SHIRLEY SHANK VS. BAY PLAZA ASSOC., LLC (L-2831-17, OCEAN COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) ( 2021 )


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  •                                 NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
    APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
    This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
    internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
    SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
    APPELLATE DIVISION
    DOCKET NO. A-2000-19
    SHIRLEY SHANK,
    Plaintiff-Appellant/
    Cross-Respondent,
    v.
    BAY PLAZA ASSOC., LLC, and
    PASBJERG DEVELOPMENT CO.,
    Defendants-Respondents/
    Cross Appellants,
    and
    STRAIGHT EDGE STRIPING,
    LLC,
    Defendant/Third-Party
    Plaintiff-Respondent,
    v.
    SHERWIN WILLIAMS COMPANY,
    Third-Party Defendant.
    Submitted March 22, 2021 – Decided May 13, 2021
    Before Judges Sabatino and Currier.
    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
    Division, Ocean County, Docket No. L-2831-17.
    Brandon J. Broderick, LLC, attorneys for
    appellant/cross-respondent (Gregory D. Shaffer, on the
    briefs).
    Dengler & Lipski, attorneys for respondents/cross-
    appellants (Christopher P. Morgan, of counsel and on
    the briefs).
    Law Offices of James H. Rohlfing, attorneys for
    respondent (Susanne D. Montgomery, on the brief).
    PER CURIAM
    In this slip-and-fall personal injury case, plaintiff Shirley Shank appeals
    from the summary judgment order and the subsequent denial of reconsideration
    dismissing her complaint against defendants Bay Plaza Associates, LLC (Bay
    Plaza), Pasbjerg Development Co. (Pasbjerg), and Straight Edge Striping, LLC
    (Straight Edge).1 Bay Plaza and Pasbjerg cross-appeal from the trial court's
    order dismissing their contractual indemnity claim against Straight Edge. After
    a review of the respective contentions in light of the record and applicable
    principles of law, we affirm.
    1
    The court also granted summary judgment to third-party defendant Sherwin
    Williams.
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    2
    We discern the following facts from the record. Bay Plaza is the owner
    of a retail shopping center located in Toms River. One of the tenants is a
    ShopRite supermarket. Pasbjerg is the manager of the shopping center property.
    In March 2016, Pasbjerg contracted with Straight Edge to restripe parking
    stalls, directional arrows, and traffic stripes in the ShopRite parking lot. The
    contract included an indemnity provision.
    On March 23, 2016, Straight Edge striped the parking lot using Sherwin
    Williams Hotline Fast Dry Latex Traffic Marking Paint. The paint was applied
    directly on top of the existing parking lot markings. Straight Edge was never
    informed by anyone of any problems with the work. Straight Edge restriped the
    parking lot again in 2018.
    At the time of these events, plaintiff was employed by the ShopRite in the
    Bay Plaza shopping center. She had worked in the store for several years. On
    July 10, 2016, plaintiff completed her shift at approximately 11:00 p.m. Her co-
    worker, Doug Rabel, offered to drive plaintiff to the employee parking lot
    because it was raining. Plaintiff stated it had been lightly raining for about five
    minutes before she left the store. As she walked out, it was drizzling. Rabel's
    truck was parked in the parking lot in front of the store.
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    3
    Plaintiff stated that she stepped and then fell on a white directional arrow
    painted on the vehicle travel lane directly in front of the store as she was walking
    to Rabel's vehicle. However, she also said that although she was looking at the
    ground as she walked, she did not recall seeing the directional arrow prior to
    falling.
    During his deposition, Rabel stated he was walking in front of plaintiff as
    they headed to his truck. He did not see her fall. When he turned around, she
    was lying on the ground near an arrow in the travel lane of the parking lot.
    Plaintiff commenced suit, alleging all the defendants negligently allowed
    a dangerous condition to exist on the property and failed to warn of the
    dangerous condition thereby causing her to sustain injuries. Straight Edge
    subsequently filed a third-party complaint against Sherwin Williams.
