State v. Robert J. Stein(074466) ( 2016 )


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  •                                                      SYLLABUS
    (This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the
    convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in the
    interest of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized.)
    State v. Robert J. Stein (074466) (A-26-14)
    Argued February 1, 2016 – Decided July 19, 2016
    ALBIN, J., writing for a unanimous Court.
    In this appeal from defendant’s conviction for driving while intoxicated (DWI) and careless driving, the
    Court considers the obligations of a municipal prosecutor under Rule 7:7-7(b), which governs discovery in
    municipal court proceedings.
    Defendant Robert Stein was charged with DWI and careless driving after a motor vehicle accident in
    Wayne Township. The responding officers observed that defendant’s eyes were bloodshot and watery, his speech
    was slurred, his breath smelled of alcohol, and, as he walked, he swayed and grasped for support. Defendant also
    failed the field sobriety tests. Defendant claimed that, while performing the sobriety tests, he was suffering the
    effects of the crash of his vehicle and deployment of the air bags, which hit him squarely in the face. The two breath
    samples that defendant gave during a breathalyzer test revealed blood alcohol concentrations of 0.17 and 0.18
    percent.
    In pretrial discovery, defendant requested the names of the police officers who responded to the scene,
    including those from a neighboring township. The municipal prosecutor did not provide the names of the
    neighboring township’s officers, and defendant did not raise the issue with the municipal court. Defendant also
    requested videotapes which may have recorded his appearance, behavior, and motor skills at the accident scene and
    police headquarters. The municipal prosecutor repeatedly stated, at a pretrial hearing and trial, that videotapes did
    not exist. Defendant disputed that contention, and continued to request the tapes. The record is unclear on whether
    videotapes existed when defendant requested them because that issue was neither presented to, nor determined by,
    the municipal court.
    The municipal court found defendant guilty of DWI and careless driving. The court based its DWI finding
    on the breathalyzer readings and the officers’ observations of defendant. The court sentenced defendant, as a third-
    time DWI offender, to incarceration for a term of 180 days in the county jail and loss of his license for a period of
    ten years. After a trial de novo on the record, the Law Division also convicted defendant of DWI and careless
    driving, based on the breathalyzer readings and, separately, on observational evidence. The court imposed the same
    sentence as did the municipal court. Additionally, the Law Division ruled that the municipal prosecutor was not
    required to provide discovery of the names of the neighboring police officers or the videotapes that defendant
    requested. The Appellate Division affirmed the motor-vehicle convictions and the Law Division’s discovery
    rulings. This Court granted limited certification. 
    220 N.J. 97
     (2014).
    HELD: Under Rule 7:7-7(b), the municipal prosecutor was required to provide defendant with the names of the
    police officers from the adjacent jurisdiction who responded to the accident scene. Because, when the prosecutor
    failed to provide the information, defendant did not raise this issue before the municipal court, or seek relief under
    the Rule, the issue has been waived. The prosecutor was also required to provide the videotapes that defendant
    requested, if they existed, since such information was clearly relevant to a DWI defense. Because the Court cannot
    determine from the record whether any videotapes exist, the matter is remanded to the Law Division for further
    proceedings on this issue.
    1. The resolution by the trial court of a discovery issue is entitled to substantial deference and will not be overturned
    absent an abuse of discretion. On appeal, a court need not defer to a discovery order that is based on a mistaken
    understanding of the applicable law. In reviewing the meaning of a court rule, this Court owes no deference to the
    interpretations of the trial court and the Appellate Division, unless they are persuasive in their reasoning. (pp. 12-
    13)
    2. The discovery rules governing the municipal court and the Criminal Part of the Law Division are nearly identical,
    and both mandate the disclosure of the same categories of information. Broad discovery and the open-file approach
    apply in criminal cases to ensure fair and just trials. In light of the similarity between criminal and municipal court
    cases, the procedural protections afforded, and their discovery rules, the liberal approach to discovery in criminal
    cases is applicable in municipal court cases. Rule 7:7-7(b) provides that a defendant has a right to discovery of all
    relevant material in a municipal court case. The Rule sets forth eleven specific categories of information that a
    defendant is entitled to receive, on written request to the municipal prosecutor. (pp. 13-14)
    3. Under Rule 7:7-7(b)(7), if the municipal prosecutor knows that police officers from an adjoining jurisdiction
    have relevant information pertaining to a DWI case, their names and addresses must be disclosed to the defendant.
    The Rule does not distinguish between individuals with relevant information who are located within the
    municipality having jurisdiction over the charges against a defendant, and those located outside the jurisdiction. (pp.
