Hartshorn v. Schoff , 51 N.H. 316 ( 1871 )

Sjiith, J. I.

It is objected that the selectmen exceeded their authority in appointing Ockington to act generally as a fence-viewer, instead of limiting his power to this particular case.

If an agent “ does wbat be was authorized to do, and something more,” it will be good, so far as he was authorized to go, “ if that part be distinctly severable from the remainder.” In such case, the excess only will be void. 2 Kent’s Com. 619 ; 1 Parsons on Contracts, 4th ed., 68. Here the selectmen had authority under Gen. Stats., ch. 238, sec. 8, to appoint some one to act in this case. They, in effect, appointed Ockington to act in this case, and in all other cases that might arise during the year. “ The line of distinction between the good execution of the power” of the selectmen, “ and the excess,” is easily drawn.

In the absence of any offer to show that Ockington was not one of the class of persons qualified to fill vacancies, we hold that he was duly appointed for this case, although he might not have legal authority to act in any other case.

II. “ Whenever a vacancy shall occur in any town office other than that of selectmen, the selectmen may, in writing, appoint some suitable person to the office, and his appointment and a certificate of his oath being recorded in the records of the town, he shall have the powers, perform the duties, and be subject to the liabilities of such office until another person shall be chosen and qualified.” Gen. Stats., ch. 39, sec. 6. As the record required was not made till long after the hearing, Crown and Ockington were not, at the time of the hearing, fence-viewers de jure. Pierce v. Richardson, 37 N. H. 306.

They were not shown to be officers defacto, there being no evidence that they acted as fence-viewers on .any other occasions than those which are now the subject of controversy. Jaquith v. Putney, 48 N. H. 138, p. 140.

If, therefore, the defendant, Seneca Schoff, is now in a position to object to the official competency of Crown and Ockington, the objection must be sustained. But it is suggested that Schoff waived this objection by appearing at the hearing without objecting to the authority or qualifications of the fence-viewers. The objection would undoubtedly be held to have been waived if it was shown that Schoff, when he appeared, knew of the defect. See Gallup v. Mulvah, 26 N. H. 132; Glidden v. Towle, 31 N. H. 147. An examination of the report leaves it somewhat doubtful whether the objectors in those cases were not regarded as having knowledge of the defect at the time of hearing. But the principle of the decision in Wilcox v. School District No. 1, in Lempster, 26 N. H. 303, is broad enough to cover the present case, even if Schoff is regarded as having being ignorant of the omission to record the appointments and certificates. In that case, the objection was taken, after verdict, that only one selectman attended at the drawing of a juror from the town of Croydon, who sat upon the trial. The facts all appeared on the town records of Croydon, but the party objecting had no suspicion of the irregularity until after verdict. Woods, J., said,— “ The fact constituting the objection appeared on the public records of the town, open at all times to the inspection of the defendant. He did ¡not see fit to examine them to ascertain the legal qualifications of the jurors, and must therefore be taken to have waived the exception wliicb such examination would have enabled him to take at a time when the defect of the panel could have been cured.” See, also, Page v. Danvers, 7 Met. 326; Bodge v. Foss, 39 N. H. 406; Wentworth v. Farmington, 51 N. H. 128. In the present case, an examination of the town records at the time of the hearing would have disclosed the omission which constitutes the ground of the objection now insisted upon. Under these circumstances, we think the defendant has waived the right to take this objection. The decision in Ela v. McConihe, 35 N. H. 279, is not necessarily in conflict with this result. In that case, the certificate of the oath was not required to be returned to court, or recorded, until after the hearing. Consequently there was, at the time of the hearing, no way in which the appellant could have discovered the existence of the objection by inspecting public records.