    To support her allegations of negligence, plaintiff retained an engineer,
    Jack Krafchik, who issued a report after inspecting the shopping center parking
    lot on June 1, 2019.
    Although Krafchik measured the slip resistance of the directional arrows,
    he did not include the measured results in his report "due to the passage of time
    between the date of the incident and [his] inspection, and the subsequent
    application . . . of an additional coat of white paint on top of the coat applied in
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    2016 . . . ." Krafchik stated the surface conditions at the time of his inspection
    were not representative of those in existence at the time of plaintiff's fall.
    Krafchik's report concluded that:
    [T]his incident could have been avoided if a slip
    resistant additive had been incorporated into the
    Sherwin-Williams product when it was applied . . . in
    2016. These additives were available at the time, and
    for many years before 2016. If used, the additives
    would have provided the necessary slip resistance to the
    white paint, and the incident would have been avoided.
    Similarly, the use of inherently slip resistant paint . . .
    or the application of texturing or cross-cut grooving
    would have achieved the necessary result.
    During his deposition, Krafchik was not certain on which directional
    arrow plaintiff had fallen – there were two in the pertinent portion of the travel
    lane – and he did not know on which part of the arrow she had fallen. In
    discussing the wet slip resistant testing he conducted, Krafchik stated he did not
    include it in his report because "the surface which [he] tested was not the same
    surface as on the date of the accident" because there was one additional coat of
    paint. However, the testing performed on the arrows in 2019 showed the surface
    was within the accepted slip resistant tolerance range. Krafchik also did not
    know what the thickness of the paint was at the time of plaintiff's fall and he did
    not measure it during his inspection in June 2019.
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    In his report and during his deposition, Krafchik relied on a Performance
    Tip information provided by Sherwin Williams with the "traffic marking paint."
    The pertinent portion of the sheet stated: "Painted surfaces can become slippery
    when wet. Traffic paints are not intended for use as floor paints, and should not
    be used to paint large areas subject to pedestrian traffic. For instance, painting
    an entire stall is not recommended."
    When confronted with literature regarding a slip resistant additive,
    Krafchik agreed that line striping, parking lot lines, and directional arrows were
    not included in the list of recommended uses for the additive.
    A representative of Sherwin Williams was also deposed. He testified that
    the paint used by Straight Edge was typically used in parking lots to paint
    directional arrows and crosswalks and users were not instructed to also use an
    additive.
    Bay Plaza, Pasbjerg, and Sherwin Williams moved for summary
    judgment. In granting the motions, the motion judge found Krafchik's expert
    report was net opinion. In an oral decision on September 27, 2019, the judge
    stated:
    [T]he [c]ourt is compelled to conclude that it's a net
    opinion. It's his opinion that it's too slippery. He
    doesn't provide any standards, he doesn't provide any
    guidelines for a fact-finder to look to in order to
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    6
    determine . . . a dangerous quality of paint because of
    the coefficient of friction. He never bothered to test it.
    He doesn't know what the paint is when it's brand new.
    He doesn't know what it's like after it's been used for a
    while. He only indicates it could be less slippery by
    doing certain things. But he doesn't indicate that the
    condition, at the time it was applied, or at the time of
    the fall, violated a standard of safety. And as a result,
    you're leaving the fact-finder to speculate as to what
    might have happened at the time. Accordingly, I'm
    granting [Bay Plaza and Pasbjerg's] application. I'm
    going to grant the summary judgment. I find that there
    is no . . . method for the fact-finder to come to its
    conclusion, other than speculation.
    Thereafter, Straight Edge moved for summary judgment and plaintiff filed
    a motion for reconsideration. On November 22, 2019, the court granted Straight
    Edge's motion for summary judgment and denied plaintiff's motion for
    reconsideration stating: "There's nothing [in the record] to indicate that the
    condition that was created in the parking lot was unreasonable under the
    circumstances."
