STATE OF NEW JERSEY v. VAUGHN SIMMONS (10-06-1540, ESSEX COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) ( 2022 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-2107-19
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
VAUGHN SIMMONS,
Defendant-Appellant.
__________________________
Argued January 12, 2022 – Decided March 3, 2022
Before Judges Hoffman, Whipple, and Geiger.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Law Division, Essex County, Indictment No. 10-06-
1540.
Scott M. Welfel, Assistant Deputy Public Defender,
argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora,
Public Defender, attorney; Scott M. Welfel, of counsel
and on the brief).
Hannah F. Kurt, Special Deputy Attorney
General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause
for respondent (Theodore N. Stephens, II, Acting
Essex County Prosecutor, attorney; Hannah F. Kurt, of
counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant Vaughn Simmons appeals from a December 23, 2019
judgment of conviction after a second remand for resentencing to address the
imposition of consecutive sentences. We are constrained to remand for
resentencing once more.
On appeal, defendant argues the following points:
POINT I
BECAUSE THE SENTENCING COURT'S
JUSTIFICATION FOR IMPOSING THE CERTAIN
PERSONS SENTENCE TO BE SERVED
CONSECUTIVELY WAS ALREADY REJECTED
BY THIS COURT IN THE PREVIOUS APPEAL,
AND BECAUSE THE "NO FREE CRIMES"
GUIDELINE CAN NEVER BY ITSELF SUPPORT A
CONSEC[UT]IVE SENTENCE, THIS COURT
SHOULD REVERSE AND DIRECT THE TRIAL
COURT TO IMPOSE THE SENTENCE
CONCURRENTLY TO THE ROBBERY
SENTENCE.
A. The Sentencing Court's Justification For Running
The Certain Persons Offense Consecutive Was
Already Ruled Inadequate By This Court In Its Order
Remanding The Case After The Previous Appeal.
B. The Certain Persons Statute Would Not Be
Rendered Meaningless By A Concurrent Sentence.
C. Yarbough's "No Free Crimes" Guideline Can Never
Justify Imposition Of A Consecutive Sentence Where
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All Five "Facts Relating To The Crimes" Point
Toward A Concurrent Sentence.
D. This Court Should Reverse And Remand, Directing
The Trial Court To Impose The Certain Persons
Sentence Concurrently To The Robbery Sentence.
The facts relating to defendant's conviction were discussed in detail in
State v. Simmons, No. A-4938-12 (App. Div. Feb. 11, 2016) (slip op.) and
need not be repeated fully here except to address the imposition of sentence.
In 2010, an Essex County grand jury indicted defendant on eight counts, four
for a December 3, 2009, robbery and four for a December 5, 2009, robbery,
collectively Indictment No. 10-6-1539-I. The counts were severed for trial for
the two robberies, and for second-degree unlawful possession of a firearm by a
person convicted of certain crimes, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-7(b), under the separate
Indictment No. 10-6-1540-I.
On December 14, 2011, under Indictment No. 10-6-1539-I, a jury
convicted defendant of four counts for the December 3 robbery, which
included unlawful possession of a handgun under N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b).
Following this conviction and in a separate trial before the same jury, the State
presented evidence of defendant's prior conviction, which rendered defendant a
certain person under N.J.S.A. 2C:39-7(b). The jury convicted defendant of the
certain persons offense.
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The court sentenced defendant on February 3, 2012. The court imposed
an aggregate thirty-year sentence with twenty-two and a half years of parole
ineligibility. This sentence included twenty years with eighty-five percent
parole ineligibility under the No Early Release Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2, with
counts two and four merged into count one, and ten years for count three for
possession, to run concurrently. It also included ten years with five years of
parole ineligibility for count one for certain persons under the separate
indictment, to run consecutively. See Simmons, slip op. at 19-20.
Defendant appealed. We affirmed the convictions and the sentence, but
remanded on the certain persons sentence running consecutive to the robbery
sentence "because the trial court failed to explain the reasons for imposing a
consecutive sentence." Ibid.
On April 25, 2016, the same judge resentenced defendant on remand with
further explanation for the consecutive sentences.
[The court] ran the possession of a weapon concurrent
to the first-degree robbery because the weapon was
used in the robbery and it should run concurrent.
However, a certain person is a separate and distinct
offense apart from possession of a weapon. Its own
distinctive element of having a previous conviction, a
felony conviction, which would not allow a person to
have a gun. And that being a separate crime, pursuant
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to State versus Yarbough, 1 separate crime, separate
instances deserve consecutive sentences which is why
[the court] imposed it.
