DCPP VS. J.B. AND C.R., IN THE MATTER OF CA.R. AND C.R., JR. (FN-13-0079-18, MONMOUTH COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) (RECORD IMPOUNDED) , 459 N.J. Super. 442 ( 2019 )

RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3019-18T3
NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,
Plaintiff-Respondent, APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
June 10, 2019
v.
APPELLATE DIVISION
J.B.,
Defendant-Appellant,
and
C.R.,
Defendant.
_____________________________
IN THE MATTER OF Ca.R. and
C.R., JR.,
Minors.
_____________________________
Argued May 21, 2019 – Decided June 10, 2019
Before Judges Fisher, Geiger and Enright.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Monmouth County,
Docket No. FN-13-0079-18.
Michael C. Wroblewski, Assistant Deputy Public
Defender, argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E.
Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Michael C.
Wroblewski, on the brief).
Jennifer A. Lochel, Deputy Attorney General, argued
the cause for respondent (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney
General, attorney; Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant
Attorney General, of counsel; Joshua Paul Bohn, on
the brief).
Caridad Diaz Argote-Freyre, Assistant Deputy Public
Defender, argued the cause for minors (Joseph E.
Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian, attorney;
Meredith Alexis Pollock, Deputy Public Defender, of
counsel; Caridad Diaz Argote-Freyre and Nancy P.
Fratz, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, of counsel
and on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
GEIGER, J.A.D.
This case presents the unresolved issue of whether the Division of Child
Protection and Permanency (the Division) can obtain court approval to
vaccinate two minor children, who are in the Division's care, custody, and
supervision due to the substantiated and admitted abuse and neglect of the
parents, despite the parents' religious objection. Defendants J.B. (Mother) 1
and C.R. (Father) are the parents of Ca.R. (Daughter), born in December 2014,
1
We identify the parties and the children by their initials to protect the
identities of the children.
A-3019-18T3
2
and C.R., Jr. (Son), 2 born in September 2017. Following a plenary hearing, the
Family Part granted permission to the Division to vaccinate the children with
age-appropriate immunizations in consultation with Son's allergist. For the
reasons that follow, we affirm.
I.
In September 2017, the Division received a referral reporting Mother
gave birth to Son and expressing concerns over the family's living
arrangements because the entire family was living in a single motel room and
Mother stated there was no space for a crib for Son. The referent further
reported Mother received no prenatal care while pregnant with Son. The
referent also reported Mother and Father became combative when they were
informed Son should stay in the hospital for monitoring for Group B
Streptococcus (GBS) infection for at least forty-eight hours to observe the
child for possible sepsis due to Mother's lack of prenatal care.3 Mother and
Father alleged the hospital only wanted to keep Son to make more money.
2
Certain early documents in the record refer to C.R., Jr. as C.B.
3
GBS is a bacterial infection normally found in about twenty-five percent of
all healthy adult women, and can be found in a pregnant woman's vagina or
rectum. https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Group-B-Strep-and-Pregnancy.
A woman who is colonized with GBS late in her pregnancy can pass it on to
her baby during labor and delivery. Ibid.
A-3019-18T3
3
Mother told Division workers it was not against the law to co-sleep and
admitted Daughter, who was then two years and nine months old, never had a
bed of her own because she always slept in the same bed as Mother and Father.
Mother also stated she did not believe in vaccines. The Division workers
provided Father with a voucher so he could obtain a bassinet for Son to sleep
in and informed Mother and Father the Division would need to monitor the
family's sleeping arrangements.
The next day, Father stated the family did not believe in immunizations
and the hospital was not respecting their wishes. Mother told hospital staff
Son did not need to be tested for syphilis or gonorrhea because Son was not
sexually active and would not be for a while; she also told the staff Son did not
need the hepatitis B vaccine because Son was not an intravenous drug user.
Mother refused other vaccines as well.
Mother reported both children slept in the same bed with her and Father.
When Mother was advised it was dangerous to have Son, then less than three
weeks old, sleeping in the same bed, Mother responded it was her choice.