    Bay Plaza and Pasbjerg then moved for summary judgment against
    Straight Edge for indemnification under the clause in their contract. On January
    10, 2020, the motion judge denied the motion. The judge noted plaintiff made
    identical allegations of negligence against all the defendants and the court had
    found all defendants were free of fault. He stated: "I'm going to deny the
    application to compel the indemnification under the circumstances where all
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    parties have been determined to be without fault, and the complaint sets forth
    the allegation of fault against the property owner [Bay Plaza]."
    On appeal, plaintiff asserts the motion judge erred in sua sponte raising
    the issue of net opinion and the judge could not make that determination without
    a plenary hearing. Plaintiff further contends her expert's report was not net
    opinion and it was error to grant summary judgment to defendants.
    In their cross-appeal, Bay Plaza and Pasbjerg assert the motion judge erred
    in denying summary judgment to Bay Plaza on its indemnity agreement with
    Straight Edge.
    We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same
    legal standard as the trial court. Green v. Monmouth Univ., 
    237 N.J. 516
    , 529
    (2019) (citation omitted).    Therefore, we consider "whether the competent
    evidential materials presented, when viewed in the light most favorable to the
    non-moving party in consideration of the applicable evidentiary standard, are
    sufficient to permit a rational factfinder to resolve the alleged disputed issue in
    favor of the non-moving party." Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 
    142 N.J. 520
    , 523 (1995).
    "If there is no genuine issue of material fact, we must then 'decide whether
    the trial court correctly interpreted the law.'" DepoLink Ct. Reporting & Litig.
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    8
    Support Servs. v. Rochman, 
    430 N.J. Super. 325
    , 333 (App. Div. 2013) (citations
    omitted). We review issues of law de novo and accord no deference to the trial
    judge's conclusions on issues of law. Nicholas v. Mynster, 
    213 N.J. 463
    , 478
    (2013).
    We begin by addressing plaintiff's contentions regarding Krafchik's expert
    report. "In general, expert testimony is required when 'a subject is so esoteric
    that jurors of common judgment and experience cannot form a valid
    conclusion.'"   Hopkins v. Fox & Lazo Realtors, 
    132 N.J. 426
    , 450 (1993)
    (quoting Wyatt by Caldwell v. Wyatt, 217 N.J. Super 580, 591 (App. Div.
    1987)).
    Expert opinion must be grounded in "'facts or data derived from (1) the
    expert's personal observations, or (2) evidence admitted at the trial, or (3) data
    relied upon by the expert which is not necessarily admissible in evidence but
    which is the type of data normally relied upon by experts . . . .'" Polzo v. Cnty
    of Essex, 
    196 N.J. 569
    , 583 (2008) (quoting State v. Townsend, 
    186 N.J. 473
    ,
    494 (2006)). The net opinion rule is a "corollary of [N.J.R.E. 703] . . . which
    forbids the admission into evidence of an expert's conclusions that are not
    supported by factual evidence or other data." 
    Ibid.
     The rule requires that an
    expert "'give the why and wherefore' that supports the opinion, 'rather than a
    A-2000-19
    9
    mere conclusion.'" Borough of Saddle River v. 66 E. Allendale, LLC, 
    216 N.J. 115
    , 144 (2013) (quoting Pomerantz Paper Corp. v. New Community Corp., 
    207 N.J. 344
    , 372 (2011)); see also Buckelew v. Grossbard, 
    87 N.J. 512
    , 524, (1981)
    (explaining that "an expert's bare conclusion[], unsupported by factual evidence,
    is inadmissible").
    The net opinion rule mandates that experts "must be able to identify the
    factual bases for their conclusions, explain their methodology, and demonstrate
    that both the factual bases and the methodology are scientifically reliable."
    Landrigan v. Celotex Corp., 
    127 N.J. 404
    , 417 (1992). An expert's conclusion
    "'is excluded if it is based merely on unfounded speculation and unquantified
    possibilities.'" Grzanka v. Pfeifer, 
    301 N.J. Super. 563
    , 580 (App. Div. 1997)
    (quoting Vuocolo v. Diamond Shamrock Chem. Co., 
    240 N.J. Super. 289
    , 300,
    573 (App. Div. 1990)).