    14-15)
    4. Under Rule 7:7-7(b)(6), a municipal prosecutor is required to provide a defendant, upon his request, with relevant
    documentary evidence, including video and sound recordings and images if it is within the State’s custody or
    control. A video or sound recording, such as a recording from a patrol car’s dashboard camera, or a video recording
    of a breathalyzer test, or defendant’s appearance, behavior and motor skills, including his performance of
    psychomotor physical or sobriety tests, is relevant to prove or disprove a DWI defendant’s intoxication. The State
    may seek the redaction of a video recording, or an in camera review, if necessary, under appropriate circumstances
    and consistent with a defendant’s fair-trial rights. To ensure the availability of such evidence, a defendant should
    give written notice to the municipal prosecutor to preserve pertinent videotapes. (pp. 15-18)
    5. In this case, the municipal prosecutor had an obligation under Rule 7:7-7(b)(7) to provide defendant with the
    names of the police officers from the adjoining town of Pequannock who had responded to the accident scene, based
    on the two discovery letters that defense counsel sent to the municipal prosecutor. However, defendant did not seek
    to compel the prosecutor to comply with the State’s disclosure obligations, as authorized by Rule 7:7-7(j). Because
    defendant did not raise or preserve the issue in municipal court, the Court declines to consider it on appeal. (pp. 18-
    21)
    6. The two discovery letters that defendant’s counsel sent to the municipal prosecutor requesting videotapes, or
    recordings made by a video-equipped police vehicle, of the accident scene and of defendant’s appearance and
    performance of the sobriety tests, unquestionably sought relevant evidence. This Court disagrees with the
    determination of the courts below, and holds that the videotapes must be disclosed under Rule 7:7-7(b)(6), provided
    that such recordings existed at the time defendant sought the information. Such tapes would provide evidence
    relevant to defendant’s sobriety and the officers’ conclusion that defendant was under the influence. (pp. 21-22)
    7. The Court remands this matter to the Law Division for further proceedings to determine whether any relevant
    video recordings ever existed, or were available when defendant made the discovery requests. Depending on the
    court’s conclusions on remand regarding whether the tapes existed, the Law Division has wide latitude to fashion an
    appropriate remedy pursuant to Rule 7:7-7(j). (pp. 22-24)
    The judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED IN PART and REVERSED IN PART, and the
    matter is REMANDED to the Law Division for further proceedings consistent with the Court’s opinion.
    CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER; and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, PATTERSON, FERNANDEZ-VINA,
    SOLOMON and JUDGE CUFF (temporarily assigned), join in JUSTICE ALBIN’s opinion.
    2
    SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
    A-26 September Term 2014
    074466
    STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
    Plaintiff-Respondent,
    v.
    ROBERT J. STEIN,
    Defendant-Appellant.
    Argued February 1, 2016 – Decided July 19, 2016
    On certification to the Superior Court,
    Appellate Division.
    Kam S. Minhas argued the cause for appellant
    (Mr. Minhas, attorney; Mr. Minhas and
    William E. Reutelhuber, on the briefs).
    Marc A. Festa, Senior Assistant Prosecutor,
    argued the cause for respondent (Camelia M.
    Valdes, Passaic County Prosecutor,
    attorney).
    JUSTICE ALBIN delivered the opinion of the Court.
    This appeal involves the application of Rule 7:7-7, the
    discovery rule in municipal court cases.
    Defendant Robert Stein was involved in a motor vehicle
    accident in Wayne Township and charged with driving while
    intoxicated (DWI) and careless driving.    In pretrial discovery,
    defendant requested the names of the police officers who
    responded to the accident scene, including those from a
    1
    neighboring township.   The municipal prosecutor did not provide
    the names of the neighboring township’s officers, and defendant
    did not raise the issue with the municipal court.   Defendant
    also requested videotapes, which may have recorded his
    appearance, behavior, and motor skills at the accident scene and
    police headquarters.    The municipal prosecutor repeatedly stated
    at a pretrial hearing and trial that such videotapes did not
    exist, but defendant apparently did not accept those
    representations.    The record is not clear on whether such
    videotapes existed at the time of the discovery request because
    that issue was never clearly presented to the municipal court.
    Therefore, no definitive ruling was made on that issue.
    The municipal court found defendant guilty of DWI and
    careless driving.    In a de novo trial on the record, the Law
    Division also convicted defendant of DWI and careless driving.
    Additionally, the Law Division ruled that the municipal
    prosecutor was not required to provide in discovery the names of
    the neighboring police officers or the videotapes requested.
    The Appellate Division affirmed the motor-vehicle convictions
    and the Law Division’s discovery rulings.