III. “ The fence-viewers, upon application of either party, shall view any fence alleged to be insufficient, and if they judge it to be so, shall give notice to the delinquent party to build or repair the same within a time by them limited.” Gen. Stats., ch. 128, sec. 6. Under this statute, the duty of the fence-viewers to limit a time for repairing or building is a necessary legal consequence of an adjudication that the fence is insufficient; and their authority in this regard does not depend upon the insertion, in the application, of an express prayer for such limitation. A plaintiff may recover costs, though the claim stated in his writ is only for damages ; and an execution may be issued upon a judgment, though the writ contains no prayer to that effect. If, in Fairbanks v. Child, 44 N. H. 458, it was intended to intimate a contra view respecting the construction of this statute, we must differ from that opinion.

IY. Under the order “ to put the fence in repair,” the defendants had a right to make the fence sufficient in any manner that they pleased. Upon their neglect to comply with the order, the plaintiff might “ put the fence in repair ” in any reasonable manner; “ and, so far forth as the work done by him was necessary to make the fence a lawful one, it was competent for the fence-viewers to allow the expense.” It is certainly conceivable that the old fence might have been in such a dilapidated condition that the only reasonable and economical way “ to put the same in repair, according to law,” was to build “ an entirely new fence.” If building a new fence was an unnecessarily expensive mode of making the fence on that line sufficient, it was the duty of the fence-viewers to allow the plaintiff only such portion of the sums actually expended as would have been required to do what was reasonable and necessary “ to put the fence in repair, according to law.” The adjudication of the fence-viewers conclusively establishes the fact that the now fence built by the plaintiff was a sufficient and lawful fence. The' presumption is, that the fence-viewers made the appraisal on the basis of their previous order, and allowed only such amount as was reasonably necessary “ to put the fence in repair, according to law.” See Fox v. Beebe, 24 Conn. 271; Guyer v. Stratton, 29 Conn. 421. The expression,—“ the cost of making said fence,”—is to be construed in connection with the other language of the appraisal, which seems to indicate that making the new fence was considered by the fence-viewers as a reasonable compliance with their previous order; in other words, as “ putting the fence in repair, according to law.” As there was no oiler to show that the building of the new fence was an unreasonable or extravagant method of “ putting the fence in repair, according to law,” we need not determine whether evidence could have been received to rebut the presumption that .the fence-viewers made the appraisal upon a proper basis.

Y. “ In all actions where there are two or more defendants, the plaintiff may amend.the writ before the evidence is closed by striking out the name of any defendant, on paying his costs to that time.” Gen. Stats., ch. 207, sec. 17.

Under this statute, the plaintiff was properly allowed to amend by striking out two of the defendants ; and the exception to the allowance of the amendment must therefore be overruled. But the remaining defendant has raised the further objection that the plaintiff, after making the amendment, cannot maintain the action against him alone ; and this objection has been urged by counsel with great confidence.

For the purposes of the present case, we may assume that it was not the intention of the legislature to give to the plaintiffs the arbitrary power of selecting the defendants against whom they preferred to take judgment, not allowing the defendants thus selected to raise the objection that the other defendants, who had been struck out by the plaintiff, should have remained joined with them. On the contrary, it may be assumed, for the present, that the object was to relieve the plaintiffs from the common law consequences of inserting in the writ the names of the defendants who were not in fact liable ; and that, if a plaintiff erroneously strikes out a defendant who is jointly liable, the remaining defendants have the same right to object on account of the nonjoinder of that defendant as they would have had if the action had been originally commenced against them alone. Upon this view, which is obviously the construction most favorable to the defendants, the writ must, after the allowance of the amendment, he considered as if the names thus struck out had never been introduced (see Parsons, C. J., in Prescott v. Tufts, 4 Mass. 146, p. 147); and as the plaintiff thus, in effect, commences a new action, the remaining defendant must have the right to withdraw his former plea, and plead anew either in bar or in abatement. The defendant in the present case did not, however, see fit to exercise this privilege ; and the trial proceeded upon the plea of the general issue, which had been filed prior to the allowance of the plaintiff’s amendment. The defendant then objected “ that the adjudication of the fence-viewers * * * * * ‘made a joint debt against all of the original defendants, and that Seneca A. Schoff would not be severally liable.” This objection was in the nature of a motion for a nonsuit, on the ground of the nonjoinder of parties who should have been made codefendants ; and in argument an attempt has been made to support it on the ground of variance also. Neither ground is tenable. It is extremely well settled that this objection of nonjoinder cannot be taken by a motion for a nonsuit. 1 Chitty’s Pleading 40 ; Gould on Pleading, 1st ed., sec. 114. No motion lias been made in arrest of judgment, nor could such a motion be sustained. Notwithstanding some adverse decisions in other jurisdictions (see notes to Rice v. Shute, 1 Smith’s Leading Cases 287), we regard the rule in this State as established in Nealley v. Moulton, 12 N. H. 485. Upon the views there expressed, Seneca Schoff, by omitting to plead the nonjoinder in abatement within a reasonable time after the allowance of the amendment, waived the right to raise this objection at any subsequent stage of the case. We are not now called upon to consider whether this objection was well founded in fact. It might turn out, upon inquiry, that the fence-viewers had no jurisdiction over the other defendants ; that the adjudication, being void as to those defendants, did not constitute a joint debt against all the original defendants, but created a liability on the part of Seneca Schoff alone ; and that the plaintiff, therefore, did not err in striking out all the defendants except Seneca Schoff.