    "Given the weight that a jury may accord to expert testimony, a trial court
    must ensure that an expert is not permitted to express speculative opinions or
    personal views that are unfounded in the record." Townsend v. Pierre, 
    221 N.J. 36
    , 55 (2015).       Accordingly, an expert opinion lacking "a proper factual
    foundation" and "consist[ing] of bare conclusions unsupported by factual
    A-2000-19
    10
    evidence is inadmissible as a net opinion." Anderson v. A.J. Friedman Supply
    Co., 
    416 N.J. Super. 46
    , 74 (App. Div. 2010).
    Additionally, "the failure of the expert to explain a causal connection
    between the act or incident complained of and the injury or damage allegedly
    resulting therefrom" is a fatal flaw that will bar an expert's opinion. Buckelew,
    
    87 N.J. at 524
    . The expert must be able to identify an objective, generally
    accepted standard of practice that would allow the expert's opinion to be relied
    upon. See Koruba v. American Honda Motor Co., 
    396 N.J. Super. 517
    , 526
    (App. Div. 2007).      Without meeting this basic requirement, "[a]n opinion
    lacking [in] foundation is worthless." State v. One Marlin Rifle, 
    319 N.J. Super. 359
    , 370 (App. Div. 1999).
    We disagree with plaintiff's argument that the trial court was required to
    conduct a N.J.R.E. 104 hearing before finding the expert report was net opinion.
    "The need for a [Rule 104] hearing is remitted to the trial court's discretion
    . . . ." Kemp ex rel. Wright v. State, 
    174 N.J. 412
    , 432 (2002). "Absent a clear
    abuse of discretion, an appellate court will not interfere with the exercise of that
    discretion." Carey v. Lovett, 
    132 N.J. 44
    , 64 (1993). In addition, the court did
    not sua sponte raise the issue of whether the expert report was net opinion—it
    was raised in the parties' briefs.
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    11
    Here, plaintiff claimed that the painted directional arrow in the parking
    lot was slippery and therefore a dangerous condition. She did not allege a
    complicated or unaccepted theory of causation. It was well within the motion
    judge's province to consider the report and determine its admissibility.
    Moreover, there was no request made for the court to conduct a Rule 104
    hearing. Therefore, we see no mistaken exercise of discretion in the court
    considering the admissibility of the Krafchik report without a plenary h earing.
    We also discern no misapplication of discretion in the trial court's finding
    of net opinion. It is undisputed that plaintiff required an expert to opine for the
    jury the nature of the alleged dangerous condition. And plaintiff did retain an
    expert. However, Krafchik's report failed to explain how the painted directional
    arrow on which plaintiff stated she fell was actually slippery or dangerous. The
    report primarily relied on the literature of Sherwin Williams warning consumers
    that the paint could be slippery when wet, if used as a floor paint or in a large
    area, such as a traffic stall, subject to pedestrian traffic. Krafchik did not assign
    any liability to Sherwin Williams in his report. He also conceded that the
    additives he believed should have been added to the paint were not
    recommended for use in parking lot striping.
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    12
    In addition, Krafchik inspected the parking lot and the directional arrows
    in June 2019, almost three years after plaintiff's accident. The expert admitted
    he was unable to identify either the specific arrow on which plaintiff slipped or
    what part of the arrow she slipped on. Moreover, as the directional arrows had
    been repainted in 2018, they were no longer in the same condition as on the
    night of plaintiff's fall.
    Krafchik conducted a visual examination of the directional arrows and
    performed a slip resistance test. Krafchik admitted the results were within the
    range of acceptable tolerance for slip resistance but did not include them in the
    report. The expert also did not measure the thickness of the paint.
    The expert report did not include any scientific information, test results ,
    or analysis. It failed to explain or show that the painted directional arrows in
    the parking lot created a dangerous condition. Rather, it merely speculated that
    plaintiff's accident could have been prevented if Straight Edge had applied an
    additive to the paint or textured the paint following application. Because the
    report only contained bare conclusions, the trial court properly deemed it net
    opinion and inadmissible. Without expert opinion, plaintiff could not support
    her allegations of negligence against defendants and the motion judge properly
    granted summary judgment.