    We affirm in part and reverse in part.    First, in
    accordance with Rule 7:7-7(b), the municipal prosecutor was
    required to provide defendant with the names of the police
    officers from the adjacent jurisdiction who were present at the
    2
    DWI accident scene.    Defendant, however, did not seek relief
    from the court pursuant to Rule 7:7-7(j).    Here, the discovery
    issue was never truly placed before the municipal court.     The
    court could not grant relief on an issue of which it was
    unaware.   Defendant cannot raise the purported discovery
    violation for the first time on appeal and therefore the issue
    is waived.
    Second, pursuant to Rule 7:7-7(b), the municipal prosecutor
    was required to provide the requested videotapes that may have
    recorded defendant’s appearance, behavior, and motor skills.
    Such information, if available, was clearly relevant to a DWI
    defense.   We cannot determine from the record whether any such
    videotape ever existed or existed at the time of defendant’s
    discovery request.    Therefore, we remand to the Law Division to
    conduct a hearing to address that issue.    If any relevant video
    recordings were withheld -- and we do not suggest any were --
    the Law Division has wide latitude to fashion an appropriate
    remedy pursuant to Rule 7:7-7(j).
    I.
    At the conclusion of a trial in the Wayne Township
    Municipal Court, defendant was found guilty of DWI, N.J.S.A.
    39:4-50, and careless driving, N.J.S.A. 39:4-97.    The court
    sentenced defendant as a third-time DWI offender to 180 days in
    the county jail.     It also imposed a ten-year license suspension
    3
    and applicable fines and fees and mandated that defendant
    install an ignition-interlock device for one year after
    completing his license suspension.       The court merged the
    careless driving conviction into the DWI conviction.
    The relevant facts come from the testimony adduced at the
    municipal court proceedings, which were held on December 2,
    2009, May 12, 2010, and August 13, 2010.1
    A.
    On the evening of November 15, 2008, while dining at a
    restaurant with his girlfriend, defendant consumed a number of
    beers.   After dinner, defendant drove a 2008 Nissan Altima in
    which his girlfriend was a passenger.       While traveling on Route
    23 in Wayne Township in the rain, the Nissan slid from the
    middle lane into the far left lane, crashing into the rear of a
    2006 Audi A4 stopped at a light.       The air bags in the Nissan
    deployed.   Defendant testified that the air bag hit him square
    in the face, stunning him and causing particles released from
    the air bag to get in his eyes.    Although his face was
    scratched, defendant did not suffer any major injuries.
    A police officer from the neighboring township of
    Pequannock arrived on the scene immediately following the
    accident, and other Pequannock police officers arrived
    1 For the most part, the operation of the breathalyzer is not an
    issue in this appeal.
    4
    afterwards.   The testimony of the driver and passenger of the
    Audi differed on when the Wayne Township officers arrived at the
    crash site, one saying they appeared twenty minutes following
    the accident and the other saying they appeared in just seconds.
    Defendant believed that Wayne Township officers arrived two to
    three minutes after the accident.    No one disputes that Wayne
    Township officers relieved the Pequannock Township officers.
    Two Wayne Township police officers who responded to the
    accident, Sergeant (then-Officer) Andrew Verdon and Officer
    Alexander DeLuccia, gave substantially similar accounts at
    trial.   The officers, collectively, observed that defendant’s
    eyes were bloodshot and watery, his speech was slurred, his
    breath smelled of alcohol, and he was swaying and grasping for
    support.   One of the officers drove defendant to a nearby empty
    parking lot, where defendant was asked to perform several field
    sobriety tests -- the walk and turn, the one-leg stand, and the
    horizontal gaze nystagmus.2   According to the officers, the
    parking lot was well lit and evenly paved, and rain was not
    falling.   Both officers stated that defendant failed the three
    tests and was then arrested for DWI.    In contrast, defendant
    2 According to the Sergeant Verdon, the horizontal gaze nystagmus
    requires a suspected DWI driver to follow the tip of a pen with
    each eye. If the suspect is unable to smoothly do so, that is
    one indicator that the suspect may be intoxicated. See State v.
    Doriguzzi, 
    334 N.J. Super. 530
    , 536 (App. Div. 2000).
    5
    testified that the parking lot was not well lit and that the
    pavement was wet from rain, which was still falling.    Defendant
    claimed that he was suffering the effects of the automobile
    crash and the deployment of the air bags while performing the
    sobriety tests.
