Strachn v. Foss , 42 N.H. 43 ( 1860 )

Fowler, J.^*

We have just decided, in the suit at law between these parties, that the plaintiff, William Strachn, is estopped by his deed to prosecute this bill to invalidate the title conferred thereby. Foss v. Strachn, 42 N. H. 40; and the only remaining question is, whether his minor children are entitled to maintain it, upon the facts set forth in the bill and answer.

There can be no doubt that the proceeding in equity is a proper mode of enforcing the right of the minors to the homestead, if they are entitled to have one assigned to them under all the circumstances of the ease. Gunnison v. Twichel, 38 N. H. 62. Nor does the absence of one of them from the property prevent her from availing herself of her right, if she has one that can now be enforced. Atkinson v. Atkinson, 36 N. H. 436.

The first question is, whether the mortgage, being made to secure the renewal of a debt in existence before the passage of the homestead act, any right of homestead exists against it? We think it quite clear there does not.

By the first section of the homestead act, passed July 4, 1851, its provisions, so far as exemption from attachment or levy or sale upon execution are concerned, were expressly limited to executions founded upon judgments rendered on any cause of action accruing after the first day of January, 1852; and although nothing is said as to the time when, or the debts against which the remaining provisions of the act should take effect, it can not be doubted that the intention of the legislature was to make the whole operation of the act prospective, and to provide that the right of homestead exemption, in any case, should exist only as against debts incurred and liabilities contracted after that date. There can be no doubt whatever, that if the defendant, Foss, had recovered a judgment upon a note secured by the mortgage, he might have shown that note to have been given in renewal of a preexisting debt, so that the judgment would have been rendered for a cause of action existing prior to January 1, 1852, and no right of homestead would have existed against it. A question, similar to the one which would have arisen in such a ease, has been several times adjudicated in Pennsylvania, under a law similar in its provisions to our homestead act, and uniformly been decided in accordance with this view.

The Pennsylvania statute exempted certain property from liability to levy upon executions issued in judgments recovered for debts contracted after July 4, 1849. In Reed v. Defebaugh, 24 Penn. 495, it was held by the Supreme Court of that state, that a note, dated October 21, 1851, but given for the price of goods sold and delivered prior to July 4, 1849, was not a debt contracted after the act took effect, so that the exemption would apply to the execution issued in the judgment rendered upon it, on the very reasonable and clearly apparent ground that the debt was contracted when the goods were sold. Although the objection was taken that the original indebtedness was merged in the note, which was under seal, the court overruled it, and held that the taking of a security of a higher nature did not destroy the original debt, so as to bring the note within the operation of the statute.

The same doctrine was also reaffirmed in Michael Weaver’s Estate, 25 Penn. 434, where it was decided that a judgment on a note, dated November 29, 1852, but given for one then surrendered, dated prior to July 4, 1849, was to be regarded as rendered upon a debt existing prior to July 4, 1849, and so not Avithin the operation of the statute. See also 19 Barb. 160; 31 Penn. 225; 32 Penn. 276; 34 Penn. 256.

If, then, the note secured by the adult plaintiff's mortgage is to be regarded as a cause of action accruing prior to January 1, 1852, no homestead exemption could have existed in relation to an execution issued in a judgment rendered upon it, and the homestead real estate of the adult plaintiff might have been levied upon to satisfy such execution. But, by the sixth section of the homestead act, the husband and father is forbidden to convey or alienate only the property in Avhich the homestead exemption exists before assignment, or the homestead itself after assignment [Gunnison v. Twichel, 38 N. H. 62), so that the prohibition did not apply to the adult plaintiff’s real estate as to this mortgage debt, because no homestead exemption existed therein as to that debt. Consequently, the plaintiff was at full liberty to execute the mortgage, and by his deed the unincumbered title to the land passed.

We are, therefore, of opinion that the minor plaintiffs can not maintain their bill for this reason.

But there is still another sufficient reason A\Thy, in our judgment, neither a debtor’s wife or his minor children can, during his lifetime, have a homestead assigned to them, against the covenants of his deed, in property where the homestead right clearly exists. The wife is in law- identified with her husband; the father is entitled to the services and bound to maintain his minor children; and if the wife or minor children are entitled to a homestead, they are thus entitled only as claiming under and through the husband and father, by virtue of his title to the demanded premises. But the husband and father is estopped by his deed to claim any thing in the homestead premises ; .the general doctrine in relation to estoppels is well established, that they bind not only the party, but his privies, and all who claim through him. To deny the homestead right to the husband and father, on the ground of estoppel, and give it to his wife or minor children, during his lifetime, would practically make one decision neutralize the other, as well as violate the long settled doctrine of estoppels. We are, therefore, of the opinion, that during the life of the husband and father, neither his wife or minor children are entitled to a family homestead against the covenants of his deed, even when, after his death, they might be thus entitled.

Bill dismissed, with costs.

* Doe, J., did not sit.