The court continued, explaining that it considered defendant's prior record of
theft, robbery, and carjacking. It concluded with "under the circumstances and
based upon [defendant's] prior record and the fact that certain persons is a
separate and distinct crime apart from possession of a weapon, [the court] ran
it consecutive and . . . think[s its] reason speaks for itself," and reasoned that
the imposed sentence was still less than the extended discretionary persistent
offender term, it could have imposed.
On the accompanying judgment of conviction, the court added that
[p]ursuant to State v. Yarbough, "there can be no free
crimes in a system for which the punishment shall fit
the crime." Running the sentence concurrently would
render meaningless the certain person offense.
Furthermore, the Legislature has a clear intent to
specifically deter those who have a criminal history
from possessing guns.
The court found the same three aggravating factors and no mitigating factors.
On August 18, 2016, the court amended the judgment of conviction to reflect
no prior service credits. Defendant appealed again.
1
State v. Yarbough, 100 N.J. 627 (1985).
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On May 3, 2017, defendant requested another remand during a
Sentencing Oral Arguments hearing (SOA). He contended that the court's
reasoning that his prior record, the fact that the certain persons offense was a
separate crime, and the court's decision not to impose a longer discretionary
extended term, did not provide the required Yarbough explanation or analysis
for imposing consecutive terms.
We reversed and remanded because "the court did not provide adequate
findings to support imposition of consecutive terms." State v. Simmons, No.
A-5166-15 (App. Div. May 3, 2017).
A different judge heard arguments for resentencing on remand, on March
2, 2018. The parties agreed that consecutive sentences were not mandatory
under the statute. Defendant argued against consecutive sentences for several
reasons: the sentence is not meaningless if concurrent because of its difference
in parole ineligibility; the Yarbough factors 3A-D do not apply; and a court
cannot impose consecutive sentences just because it did not impose an
extended term.
The court outlined Yarbough's "no free crimes" guideline, factors 3A-E,
and procedural guidelines two, four, five, and six and found that for "3A, the
crimes and their objectives were predominantly independent of each other.
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This could be argued both ways, but if the possession of the gun was to fulfill
the robbery, then it would be the same." It did not find factors 3B-E. Without
further elaborating on 3A, the court continued to the "no free crimes" prong
concluding that running the sentences concurrently would make the certain
persons conviction "essentially . . . moot" here. Thus, the court concluded that
consecutive sentences were appropriate. Without referencing the facts, the
court resentenced with consecutive sentences. Defendant again appealed.
At the February 8, 2021 SOA hearing, defendant asked us to reverse and
direct concurrent sentences, rather than reverse and remand for resentencing.
We transferred the matter to plenary calendar and ordered a full briefing.
Defendant argues that the 2018 resentencing decision provides the same
reasons for consecutive sentencing that we rejected as inadequate in the 2016
opinion. He adds that the certain persons statute would not be made
meaningless by a concurrent sentence. Defendant further argues that the court
only used "no free crimes" to support consecutive sentences, which should
never independently support consecutive sentences. Defendant again asks us
to reverse and remand but to direct the trial court to impose the certain persons
sentence concurrently to the robbery sentence because of the history of
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resentencing and because the facts here could not support a consecutive
sentence.
We use a deferential standard to review a trial court's sentencing
decision. State v. Fuentes, 217 N.J. 57, 70 (2014). Sentencing can involve
statutory interpretation and implementation of a sentencing provision in a
legislative scheme, which requires de novo review for a question of law. State
ex rel. K.O., 217 N.J. 83, 91-93 (2014). Generally, a review court will remand
for resentencing when the trial court has not provided adequate reasoning for
its sentence. State v. Kromphold, 162 N.J. 345, 355 (2000).
N.J.S.A. 2C:44-5(a) provides, in pertinent part, that "multiple sentences
shall run concurrently or consecutively as the court determines at the time of
sentence . . . ." Although there are no statutory rules for imposing consecutive
sentences, the Court set forth guidelines in Yarbough. See State v. Carey, 168
N.J. 413, 427 (2001).