    Defendant was transported to Wayne police headquarters,
    where the officers attempted to test his blood alcohol content
    with an Alcotest.   Because the machine malfunctioned, defendant
    was then taken to a nearby State Police barracks.   There,
    Officer DeLuccia administered a Breathalyzer test to defendant,
    who gave two breath samples.    The two test results indicated
    that defendant had a blood alcohol concentration of 0.17 and
    0.18 percent.   See N.J.S.A. 39:4-50(a) (stating that “a person
    who . . . operates a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol
    concentration of 0.08% or more by weight of alcohol in the
    defendant’s blood” is guilty of DWI).    Officer DeLuccia
    testified that no radios or cell phones were in the room while
    the Breathalyzer was in use.3
    In his testimony, defendant claimed that Sergeant Verdon
    told him to advise his lawyer “to pull the videotape because we
    were wearing the radios the whole time and we never took your
    3 Under certain conditions, radio frequency interference may
    cause an erroneous Breathalyzer reading. Romano v. Kimmelman,
    
    96 N.J. 66
    , 82-84 (1984).
    6
    cell phone away.”   Defendant called to the stand Dr. Richard
    Saferstein, who was qualified as an expert witness.   Dr.
    Saferstein offered his opinion that a driver who suffers trauma
    in an automobile crash in which air bags deploy may have
    difficulty performing psychomotor physical tests.   He also
    testified that defendant should have been asked to perform the
    psychomotor physical tests indoors if the parking lot surface
    was slippery due to the rain.
    On December 9, 2010, the municipal court found defendant
    guilty of DWI and careless driving, crediting the State’s
    witnesses, particularly the testimony of Sergeant Verdon and
    Officer DeLuccia.   The court based its DWI finding on both the
    Breathalyzer readings and the officers’ observations of
    defendant.
    B.
    A month after defendant’s arrest, defense counsel submitted
    to the municipal prosecutor the first of two letters requesting
    discovery.   A December 16, 2008 discovery letter requested,
    pursuant to Rule 7:7-7(b), the “[n]ames and addresses of any
    persons whom the prosecuting attorney or any
    representative/agent of the State knows to have relevant
    evidence or information” and “video tapes, tape recordings or
    any other means of electronic or mechanical means of preserving
    evidence, which are within the possession, custody, or control
    7
    of the State.”   The letter also sought the production of any
    relevant video or audio recording made by a camera-equipped
    vehicle and any relevant 9-1-1 and dispatch recordings.
    In a follow-up to a conversation with the municipal
    prosecutor, defense counsel requested in a January 26, 2009
    letter various categories of documents that remained
    outstanding, including (1) the “[n]ame, badge number and rank of
    each police officer, as well as the unit number for each police
    vehicle, that responded . . . to the alleged accident”; (2) any
    video recordings of defendant at the scene, the Wayne Township
    police station, or State Police barracks, including any
    recordings of his performance of any psychomotor physical tests;
    and (3) “any video recordings of defendant while he was in the
    custody of or being questioned by members of the Wayne Township
    or Pequannock Police Department.”
    At a pretrial conference on January 16, 2009, defense
    counsel stated that, according to his client, the officers told
    defendant that he was being videotaped during his transport to
    State Police headquarters and during the Breathalyzer test.     The
    municipal prosecutor responded that the Wayne Township patrol
    cars did not have videotaping capability and that the State
    Police reported that there was no video recording of the
    Breathalyzer examination.   In a letter dated March 3, 2009, the
    8
    prosecutor further explained that the Wayne Township police and
    State Police did not have videotapes of defendant.
    At trial, Sergeant Verdon testified that the Wayne Township
    Police Department had security cameras in the parking lot and
    hallways on the date of defendant’s arrest.    In response to
    defense counsel’s cross-examination, Officer DeLuccia indicated
    his belief that the State Police barracks had video cameras for
    security purposes, but he did not know whether they were
    operational.    The prosecutor cut off any further questioning on
    this topic, stating that “[t]here [were] no videotapes
    available.”    Defense counsel did not press during trial for the
    names of the Pequannock police officers, who were present at the
    accident scene.
    The record does not make clear whether any videotapes
    existed at the time defendant made his first discovery request,
    one month after his arrest.
    C.
    In a trial de novo on the record, the Superior Court, Law
    Division found defendant guilty of DWI based on the Breathalyzer
    readings and, separately, “on observational evidence alone.”4
    Defendant was also found guilty of careless driving and given
    4 The arguments before the Law Division concerning the
    admissibility of the Breathalyzer results are not germane to
    this appeal.
    9
    the same sentence that was imposed in municipal court.     At the
    conclusion of the trial de novo, the court also addressed the
    discovery issues raised by the defense.   The court held that
    “the State [was] under no obligation to produce the tape of a
    suspected drunk driver performing field sobriety tests” or “a
    tape from the surveillance camera [at] Wayne Township Police
    headquarters” during the discovery process.   The court,
    moreover, determined that the State was not required to produce
    phone logs of the Wayne Township Police Department that would
    have assisted defendant in identifying the Pequannock police
    officer who first arrived on the scene.
    Defendant appealed.
