Haring v. Margroff , 10 Stock. 553 ( 1923 )

Bentley, Y. C.

The important question is to determine the estate that the widow took under the devise of what is called his “mill property.” When he said, speaking thereof, “I want it to be sold,” &c., I feel that he was giving directions to his executors and that the same would have been obligatory upon them, and a conversion would have been effected at the time of his death were it not for the discretionary character of the power evidenced by the language “at any time my executors hereinafter named have a good opportunity to do so at a fair price.” It seems to me that this discretion defeats a conversion :

“If the act converting * * * is left to the option, discretion or choice of the trustees or other parties, then no equitable conversion will take place, because no duty to make the change rests upon them.” 3 Pom. Eq. Jur. {4th ed.) § 1160.

In the case of Romaine v. Hendrickson, 24 N. J. Eq. (at p. 237), the chancellor, speaking cf a somewhat similar provision in the will, said as follows:

“The power of sale is not one that is to be exercised on the happening of a certain event, or at a given time, but is wholly discretionary, not only as to the time of sale, but as to whether the sale shall ever be made. It may never be exercised. It is a power and not a trust. The land was not devised to the executors, and in the meantime, until the sale, the title is in the heirs, and they have power to transfer their interest in it, at all events, so far as to entitle the alienee to all their rights, whatever disposition should be afterwards made of it. Den v. Snowhill, 3 Zab. 447; Den v. Creveling, 1 Dutch. 449; Herbert v. Executor of Tuthill, Sax. 141;

Gest v. Flock, 1 Gr. Ch. 108; Fluke v. Fluke’s Fxecutor, 1 C. E. Gr. 478."

To like effect is Parker v. Glover, 42 N. J. Fq. 559.

Had the direction to sell been unequivocal, of course, it is clear that the conversion would have been instant, and I am inclined to believe that she would have taken the proceeds absolutely by reason of the unlimited power of disposal thereof. Annin v. Vandoren, 14 N. J. Fq. 135; McClellan v. Larchar, 45 N. J. Fq. 17; Weaver v. Patterson, 92 N. J. Fq. 170.

But, in view of the discretion vested in the executors and on the authorities mentioned above, I feel that no conversion occurred, and the title vested in the testator's heirs (Hopping v. Gray, 82 N. J. Eq. 502, and authorities collected at p. 504), subject to be divested upon the exercise of the power of sale by the executors, and that the widow took nothing, but that there was created a conditional estate dependent upon the sale if the same should ever take place. An estate upon condition depends upon the happening or not happening of some certain event whereby an estate may be either originally created, or enjoyed, or finally defeated. Co. Litt. 201A; Bl. Com. 152; Blackwell v. Blackwell, 15 N. J. Law 386; Brooks v. Kip, 54 N. J. Eq. 452. However, the contingency or event that was to bring this estate into being, to wit, the sale by the executors, never having occurred and being limited in extent to the life or widowhood of the widow, and she having been long since dead, of course she took no estate.

On the subject of conversion, a number of cases are cited by the complainant which are not germane. In Huber v. Donoghue, 49 N. J. Eq. 125, and Herbert v. Tuthill, 1 N. J. Eq. 141, the direction to sell was clear and unequivocal. For example, to- direct that land shall be sold for the most it will bring or to the highest bidder, or as soon as conveniently may be, is very different from such a provision as is found in the will under consideration, “at - any time my executors herein named have a good opportunity to do so at a fair price.”

While the devise or bequest over to the defendant Martin of “all the real and personal estate and property as it is left at her death” cannot be given effect as a contingent remainder for lade of a particular estate to support it, it is good as an executory devise. Fearns Bern. *895. Of course, had the widow ever come into possession of the proceeds of the sale of the property, this devise would have been defeated by reason of the unlimited power of disposal bestowed upon her. But that event never having transpired, the devise over was good, and, in consequence, at the death of the testator’s widow, the defendant Martin took an indefeasible estate in fee-simple in the land sought to be partitioned.

It is also said by the complainants that the defendant Margroff, as such executor, has been guilty of a breach of trust in failing to make sale. Unfortunately, however, there is not one word in the stipulation on which this matter was tried to substantiate that contention. In fact it is said:

“The defendant executor asserts that he has never been requested to sell said lands, nor had he a good opportunity to do so at a fair price. The complainant has no knowledge as to the truth or falsity of this statement.”

It is clear that the designation “the complainant” in the last sentence is a typographical error and should have been in the plural. This, reduced to its lowest terms, leaves the m'atter in a situation where a fraud is charged in the bill, denied by the defendant, and no proof of any kind to support the bill, not to mention overcoming the effect of the defendants’ denial.

For the reasons I have given, I have concluded that the testator’s widow, through whom the complainants claim title, never had title to the real estate in question or the proceeds thereof; that there is no evidence of fraud or bad faith against the defendant Margroff, and that, consequently, the bill should be dismissed. This makes it unnecessary to consider the other defenses, such as laches and exoneration that have been raised.