Division workers subsequently observed Mother leave Son and Daughter alone
in the motel room with Father. They also observed only one bed in the room
with a co-sleeper on top of the mattress. This led to a Safety Protection Plan
prohibiting Father from unsupervised contact with Daughter and Son and
A-3019-18T3
4
requiring that Son and Daughter receive appropriate medical care and separate
beds.
Father is a Megan's Law offender subject to community supervision for
life (CSL), L. 1994, c. 130, § 2.4 N.J.A.C. 10A:71-6.11(a). As such, Father is
prohibited from "initiating, establishing, or maintaining" or "attempting to
initiate, establish, or maintain contact with any minor" and from "residing with
any minor," which includes "[s]taying overnight at a location where a minor is
present" without prior approval from the District parole Supervisor. N.J.A.C.
10A:71-6.11(c).
On October 10, 2017, the Division filed a complaint for the custody,
care, and supervision of Son and Daughter pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 and
N.J.S.A. 30:4C-12. The complaint alleged Father was living with the children
and Mother was allowing Father to have unsupervised contact with them. The
complaint also alleged the children had not been immunized, the parents failed
4
Father has a long history with the Division. Most notably, Father was
substantiated for sexual abuse in 1997 after he pleaded guilty to criminal child
endangerment in connection with the sexual abuse of his seven-year-old
daughter, R.R. In 2014, Father was also substantiated by the Division – along
with Mother – for sexual abuse involving three of Mother's older children from
a prior relationship. To our knowledge, joint legal custody of those children
remains, as it has been since March 2015, with Mother and the children's
maternal grandmother (Grandmother) and physical custody, which includes
final decision making authority for the children's medical and educatio nal
needs, remains with Grandmother. Father continues to be barred from contact
with those children, who are not the subject of this appeal.
A-3019-18T3
5
to provide any regular medical and dental care for the children, and they failed
to provide safe sleeping arrangements for the children. The Division also
sought permission to immunize Son and Daughter with age-appropriate
vaccinations. The court granted the Division care, custody, and supervision of
Daughter and Son, but denied its request to immunize the children without
prejudice, directing that any issues involving vaccinations be brought by
separate application. Son and Daughter were placed with resource parents who
live in Ocean County, where they continue to reside. Mother and Father
subsequently stipulated to the abuse and neglect of Son and Daughter.
The Division moved to compel age-appropriate immunizations for the
children. In particular, the Division sought permission to administer the MMR
vaccine to immunize the children against measles, mumps, and rubella. The
Law Guardian joined in the Division's application to compel age-appropriate
immunizations. The immunization issue was litigated throughout 2017 and
2018. The Family Part ultimately commenced an emergent hearing at the Law
Guardian's request in December 2018, and conducted a plenary hearing on
January 16, 2019.
The children's Board certified pediatrician, Stephen Shroyer, M.D., was
admitted as an expert in pediatrics and opined that all children should receive
age-appropriate vaccinations in accordance with the Academy of Pediatrics
A-3019-18T3
6
Committee on Immunization Practices. Dr. Shroyer testified that while the
initial MMR vaccine is usually administered at fifteen months and the booster
at age five, Son and Daughter were not immunized at Mother's request. He
further stated Son has "an allergic diathesis," "meaning he has a full
complement of allergic-type genes." Nevertheless, Dr. Shroyer agreed with
Son's gastroenterologist that a child should still be vaccinated as per the
published guidelines, even if the child has allergies, and stated children
allergic to the contents of a vaccine are referred to an allergist who will
prepare the child through medication, if necessary, before the vaccine is
administered. Dr. Shroyer rejected the notion that the MMR vaccine can cause
autism.
Dr. Shroyer testified the usual presentation for measles is a
maculopapular red rash, high fever, and a moderately sick-looking child. He
noted that in children, measles can result in serious health complications
affecting major organs, such as meningitis or encephalitis, which "can kill a
child." He stated there is a likelihood an individual exposed to measles will
contract the disease if not immunized.
Mother testified she has held a religious belief against having her
children immunized since 2013. Mother advised the Division in writing of her
A-3019-18T3
7
objection to immunization. When asked to explain her religious objection, she
testified:
I rely on the Bible and the First Amendment. And I
understand there is DNA and foreign protein in
vaccines which are not healthy. . . . [T]he Bible
teaches us that children are gifts from God, that
parents are supposed to make decisions for their
children, not the State.