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    In their cross-appeal, Bay Plaza and Pasbjerg argue the trial court erred in
    dismissing their third-party contractual indemnity claim against Straight Edge.
    They seek indemnification of the fees and costs incurred in defending plaintiff's
    lawsuit. The clause at issue states:
    [Straight Edge] will indemnify [Bay Plaza and
    Pasbjerg] and save it harmless from and against any and
    all claims, actions, damages, liability and expenses in
    connection with loss of life, personal injury and/or
    damages to property arising from or out of any
    occurrence upon, or at the Property, related to [Straight
    Edge's] performance of its obligations under this
    contract. In case [Bay Plaza and Pasbjerg] shall,
    without fault on its part, be made a party to any
    litigation commenced by or against [Straight Edge],
    [Straight Edge] shall protect and hold harmless and
    shall pay all costs, expenses and reasonable attorney's
    fees incurred or paid by [Bay Plaza and Pasbjerg] in
    connection with such litigation.
    As stated, we give no deference to the trial court's interpretation of the
    contract. See Manalapan Realty LP v. Twp. Comm. of Twp. of Manalapan, 
    140 N.J. 366
    , 378 (1995) (stating "[a] trial court's interpretation of the law and the
    legal consequences that flow from established facts are not entitled to any
    special deference.").
    "The objective in construing a contractual indemnity provision is the same
    as in construing any other part of a contract—it is to determine the intent of the
    parties." Kieffer v. Best Buy, 
    205 N.J. 213
    , 223 (2011) (citing Mantilla v. NC
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    Mall Assocs., 
    167 N.J. 262
    , 272 (2001)). This court will not "rewrite a contract
    for the parties better than or different from the one they wrote for themselves. "
    
    Ibid.
     (citing Zacarias v. Allstate Ins. Co., 
    168 N.J. 590
    , 595 (2001)). "Thus, we
    should give contractual terms 'their plain and ordinary meaning.'" 
    Ibid.
     (quoting
    M.J. Paquet, Inc. v. N.J. Dep't of Transp., 
    171 N.J. 378
    , 396 (2002)).
    However, "[i]f the meaning of an indemnity provision is ambiguous, the
    provision is 'strictly construed against the indemnitee.'" 
    Ibid.
     (quoting Mantilla,
    
    167 N.J. at 272
    ). "An ambiguous contract is construed against the drafter."
    Englert v. The Home Depot, 
    389 N.J. Super. 44
    , 58 (App. Div. 2006).
    The first sentence of the indemnity clause here states that Straight Edge
    will indemnify Bay Plaza and Pasbjerg for claims related to the performance of
    Straight Edge's obligations under the contract.        The phrase "related to its
    performance" is ambiguous, as the provision does not clarify when the
    performance is complete. The provision could potentially obligate Straight
    Edge to indemnify for any injury that occurred only while the work was being
    performed. It could also be read to require indemnification for any injury at any
    period of time, if a litigant could causally connect it to Straight Edge's work.
    The second sentence states that Straight Edge will indemnify Bay Plaza
    and Pasbjerg if, "without fault on its part", they are made a party to any litigation
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    15
    by or against Straight Edge. Again, we find the phrasing imprecise. It is unclear
    what the parties intended by the use of "without fault on its part." The phrase
    could mean Straight Edge is obligated to indemnify Bay Plaza and Pasbjerg if
    they are added to a lawsuit even if Straight Edge is without fault. Or it could
    mean that Bay Plaza and Pasbjerg were entitled to indemnification even if those
    entities were found not at fault in the litigation. As stated, any ambiguity goes
    against the indemnitee and drafter of the clause, here, Bay Plaza and Pasbjerg.
    See Kieffer, 
    205 N.J. at 223
    .
    Affirmed.
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