    D.
    In an unpublished decision, the Appellate Division affirmed
    defendant’s DWI conviction based solely on the observations of
    the officers and therefore found it did not have to reach issues
    raised by defendant related to the admissibility of the
    Breathalyzer results.   The appellate panel also affirmed the Law
    Division’s discovery rulings, for the most part quoting the
    reasoning of the Law Division.5
    5 We will not discuss issues raised before the Appellate Division
    that are not pertinent to this appeal.
    10
    We granted defendant’s petition for certification “limited
    to the issue of whether defendant was improperly denied
    discoverable information.”   State v. Stein, 
    220 N.J. 97
     (2014).
    II.
    A.
    Defendant argues that the State was required to provide, as
    part of discovery, any videotapes that recorded his appearance
    and other indicia of his sobriety.      In short, defendant contends
    that any videotape that existed at the time of his discovery
    request had relevance to the issue of whether he was under the
    influence and would have had utility in testing the credibility
    of the police officers who testified.     He also asserts that
    because the State uses such tapes for inculpatory purposes in
    DWI cases, the defense should have a right to introduce the same
    tapes for exculpatory purposes.
    Furthermore, defendant claims that the State should have
    provided the names of the Pequannock Township officers who first
    arrived on the scene because they “could well have supported
    [his] case.”   Last, he indicates that the municipal prosecutor
    cannot “hide behind the fact that these officers were from a
    different town” because the charges were brought in the name of
    the State.
    B.
    The State counters that this Court should not consider the
    11
    discovery issues because defendant did not raise or litigate the
    matter before the municipal court.6     The State maintains that
    “no specific discovery violation was presented to the judge,”
    and “[a]s a result there was no decision made regarding
    discovery.”   The State posits that defendant cannot be granted a
    new trial based on unsubstantiated claims of discovery
    violations that he did not press in the municipal court.
    The State also argues that it had no duty to provide the
    names of the Pequannock Township police officers and any
    videotapes, if they did exist.    The State, moreover, contends
    that, even if videotapes did exist, “[g]iven the testimony and
    evidence there is no reasonable probability that video of
    defendant at the Wayne Police Department or the New Jersey State
    Police Barracks would have altered the judge’s perspective.”
    III.
    A.
    A trial court’s resolution of a discovery issue is entitled
    to substantial deference and will not be overturned absent an
    abuse of discretion.   State v. Hernandez, ___ N.J. ___ (2016)
    (slip op. at 14).   “We need not defer, however, to a discovery
    order that is . . . ‘based on a mistaken understanding of the
    6 The State did not present this argument in its Appellate
    Division brief on which it relied in opposing defendant’s
    petition for certification.
    12
    applicable law.’”   
    Ibid.
     (quoting Pomerantz Paper Corp. v. New
    Cmty. Corp., 
    207 N.J. 344
    , 371 (2011)).   In reviewing the
    meaning of a court rule, “we owe no deference to the
    interpretative statements of the trial court and Appellate
    Division, unless they are persuasive in their reasoning.”      
    Ibid.
    (citing State ex rel. A.B., 
    219 N.J. 542
    , 554-55 (2014)).
    B.
    The discovery rules governing the municipal court and
    Criminal Part of the Law Division are almost identical; both
    mandate the disclosure of the same categories of information.
    Compare R. 7:7-7, with R. 3:13-3(b).   Indeed, the municipal
    court discovery rules are patterned from the criminal discovery
    rules.   See Verniero & Pressler, Current N.J. Court Rules,
    comment 7 on R. 7:7-7 (2016) (“This rule restates the discovery
    provision of [Rule] 3:13-3.”).
    Broad discovery and the open-file approach apply in
    criminal cases “to ensure fair and just trials.”   Hernandez,
    supra, __ N.J. at __ (slip op. at 1); State v. Scoles, 
    214 N.J. 236
    , 252 (2013) (“[A] defendant has a right to automatic and
    broad discovery of the evidence the State has gathered in
    support of its charges.”).   Criminal cases and quasi-criminal
    cases, such as DWI, which are tried in municipal court, share
    many of the same procedural protections -- the State bears the
    burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and the
    13
    defendant has the right to counsel, to present and cross-examine
    witnesses, and not to testify, to name a few.     See State v.
    Widmaier, 
    157 N.J. 475
    , 494-95 (1999).     In light of the
    similarity between criminal and municipal court cases and their
    discovery rules, the liberal approach to discovery in criminal
    cases is applicable in municipal court cases.
    Rule 7:7-7(b) sets forth a defendant’s right to discovery
    in municipal court.   The discovery rule states that “in all
    cases the defendant, on written notice to the municipal
    prosecutor .   . . shall be provided with copies of all relevant
    material, including but not limited to” the information set
    forth in eleven discrete categories.     Rule 7:7-7(b)(1)-(11).7
    Only two categories are germane to this case.