Mother also objects to the use of "fetal and animal DNA," in
vaccinations "as per the ingredients and the Bible." Mother does not have any
formal education or training in medicine, vaccines, or virology. She relies on
information she obtained from the internet and vaccine package inserts.
Mother presented no competent evidence of the composition of the MMR
vaccine, any risks associated with the MMR vaccine, or any allergic reactivity
of Son to the vaccine that cannot be controlled through medication.
The court noted Dr. Shroyer was the pediatrician chosen by Mother and
Father to care for the children. The court found him credible. The court also
noted Son and Daughter are not students attending school. They are in the
custody of the Division and living in a county experiencing a measles
outbreak.5
5
Jeff Goldman, N.J. measles outbreak spreads to 4th county, now up to 11
cases. Here's all the spots in latest health alert., NJ Advance Media for
NJ.com (Apr. 5, 2019), https://www.nj.com/healthfit/2019/04/nj-measles-
(continued)
A-3019-18T3
8
After considering the applicability and impact of the statutes and
regulations cited by counsel, the court found it necessary to safeguard the
children's health and life through age-appropriate immunization in accordance
with the pediatrician's recommendations. The court concluded the Division
was authorized to proceed with the pediatrician's recommendations since it has
custody of the children. Accordingly, the court ordered Son and Daughter to
receive age-appropriate vaccinations, but clarified Son "shall be examined by
his allergist first to determine whether or not there would be anything in the
vaccinations that would adversely affect him due to his allergies." The court
stayed the order for seven days to allow time for defendants to file an emergent
appeal with this court.
We granted Mother leave to file an emergent appeal from the Family
Part's immunization order and continued the stay of the order.6 The Division's
motion to supplement the record was granted. In the interim, the matter
returned to court for a permanency hearing; the trial court accepted the
Division's plan of termination of defendants' parental rights over their
objections.
(continued)
outbreak-spreads-to-4th-county-now-up-to-11-cases-heres-all-the-spots-in-
latest-health-alert.html.
6
Father did not join in the application or participate in this appeal.
A-3019-18T3
9
Mother argues the trial court erred in finding the Division has the
authority to vaccinate Son and Daughter as the law and public policy of this
State allow for religious exemption from immunizations.
II.
"The scope of appellate review of a trial court's fact-finding is limited."
Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411 (1998). The trial court's findings "are
binding on appeal when supported by adequate, substantial, credible
evidence." Id. at 411–12 (citing Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Co. of
Am., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)). "Particular deference is afforded to family
court fact-finding because of the family courts' special jurisdiction and
expertise in family matters." N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Perm. v. N.C.M., 438
N.J. Super. 356, 367 (App. Div. 2014) (citing Cesare, 154 N.J. at 413). "We
will not overturn a family court's factfindings unless they are so 'wide of the
mark' that our intervention is necessary to correct an injustice." N.J. Div. of
Youth & Family Servs. v. F.M., 211 N.J. 420, 448 (2012) (quoting N.J. Div. of
Youth & Family Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008)). Legal conclusions
are reviewed de novo. N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Perm. v. R.L.M. (In re
R.A.J.), 236 N.J. 123, 152 (2018).
"Parents have a constitutionally-protected, fundamental liberty interest
in raising their biological children, even if those children have been placed in
A-3019-18T3
10
foster care." In re Guardianship of J.C., 129 N.J. 1, 9-10 (1992) (citing
Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745 (1982)). However, parental rights are "not