(1) [T]here can be no free crimes in a system for
which the punishment shall fit the crime;
(2) the reasons for imposing either a consecutive or
concurrent sentence should be separately stated in the
sentencing decision;
(3) some reasons to be considered by the sentencing
court should include facts relating to the crimes,
including whether or not:
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(a) the crimes and their objectives were
predominantly independent of each other;
(b) the crimes involved separate acts of violence
or threats of violence;
(c) the crimes were committed at different times
or separate places, rather than being committed
so closely in time and place as to indicate a
single period of aberrant behavior;
(d) any of the crimes involved multiple victims;
(e) the convictions for which the sentences are
to be imposed are numerous;
(4) there should be no double counting of aggravating
factors;
(5) successive terms for the same offense should not
ordinarily be equal to the punishment for the first
offense; and
(6) there should be an overall outer limit on the
cumulation of consecutive sentences for multiple
offenses not to exceed the sum of the longest terms
(including an extended term, if eligible) that could be
imposed for the two most serious offenses.
[Yarbough, 100 N.J. at 643-44.]
Under the first Yarbough guideline, "there can be no free crimes in a
system for which the punishment shall fit the crime." Id. at 643. The Court
never intended an interpretation where any concurrent sentence would be a
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free crime nor for the elimination of concurrent sentences. "No free crimes" is
always present in convictions for more than one offense, so it cannot stand
alone to support consecutive sentences. Otherwise, every sentence would be
presumed as consecutive, which is not the statutory framework.
A sentencing court applies the five factors in the third guideline
qualitatively, not quantitatively. Carey, 168 N.J. at 427. Thus, a court may
impose consecutive sentences "even though a majority of the Yarbough factors
support concurrent sentences." Id. at 427-28. In fact, courts have imposed
consecutive sentences with one factor. See State v. Molina, 168 N.J. 436, 442-
43 (2001) (multiple-victims factor). Concurrent sentences are not mandated
even where offenses are connected by a "unity of specific purpose," are
somewhat interdependent, and occur within a short period. State v. Swint, 328
N.J. Super. 236, 264 (App. Div. 2000). The Swint court did consider the "no
free crimes" guideline and whether there were separate acts of violence, even
though the offenses were not predominantly independent. See ibid.The 2018 sentencing court did apply a Yarbough analysis, discussing
factor 3A, not finding factors 3B-E, finding there shall be "no free crimes,"
and acknowledging legislative purpose, noting how concurrent sentences
would be meaningless for offenses like first-degree robbery, but not for
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offenses like second-degree possession and certain persons. The court
reimposed the consecutive sentence, noting how otherwise the statute would be
moot, but did not explicitly state that it relied on "no free crimes" or the crimes
being separate offenses with distinct elements.
However, the trial court's reasons did not clarify whether the court also
applied factor 3A, so the court does not indicate if it even relied only on a
separate and distinct offense reasoning. Regardless of how it applies
Yarbough guidelines and factors, the court must expressly and separately state
its reasons for imposing consecutive sentences, so an appellate court may
review sentencing for valid use of discretion. See State v. Miller (Miller II),
205 N.J. 109, 129 (2011); State v. Miller (Miller I), 108 N.J. 112, 122 (1987).
In a proper Yarbough sentencing assessment, the court shall also provide "[a]n
explicit statement, explaining the overall fairness of a sentence imposed on a
defendant for multiple offenses in a single proceeding or in multiple
sentencing proceedings . . . ." State v. Torres, 246 N.J. 246, 268 (2021). If,
however, "the facts and circumstances leave little doubt as to the propriety of
the sentence imposed," an appellate court may affirm a consecutive sentence
that had "not carefully articulate[d]" reasons. State v. Jang, 359 N.J. Super.
85, 97-98 (App. Div. 2003).
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While "mere identification of Yarbough factors" is insufficient to
complete the analysis, Torres 246 N.J. at 268, it is still necessary. The current
record is inadequate because it does not affirmatively state whether the court
applied 3A. Such an unclear analysis cannot meet the requirements of Miller
for an adequate record for the appellate court to review abuse of discretion.
See (Miller II), 205 N.J. at 129; (Miller I), 108 N.J. at 122.
We reverse and remand for resentencing because the court did not
explain whether factor 3A applied, and if so, the weight it was given. On
remand, the court shall identify whether 3A applies, and also include
comparisons to the factual record of this case, and provide "[a]n explicit
statement, explaining the overall fairness of a sentence imposed on a
defendant" pursuant to Torres, 246 N.J. at 268.
Defendant's additional arguments are without sufficient merit to warrant
discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
Reversed and remanded for resentencing. We do not retain jurisdiction.
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