    The first applicable rule states that the municipal
    prosecutor is required to provide the “names, addresses, and
    birthdates of any persons whom the prosecuting attorney knows to
    7 We note that the disclosure requirements of Rule 7:7-7(b)(1)-
    (11), which mandate the release of all evidence or information
    relevant to a legitimate defense, are more expansive than the
    due process disclosures mandated by Brady v. Maryland, 
    373 U.S. 83
    , 
    83 S. Ct. 1194
    , 
    10 L. Ed. 2d 215
     (1963) and its progeny. In
    Brady, the United States Supreme Court held that due process
    forbids the government from withholding material evidence
    favorable to an accused that has been requested by the defense.
    
    Id. at 87
    , 
    83 S. Ct. at 1196-97
    , 
    10 L. Ed. 2d at 218
    . This
    bears stating because, to some extent, both the State and
    defendant in their arguments refer to Brady as a reference point
    for analysis.
    14
    have relevant evidence or information.”   R. 7:7-7(b)(7).    This
    subsection does not distinguish between relevant evidence
    possessed by police officers in the municipality in which the
    local prosecutor has jurisdiction and relevant evidence
    possessed by police officers from a neighboring municipality.
    Provided that the municipal prosecutor knows that police
    officers from an adjoining jurisdiction have relevant
    information pertaining to a DWI case, the names of those
    officers must be disclosed to a defendant.
    The second applicable rule provides that the municipal
    prosecutor must provide “all relevant . . . books, originals or
    copies of papers and documents, or tangible objects, . . .
    including, but not limited to, writings, drawings, graphs,
    charts, photographs, video and sound recordings, [and] images.”
    R. 7:7-7(b)(6) (emphasis added).8   “Relevancy is the hallmark of
    8 The version of Rule 7:7-7(b)(6) at the time of trial, unlike
    the current rule, did not explicitly identify photographs and
    video and sound recordings as discoverable, but the disclosure
    of video and sound recordings was understood to be encompassed
    within the then-language of the rule. See State v. Mustaro, 
    411 N.J. Super. 91
    , 102 (App. Div. 2009) (holding that 2009 version
    of Rule 7:7-7(b)(6) required disclosure of videotape of
    defendant’s arrest for DWI). The 2010 version of Rule 7:7-
    7(b)(6) required disclosure of “books, originals or copies of
    papers and documents, or tangible objects, buildings or places
    that are within the possession, custody or control of the
    government.” No one disputes that, at the time of the
    proceedings in this case, the scope of Rule 7.7-7(b)(6)
    encompassed photographs and video and sound recordings.
    15
    admissibility of evidence.”     State v. Darby, 
    174 N.J. 509
    , 519
    (2002).   Evidence is relevant if it “ha[s] a tendency in reason
    to prove or disprove any fact of consequence to the
    determination of the action.”    N.J.R.E. 401.9
    Just as testimony regarding a DWI suspect’s failure to
    perform psychomotor physical or sobriety tests, or walk and
    stand without stumbling and grasping for support, or talk
    without slurring his speech is relevant evidence to prove
    intoxication, likewise is a video or sound recording that would
    depict the very same things.    The adage that a picture is worth
    a thousand words is an apt expression of the value and
    importance of video and sound recordings, if they are available
    in DWI cases.   Indeed, a video recording of events in many cases
    may be equal or superior to testimonial evidence.     Clearly, if
    such evidence is relevant to proving guilt, then the converse
    must hold true.   Evidence that would have a tendency in reason
    to disprove a DWI defendant’s intoxication is relevant and
    therefore must be disclosed to a defendant, if such evidence is
    in the State’s custody or control.
    9 Nothing in N.J.R.E. 401 suggests that the definition of
    relevance is different for quasi-criminal cases, such as DWI,
    than for actual criminal cases. To the extent that the
    Appellate Division intimated otherwise in State v. Carrero, 
    428 N.J. Super. 495
    , 507-08 (App. Div. 2012), and State v. Ford, 
    240 N.J. Super. 44
    , 48-49 (App. Div. 1990), we reject that notion.
    16
    Discovery in a municipal court case, like in a criminal
    case, “‘is appropriate if it will lead to relevant’
    information.”   Hernandez, supra, __ N.J. at __ (slip op. at 15)
    (quoting State v. Ballard, 
    331 N.J. Super. 529
    , 538 (App. Div.
    2000)).    In the same vein, the discovery rule requires that the
    State provide defendant with “‘material evidence affecting [the]
    credibility’ of a State’s witness whose testimony may be
    determinative of guilt or innocence.”    
