so that all issues
could be joined. Counsel asserted that the last day to comply
with the “30 day order of dismissal” was a court holiday and
that she filed the instant motion on the next business day. On
February 8, 2022, the court overruled the motion to set aside
the dismissal.
Lancaster County Dismissal
The district court for Lancaster County entered an “Order
of Dismissal.” The court began its analysis by considering
whether the suit was barred by claim preclusion. The court
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314 Nebraska Reports
BOHLING V. TECUMSEH POULTRY
Cite as 314 Neb. 129stated that Bohling did not contest that the judgment from
Johnson County was rendered by a court of competent jurisdic-
tion; that the judgment was a final, appealable judgment; and
that the same parties were involved. Thus, the court focused on
whether the judgment was on the merits and determined that it
was. The court reasoned that the March 2020 order addressed a
motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim and that the court
found Bohling “‘failed to plead a claim for malicious prosecu-
tion.’” The court stated that Bohling could have appealed if she
believed the dismissal with prejudice was erroneous, but that
she did not.
The court next reasoned that even if claim preclusion did not
apply, Bohling failed to state a claim for malicious prosecu-
tion. The court detailed that the complaint did not allege suf-
ficient facts to demonstrate (1) Bohling’s underlying criminal
proceedings resulted in a bona fide termination in her favor,
(2) legal causation by Tecumseh Poultry, or (3) an absence of
probable cause for the criminal charges against her. The court
denied Bohling’s request for leave to amend, reasoning that
any amendment would be futile.
Bohling filed a timely appeal, which we moved to our
docket. 2
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Bohling assigns, consolidated and restated, that the district
court erred in (1) determining that the Johnson County order
dismissing the malicious prosecution claim as premature was a
finding on the merits that precluded her current lawsuit and (2)
finding that the complaint failed to adequately plead a cause of
action for malicious prosecution.
[2] Bohling did not assign error to the district court’s con-
sideration of public records. To be considered by an appel-
late court, an alleged error must be both specifically assigned
and specifically argued in the brief of the party asserting
2
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-1106(3) (Cum. Supp. 2022).
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BOHLING V. TECUMSEH POULTRY
Cite as 314 Neb. 129the error. 3 Thus, we do not address whether the court erred in
considering those records.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[3] A district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss on the
pleadings is reviewed de novo by an appellate court, accepting
the factual allegations in the complaint as true and drawing all
reasonable inferences of law and fact in favor of the nonmov-
ing party. 4
[4] The applicability of claim and issue preclusion is a ques-
tion of law. 5 On a question of law, an appellate court reaches a
conclusion independent of the court below. 6
ANALYSIS
Claim Preclusion
Bohling first challenges the court’s determination that her
complaint was barred. Although her brief refers to issue preclu-
sion, the district court relied upon claim preclusion.
[5,6] Claim preclusion bars the relitigation of a claim that
has been directly addressed or necessarily included in a for-
mer adjudication if (1) the former judgment was rendered by
a court of competent jurisdiction, (2) the former judgment was
a final judgment, (3) the former judgment was on the merits,
and (4) the same parties or their privies were involved in both
actions. The doctrine bars relitigation not only of those matters
actually litigated, but also of those matters which might have
been litigated in the prior action. 7 The doctrine rests on the
necessity to terminate litigation and on the belief that a person
should not be vexed twice for the same cause. 8
3
Simons v. Simons, 312 Neb. 136, 978 N.W.2d 121 (2022).
4
Trausch v. Hagemeier, 313 Neb. 538, 985 N.W.2d 402 (2023).
5
Hara v. Reichert, 287 Neb. 577, 843 N.W.2d 812 (2014).
6
Id.7
Trausch v. Hagemeier, supra note 4.
8
Id.- 136 -
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BOHLING V. TECUMSEH POULTRY
Cite as 314 Neb. 129The dispute centers on whether the Johnson County March
2020 dismissal, with prejudice, of the malicious prosecution
claim was a judgment on the merits. Arguing that it was not,
Bohling focuses on language in the order stating that the claim
was “premature” and not “ripe.” Tecumseh Poultry, on the
other hand, points to the order’s language of dismissal “with
prejudice” and the court’s finding that Bohling “failed to plead
a claim for malicious prosecution.”
The March 2020 order, read as a whole, demonstrates that
the court for Johnson County dismissed the malicious pros-
ecution claim because the complaint failed to state a claim.
To start, the matter was before that court on a motion to
dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief could
be granted. 9 In the court’s analysis, it stated that the com-
plaint did not allege there was a bona fide termination of the
criminal charges in Bohling’s favor and that “[a]s a result,
[Bohling] failed to plead a claim for malicious prosecution.”
The court reasoned that Bohling could not “presently cure
this missing element of her malicious prosecution claim.” In
the order’s conclusion section, the court found that Bohling
“failed to plead a claim for . . . malicious prosecution” and
that “any attempt at this time to amend would be futile.” The
court therefore dismissed the malicious prosecution claim
“with prejudice.”