absolute." In re Guardianship of K.H.O., 161 N.J. 337, 347 (1999). "Balanced
against the constitutional protection of family rights is the State's parens
patriae responsibility to protect the welfare of children." R.L.M., 236 N.J. at
145 (quoting J.C., 129 N.J. at 10). As such, our courts have repeatedly
recognized the State's right to intervene and override the desires of parents
who refuse to consent to medical treatment if "it is necessary to prevent harm
to a child." In re D.C., 203 N.J. 545, 569 (2010) (quoting Fawzy v. Fawzy,
199 N.J. 456, 474-75 (2009)).
The Child Placement Bill of Rights Act, N.J.S.A. 9:6B-1 to -6, grants
"certain specific rights," which are "separate from, and independent of, the
child's parents or legal guardian," to every child placed outside his or her home
by the Division. N.J.S.A. 9:6B-2(a). Notably, those rights include the right to
receive "high quality" services "designed to maintain and advance the child's
mental and physical well-being," N.J.S.A. 9:6B-4(k), and "adequate and
appropriate medical care," N.J.S.A. 9:6B-4(o). To effectuate those rights and
others, the Division is authorized to "pursue any legal remedies, including the
initiation of legal proceedings in a court of competent jurisdiction, as may be
necessary to . . . provide medical care or treatment for a child when such care
A-3019-18T3
11
or treatment is necessary to prevent or remedy serious harm to the child."
N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.86(b).
Moreover, N.J.A.C. 3A:51-7.1(a) imposes the following affirmative
responsibilities on resource parents to provide appropriate health care and
medical treatment to children living in the resource parent's residence.
1. The resource family parent, in cooperation with the
Division caseworker, shall ensure that the medical,
dental, mental/behavioral health, and other health care
needs of each child in placement are adequately and
promptly met, including arranging for emergency,
routine, and follow-up medical, dental,
mental/behavioral health, and other health care.
2. The resource family parent shall ensure that each
child living in the home, including children in
placement and all other children in the resource
family, receives all age-appropriate immunizations as
recommended by the child's physician.
3. A child residing in the home who is not in
placement shall be exempted from immunization, if
the parent objects thereto in a written statement
submitted to the Department, signed by the parent,
explaining how the immunization conflicts with the
child's exercise of bona fide religious tenets or
practices.
There is no evidence that the resource parents have objected to immunization
of any child residing in their home. Additionally, subsection (3) only applies
to children in the physical custody of the resource parents.
A-3019-18T3
12
Mother contends her desire to preclude vaccination of Son and Daughter
is expressly authorized by N.J.S.A. 26:1A-9.1, which states, in pertinent part:
Provisions in the State Sanitary Code in
implementation of this act shall provide for exemption
for pupils from mandatory immunization if the parent
or guardian of the pupil objects thereto in a written
statement signed by the parent or guardian upon the
ground that the proposed immunization interferes with
the free exercise of the pupil's religious rights.
[Ibid. (emphasis added).]
Mother also relies on N.J.A.C. 8:57-4.4(a), which provides for exemption
"from mandatory immunization if the child's parent or guardian submits to the
school, preschool, or child care center a written, signed statement requesting
an exemption, pursuant to the requirements for religious exemption established
at N.J.S.A. 26:1A-9.1."
Finally, Mother directs the court's attention to a May 19, 2017
administrative guidance letter issued by the New Jersey Department of Health
(DOH) interpreting N.J.A.C. 8:57-4.3 and N.J.A.C. 8:57-4.4 regarding
immunization of students; it states in pertinent part:
When a parent or guardian submits a written, signed
request for exemption from mandatory
immunization(s) due to religious beliefs, the statement
should be accepted and the religious exemption
granted. The request does not need to identify
membership in a recognized church or religious
denomination or describe how the administration of
A-3019-18T3
13
immunizing agents conflicts with the student's
religious beliefs in order for the request to be granted.
The DOH letter emphasizes, however, that "requests for exemptions from
mandatory immunization requirements . . . are limited to medical and religious
reasons. Requests for exemptions based on philosophical, moral, secular, or
more general reasons are unacceptable and should not be granted." This same
limitation is set forth in N.J.A.C. 8:57-4.4(a)(1), which states: "The school,
preschool, or child care center shall be prohibited from exempting a child from
mandatory immunization on the sole basis of a moral or philosophical
objection to immunization."
Even assuming Mother's objection to vaccination is religious and not
philosophical, we are unpersuaded by Mother's arguments. The Family Part
found N.J.S.A. 26:1A-9.1 inapplicable because this matter does not concern
Son and Daughter's attendance at school. We concur. Rather, this is a matter
of ensuring the health and safety of children in the care and custody of the
Division. Accordingly, this matter is governed by Title 9, not Title 26.