    Id.
     at __ (slip op. at
    16) (quoting State v. Carter, 
    69 N.J. 420
    , 433 (1976)).
    The recordings from a patrol car’s dashboard camera that
    depict the interactions between a DWI suspect and police
    officers or the sobriety tests performed by the suspect are
    clearly relevant, and if the recordings contradict an officer’s
    testimony, such evidence has vital impeachment value to the
    defense.   A video recording of a Breathalyzer test or a
    defendant’s appearance, behavior, and motor skills at police
    headquarters is also relevant because it may have “a tendency in
    reason to prove or disprove” that the defendant was under the
    influence.   See N.J.R.E. 401.   To ensure the availability of
    such relevant evidence, a defendant should give written notice
    to the municipal prosecutor to preserve pertinent videotapes
    pursuant to Rule 7:7-7.    Although the defense carries this
    obligation, the State also has a duty to preserve evidence that
    it knows is relevant to a DWI prosecution.
    17
    The State may move for the redaction of a video recording,
    and an in camera review if necessary, under appropriate
    circumstances.   If the State can show that a video recording (1)
    discloses features or the outlay of headquarters that is likely
    to compromise security, (2) captures people not relevant to the
    proceedings and whose privacy rights may be infringed, or (3) is
    necessary for another justifiable reason, the court may order
    redaction consistent with the fair-trial rights of the
    defendant.
    We now apply those simple, straightforward principles to
    the facts of this case.
    IV.
    A.
    The municipal prosecutor had the discovery obligation to
    provide defendant with the names of the Pequannock police
    officers present at the scene of the motor vehicle accident in
    this case.   See R. 7:7-7(b)(7) (requiring municipal prosecutor
    to disclose “names . . . of any persons whom [he or she] knows
    to have relevant evidence or information”).   Defense counsel
    made the appropriate request in his first and second discovery
    letters, seeking the names of “any persons whom the prosecuting
    attorney . . . knows to have relevant evidence or information”
    (first letter) and the “[n]ame, badge number and rank of each
    police officer, as well as the unit number for each police
    18
    vehicle, that responded . . . to the alleged accident” (second
    letter).    The second letter specifically referenced the
    Pequannock Police Department by requesting any relevant video
    recordings made by its officers.
    Common sense tells us that the first responding police
    officers at the scene of an accident caused by a driver
    suspected of DWI will have evidence or information relevant to
    the case.   The officers may know whether the suspect exhibited
    injuries resulting from the accident, whether he smelled of
    alcohol, whether his speech was slurred, whether he made
    admissions, or whether his balance was impaired, to name a few
    observations that would be of relevance.
    We reject any suggestion in the decisions of the Law
    Division and Appellate Division that, as a matter of discovery,
    defendant did not have a right to the names of the Pequannock
    police officers or, to the extent that those names were not
    readily known, to evidence, such as phone logs, that would have
    revealed their names.
    Having said that, although defendant made the request for
    the names of those officers in his discovery letters, at no time
    during the municipal court hearings did he seek in a meaningful
    19
    way to compel the municipal prosecutor to comply with the
    State’s disclosure obligation.10    Rule 7:7-7(j) provides:
    If at any time during the course of the
    proceedings it is brought to the attention of
    the court that a party has failed to comply
    with this rule . . . , the court may order
    that party to provide the discovery of
    materials not previously disclosed, . . . or
    enter   such   other  order   as   it   deems
    appropriate.
    Defendant did not seek to avail himself of the enforcement
    mechanism of Rule 7:7-7(j).   Defendant never brought before the
    municipal court his demand for the names of the Pequannock
    police officers.    Defendant may not remain silent on a discovery
    violation known to him in municipal court and strategically
    calculate that he can bring it to life in a trial de novo before
    the Law Division.
    10In his mid-trial, municipal court motion brief, under a point
    heading entitled, “THE FAILURE OF THE POLICE TO PRESERVE
    EVIDENCE . . . ,” defendant mostly focuses on his contention
    that the municipal prosecutor failed to preserve videotape
    evidence. Under that same point heading, however, defendant
    mentions that one of the Pequannock police officers may have
    witnessed the accident and therefore may have knowledge “whether
    the accident actually happened in Wayne Township or Pequannock.”
    For that reason, defendant states that the identity of the
    officer is important. But nowhere in the transcripts of the
    municipal court proceedings does defendant ask the court to
    order the municipal court prosecutor to disclose the names of
    the Pequannock officers. Nor does defendant ever question that
    the Wayne Township municipal court had jurisdiction to hear the
    DWI case. The precise location of the accident was known, and
    no challenge was raised concerning the municipality that had
    jurisdiction over the case.