[7,8] A dismissal based on a failure to state a cause of
action is a judgment on the merits. 10 And here, the court for
Johnson County stated that it dismissed the malicious pros-
ecution claim with prejudice. As a general rule, a dismissal
with prejudice is an adjudication on the merits. 11 If Bohling
believed that the court erred in dismissing the claim with
9
See § 6-1112(b)(6).
10
See, Schaeffer v. Frakes, 313 Neb. 337, 984 N.W.2d 290 (2023); Swift v.
Dairyland Ins. Co., 250 Neb. 31, 547 N.W.2d 147 (1996).
11
In re Interest of Antonio J. et al., 295 Neb. 112, 886 N.W.2d 522 (2016).
See, also, Simpson v. City of North Platte, 215 Neb. 351, 338 N.W.2d 450(1983).
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BOHLING V. TECUMSEH POULTRY
Cite as 314 Neb. 129prejudice, she should have brought the matter to the court’s
attention or, at the appropriate time, filed an appeal.
[9] It is important to note that the March 2020 order
was interlocutory. Although it dismissed several claims, one
remained. If a court enters an order that is final as to some—
but not all—of the claims, the order is appealable “only upon
an express determination that there is no just reason for delay
and upon an express direction for the entry of judgment.” 12
Without such an entry of judgment, an order adjudicating fewer
than all claims is not final and is “subject to revision at any
time before the entry of judgment adjudicating all the claims
and the rights and liabilities of all the parties.” 13 Here, the
Johnson County order did not expressly direct entry of judg-
ment under § 25-1315. (We are not suggesting that it would
have been proper to do so.) Thus, Bohling could not appeal
until the court disposed of all claims.
The final disposal of the Johnson County claims occurred
in December 2021, when the court dismissed the complaint
for lack of prosecution. When the court overruled Bohling’s
motion to set aside the dismissal, which motion was in essence
a motion to alter or amend, 14 the time for an appeal began run-
ning. She did not file an appeal within 30 days.
[10] By failing to challenge the March 2020 dismissal with
prejudice, it became a judgment on the merits not subject to
collateral attack. A judgment rendered by a court of competent
jurisdiction is conclusive upon the parties thereto, even though
the judgment is erroneous. 15
On this point, Swift v. Dairyland Ins. Co. 16 is informative.
There, an injured motorist brought a declaratory judgment
suit against her insurer for uninsured motor vehicle coverage.
12
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1315(1) (Reissue 2016).
13
Id.14
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1329 (Reissue 2016).
15
Swift v. Dairyland Ins. Co., supra note 10.
16
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BOHLING V. TECUMSEH POULTRY
Cite as 314 Neb. 129The trial court granted the insurer’s demurrer, stating that it
could not determine the insurer’s obligation to pay until deter-
mination of the uninsured motorist’s liability. The court ulti-
mately dismissed the action, and the motorist did not appeal.
After the motorist obtained a judgment against the uninsured
motorist, she sued her insurer for breach of contract. The
trial court entered summary judgment in the insurer’s favor.
On appeal, we stated that the trial court erred in granting the
demurrer and dismissing the case in the first action. However,
we determined that claim preclusion applied to the second
action. We observed that a judgment of dismissal after sus-
taining a demurrer based on the failure to state a cause of
action was a judgment on the merits. We reasoned that the
motorist’s original petition was sufficient to state a cause of
action, that she failed to stand on her petition and appeal the
erroneous dismissal, and that the order therefore became a
final judgment on the merits.
Similar reasoning applies here. Although the March 2020
dismissal for failure to state a claim was interlocutory, it
became a final judgment following the court’s dismissal of the
complaint. When Bohling failed to appeal, the court’s deci-
sion became a final judgment on the merits entered by a court
of competent jurisdiction in an action in which Bohling and
Tecumseh Poultry were parties. Like in Swift, claim preclusion
applied to the later action.
Because the dismissal of the malicious prosecution claim in
Johnson County was a judgment on the merits, Bohling’s claim
for malicious prosecution in Lancaster County was barred by
claim preclusion. The district court for Lancaster County prop-
erly dismissed the complaint on that basis.
Failure to State Claim
[11] Bohling also challenges the court’s alternative basis
for dismissal: that she failed to state a claim for malicious
prosecution. Because we have determined that the court prop-
erly dismissed the complaint on claim preclusion grounds,
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BOHLING V. TECUMSEH POULTRY
Cite as 314 Neb. 129we need not resolve whether its dismissal on the alternative
ground was also correct. An appellate court is not obligated
to engage in an analysis that is not needed to adjudicate the
controversy before it. 17
CONCLUSION
Because the dismissal with prejudice of Bohling’s first mali-
cious prosecution action became a judgment on the merits
and the other elements of claim preclusion were satisfied, the
district court properly dismissed this second malicious prosecu-
tion action. We affirm its judgment.
Affirmed.
Miller-Lerman, J., not participating.
17
Diedra T. v. Justina R., 313 Neb. 417, 984 N.W.2d 312 (2023).