Measles can be a serious illness in all age groups, but it is especially
dangerous in children younger than five years old. 7 In fact, measles is the
7
Measles (Rubeola), About Measles, Complications, CDC (hereinafter CDC
Measles Complications),
(continued)
A-3019-18T3
14
most deadly of all childhood rash/fever illnesses.8 One in twenty children who
contract measles will develop pneumonia, which is the most common cause of
measles-related death in children, and one in ten will develop ear infections,
which can result in permanent hearing loss. 9 Approximately one of every four
people who contract measles will be hospitalized; one in one thousand will
develop encephalitis, which can lead to deafness or brain damage; and one or
two in one thousand will die from respiratory and neurologic complications,
even with the best care. 10
Measles is easily transmitted and contracted by unprotected individuals.
Measles is so contagious that if one person has it, up to ninety percent of the
people who come in close proximity with that person who are not immune will
(continued)
https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/complications.html (last visited May 28,
2019).
8
State of N.J., Dep't of Health, Diseases & Health Topics A-Z List, Measles
(hereinafter NJ Measles), https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/measles.shtml
(last visited May 28, 2019).
9
CDC Measles Complications.
10
Measles (Rubeola), Resources, Web Graphics, Measles: It Isn't Just a Little
Rash Infographic, CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/measles/parent-infographic.html
(last visited May 28, 2019); CDC Measles Complications.
A-3019-18T3
15
also become infected.11 Before the modern vaccination program was
implemented in 1963, three to four million people contracted measles each
year in the United States. 12 Of the approximately 500,000 cases reported each
year to the CDC, 400 to 500 died, 48,000 were hospitalized, and 1000
developed encephalitis. 13
Although measles was declared eliminated from the United States in
2000,14 a serious measles outbreak occurred in Ocean County, which is where
Son and Daughter are in placement. Between October 2018 and January 2019,
thirty confirmed cases of measles were identified in Ocean County. 15 An
11
Measles, About Measles, Transmission, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/transmission.html. The
"measles virus can live for up to two hours in an airspace where the infected
person coughed or sneezed. If other people breathe the contaminated air or
touch the contaminated surface, then touch their eyes, noses, or mouths, they
can become infected." Ibid. "Infected people can spread measles to others
from four days before through four days after the rash appears." Ibid.12
Measles (Rubeola), Vaccination for Measles, CDC (hereinafter CDC
Measles Vaccination), https://www.cdc.gov/measles/vaccination.html (last
visited May 28, 2019).
13
CDC Measles Vaccination.
14
Measles (Rubeola), About Measles, History of Measles, CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html (last visited May 28, 2019);
NJ Measles.
15
NJ Measles.
A-3019-18T3
16
additional twelve confirmed cases of measles were identified in Ocean County
between March 2019 and May 2019. 16
N.J.A.C. 3A:51-7.1(a)(2) is aimed at protecting children in the care and
custody of the Division from vaccine preventable diseases like measles.
Measles can be prevented with the MMR vaccine, which the CDC has declared
to be "very safe and effective. Two doses of MMR vaccine are about [ninety-
seven percent] effective at preventing measles; one dose is about [ninety-three
per cent] effective." 17 Whenever a child is not immunized by the MMR
vaccine, it also jeopardizes others in the community who are medically-exempt
from vaccination. 18
We recognized almost sixty years ago that "vaccination and
immunization are effective health measures, reasonably related to and
necessary for the public health, safety and welfare." Bd. of Educ. of Mountain
16
Ibid.17
CDC Measles Vaccination.
18
Vaccine Basics, Vaccines Work, Vaccines Protect Your Cmty., U.S. Dep't
of Health & Human Servs., Nat'l Vaccine Program Office,
https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/work/protection (last visited May 31, 2019).
See also Neil C. Bhavsar, If you're not scared about the N.J. measles outbreak,
you should be., Star-Ledger (Jan. 3, 2019),
https://www.nj.com/case/p2019/01/if-youre-not-scared-about-the-nj-
measles-outbreak-you-should-be.html.