    20
    In sum, although the Law Division and Appellate Division
    erred in suggesting that the municipal prosecutor could withhold
    from defendant the names of relevant witnesses or the means of
    identifying them, defendant did not raise or preserve the issue
    in the municipal court proceedings.   See N.J. Div. of Youth &
    Family Servs. v. M.C. III, 
    201 N.J. 328
    , 339 (2010) (noting that
    “issues not raised below will ordinarily not be considered on
    appeal”); see also Alpert, Goldberg, Butler, Norton & Weiss,
    P.C. v. Quinn, 
    410 N.J. Super. 510
    , 539 (App. Div. 2009) (noting
    that because discovery issue was not presented to trial court,
    that issue would not be considered on appeal), certif. denied,
    
    203 N.J. 93
     (2010).   We therefore decline to grant defendant a
    remedy that he did not seek at the appropriate time in the
    appropriate forum.
    B.
    In his two discovery letters, defendant requested “video
    tapes . . . which are within the possession, custody, or control
    of the State”; any recordings made by a video-equipped police
    vehicle at the accident scene; any recordings by cameras at the
    Wayne Township police headquarters or State Police barracks
    depicting defendant, his arrest, or his performance of
    psychomotor physical tests; and any video recording made by
    officers of the Pequannock Police Department.   The discovery
    requests unquestionably sought relevant evidence that must be
    21
    disclosed pursuant to Rule 7:7-7(b)(6) -- provided, of course,
    that such video recordings existed at the time defendant sought
    the information.   At the time of the municipal court
    proceedings, any such videotape in the State’s possession was a
    “tangible object[],” which, if it contained relevant evidence or
    information, had to be disclosed to defendant.   R. 7:7-7(b)(6)
    (2010) (governing discovery rule at time of proceedings in this
    case); see also Mustaro, 
    supra,
     
    411 N.J. Super. at 102
    .
    We reject the Law Division’s determination, affirmed by the
    Appellate Division, that the State did not have a discovery
    “obligation to produce the tape of a suspected drunk driver
    performing field sobriety tests” or “a tape from the
    surveillance camera [at] Wayne Township Police headquarters,” or
    a tape from any other police department that depicted
    defendant’s appearance, behavior, and motor skills, or other
    evidence or information relevant to the case.    As discussed,
    such tapes may have value in the prosecution and defense of a
    DWI case.   In this case, any video recording was relevant if it
    had a tendency in reason to show defendant’s sobriety or impeach
    the officers’ accounts that supported the conclusion that
    defendant was under the influence.
    We cannot conclude with any certainty from the record that
    the video recordings sought by defendant never existed or did
    not exist at the time he made his discovery requests.     The
    22
    municipal prosecutor at the January 16, 2009 pretrial conference
    stated that the Wayne Township patrol cars did not have
    videotaping capability, but he did not provide information
    concerning whether the Pequannock Township patrol cars possessed
    such a capability.     Although the municipal prosecutor explained
    in a March 3, 2009 letter that the Wayne Township Police and
    State Police did not have videotapes of defendant, the trial
    testimony of Sergeant Verdon and Officer DeLuccia raised some
    questions about the operability of cameras in the Wayne Township
    Police Department and State Police barracks.    Moreover, the
    municipal prosecutor did not state that videotapes never existed
    or did not exist at the time of defendant’s discovery requests.
    Additionally, in the trial de novo before the Law Division, the
    prosecutor did not argue that the videotapes requested in
    discovery never existed, but rather that the State had no
    obligation to produce them.
    Surely, defense counsel could have made a better record or
    pressed with greater clarity the relief that he sought before
    the municipal court.     The failure to do so is partly responsible
    for the confused record.    We find no fault in the way the
    municipal court handled the proceedings.
    Nevertheless, out of an abundance of caution, we remand to
    the Law Division for proceedings to determine whether any
    relevant video recordings ever existed or were available at the
    23
    time that defendant made his discovery requests.     See R. 3:23-
    8(a)(2) (“[T]he court may permit the record to be supplemented
    for the limited purpose of correcting a legal error in the
    proceedings below.”).     We do not suggest that any discovery
    violation occurred.     If any relevant video recordings were
    withheld, the Law Division has wide latitude to fashion an
    appropriate remedy pursuant to Rule 7:7-7(j).
    V.
    Accordingly, we affirm in part and reverse in part the
    judgment of the Appellate Division, and remand to the Law
    Division to conduct proceedings consistent with this opinion.
    We do not retain jurisdiction.
    CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER; and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, PATTERSON,
    FERNANDEZ-VINA, SOLOMON and JUDGE CUFF (temporarily assigned),
    join in JUSTICE ALBIN’s opinion.
    24