To the argument that there was a variance, there are, at least, two answers: First, this objection does not seem to have been taken at the trial; second, the allowance of this objection would defeat the purpose of the statute permitting such amendments. “ The very object of the statute is to provide for a judgment against a part only of those who may be joined in an action, and to relieve against the operation of the general rule upon this subject.” Woods, J., in Burt v. Stevens, 22 N. H. 229, p. 232. It would be conferring ah illusory benefit upon a plaintiff to allow him the privilege of striking out part of the defendants, if, after going through this process, he could not have judgment against the remaining defendants. Such an idle mockery could not have been contemplated by the legislature. To give effect to the statute it should ,be held that the plaintiff', after striking out the names of the other defendants, can, in the absence of any plea in abatement, recover against Seneca Schoff alone, upon the cause of action originally specified. Curtis v. Baldwin, 42 N. H. 398, was an action of assumpsit against the Union Stove Co. as principal, and seven individuals as sureties, upon a joint and several note. The officer made no return as to the Union Stove Co., and returned “non est” as to three of the sureties. The plaintiff, after discontinuing as to the Union Stove Co. and the three sureties, was permitted, against objection, to introduce in evidence the note originally declared upon, and recovered judgment thereon against the four remaining defendants. Flanders v. White Mountains Bank, 43 N. H. 383, was assumpsit against three defendants upon a joint and several note. The plaintiff, being unable to prove the signature of one of the three signers, was permitted to strike out the name of that signer, and recovered judgment against the two remaining defendants, Bell, C. J., saying, — “ To give effect to this statute, it must, we think, b e held that the plaintiff may recover against the remaining defendants upon the same cause of action originally declared upon.” The fact that the notes in those cases were joint and several, does not distinguish the decisions in principle from the case at bar. Although the plaintiffs in those actions might have sued any one signer separately, yet, by suing all in one action, they elected to treat the note (for the purposes of that action at least) as a joint liability. And it is very clear that the “ several” liability of each signer could not have justified the court in rendering judgment against four out of eight signers in Curtis v. Baldwin, or two out of three in Flanders v. Bank. Those decisions were evidently made under the statute, the court adopting the construction just indicated.

There is, perhaps, another way in which the plaintiff might have removed all possibility of objection on the score of variance. When he amended his writ by striking out part of the defendants, he might have been allowed to make a corresponding amendment of his declaration so as to allege only a sole liability on the part of Seneca Schoff. Under the declaration so amended, if the plaintiff had introduced evidence of a joint liability on the part of Seneca and the other original defendants, it is clear, upon authority, that the objection of variance could not have been sustained. 1 Chitty on Pleading 46. But, under the judicial construction heretofore given to the statute, the plaintiff was not required to go through the form of amending his declaration. ^*

We have considered the case as though the plaintiff’s specification had been originally incorporated in the declaration.

It is unnecessary to inquire whether there are other answers to the objection of variance.

Judgment on the verdict.