A-3019-18T3
17
Lakes v. Maas, 56 N.J. Super. 245, 258 (App. Div. 1959), aff'd o.b., 31 N.J.
537 (1960). Even earlier, it was recognized that vaccines are "a safe and
valuable means of preventing the spread of" disease. Sadlock v. Bd. of Educ.,
137 N.J.L. 85, 87 (Sup. Ct. 1948).
We are mindful of the well-reported nationwide surge in confirmed
measles cases and the outbreak in Ocean County, where the children reside.
Yet that is not the reason for our decision, even though the risk of contracting
measles in Ocean County is no longer a mere abstract possibility. We would
come to the same conclusion regardless of what is occurring in Ocean County
or, for that matter, nationwide. Given the highly contagious nature of measles
and other vaccine-preventable diseases, ordering age-appropriate
immunization is warranted, particularly for children under five years old.
"Parens patriae refers to 'the state in its capacity as provider of
protection to those unable to care for themselves.'" Hojnowski v. Vans Skate
Park, 187 N.J. 323, 333 (2006) (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 1144 (8th ed.
2004)); accord Fawzy, 199 N.J. at 474 n.3. "New Jersey's child-welfare laws
balance a parent's right to raise a child against 'the State's parens patriae
responsibility to protect the welfare of children.'" Div. of Child Prot. & Perm.
v. Y.N., 220 N.J. 165, 178 (2014) (quoting N.J. Dep't of Children and Families
v. A.L., 213 N.J. 1, 17-18 (2013)).
A-3019-18T3
18
The age appropriate immunizations required by N.J.A.C. 3A:51-
7.1(a)(2) are a reasonable means of ensuring the health and safety of the
children in the care and custody of the Division, especially during a measles
outbreak. Parental rights must yield to the safety and well-being of Son and
Daughter under these circumstances. See, e.g., Sadlock, 137 N.J.L. at 88
("[T]he police power of a state must be held to embrace, at least, such
reasonable regulations established directly by legislative enactment as will
protect the public health and the public safety." (quoting Jacobson v.
Massachusetts, 197 U.S. 11, 25 (1905))). Requiring immunization is an
appropriate use of the State's police power. Providing age-appropriate
vaccinations to Son and Daughter will protect them from needlessly
contracting diseases that would subject them to potentially serious
complications. Children in the care and custody of the Division deserve
nothing less.
The children have been in the continuous care and custody of the
Division since October 2017. While parents do not lose all of their parental
rights when their children are placed under the care, custody, and supervision
of the Division as a result of substantiated abuse and neglect, they are situated
differently than parents who retain legal and physical custody. When children
are removed from parents under Title 9, the Division is charged with the duty
A-3019-18T3
19
to provide appropriate medical care and treatment. We view this duty as
encompassing the authority to administer age-appropriate immunizations over
the religious objections of the parents. See In the Interest of C.R., 570 S.E.2d
609 (Ga. Ct. App. 2002); In re Deng, 887 N.W.2d 445 (Mich. Ct. App. 2016);
In re Stratton, 571 S.E.2d 234 (N.C. Ct. App. 2002); Dep't of Human Servs. v.
S.M. (In re M.M.), 323 P.3d 947 (Or. 2014). To rule otherwise would
needlessly jeopardize the health and safety of children in placement and
undermine the discharge of the Division's duty to provide care, particularly
when a known risk of exposure to a disease preventable by vaccination is
present.
A court of competent jurisdiction has the authority under its inherent
parens patriae jurisdiction over children to order necessary and appropriate
medical care for an ill or injured child over the objection of the child's parents.
See, e.g., D.C., 203 N.J. at 569 (canvassing cases in which the courts have
overridden parental objection to medical treatment). We perceive no
meaningful distinction between the power to order prophylactic medical care
in the form of vaccinations to prevent a child from contracting infectious
diseases and medical treatment for diseases already contracted. Indeed, the
child's best interests are better served by preventing rather than treating
disease.
A-3019-18T3
20
Affirmed.
A-3019-18T3
21