MAYA ITZHAKOV VS. DAVID SEGAL (L-3022-17, OCEAN COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) ( 2019 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-2619-17T4
MAYA ITZHAKOV,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
DAVID SEGAL,
Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________
Argued October 24, 2018 – Decided August 28, 2019
Before Judges Koblitz, Ostrer and Currier.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Ocean County, Docket No. L-3022-17.
Shalom D. Stone argued the cause for appellant (Stone
Conroy LLC, attorneys; Shalom D. Stone, on the
briefs).
Jonathan R. Mehl argued the cause for respondent.
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff Maya Itzhakov sued defendant David Segal for breach of a 2017
contract (2017 Contract) that she alleged required him to pay her for her interest
in two pharmacies in Lakewood. Segal contends a religious court should
arbitrate the dispute. Although the 2017 Contract says nothing about arbitration,
Segal argues that arbitration provisions in two earlier contracts are valid and
cover Itzhakov's claims.
The trial judge denied without prejudice Segal's motion to stay Itzhakov's
breach-of-contract suit and to compel arbitration before the Badatz Rabbinical
Court of Lakewood. Citing Atalese v. U.S. Legal Services Group, L.P., 219 N.J.
430 (2014), the trial judge concluded that the provisions upon which Segal relied
did not, with sufficient clarity, convey that disputes must be resolved in
arbitration and not in a judicial forum. The judge ordered defendant to file an
answer and the parties to conduct plenary discovery. The judge stated that if
defendant could present evidence that the parties understood their agreements to
require arbitration and bar judicial resolution, defendant could renew his motion.
Segal appeals, contending that Atalese does not govern the parties'
commercial contract; Itzhakov's claims fall within the scope of the arbitration
provisions in the parties' earlier contracts; and discovery is unnecessary. In the
alternative, Segal argues that discovery should be limited to the validity and
scope of the arbitration agreements. We agree with Segal's alternative argument
and modify the court's order accordingly.
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I.
At various times, both Itzhakov and Segal held interests in the Refuah and
Westgate pharmacies in Lakewood. On November 29, 2015, Itzhakov sold to
Segal her twenty-five percent interest in Westgate Pharmacy LLC, which
operated the pharmacy by the same name. Written in Hebrew, their agreement
obliged Segal to pay Itzhakov $150,000 – $10,000 upon signing; $4000 on
January 1, 2016; and $4000 a month for the following thirty-four months. 1
Itzhakov remained responsible for certain costs incurred before the sale, which
Segal could deduct from his payments.
The Westgate agreement includes two dispute resolution provisions. The
first pertains to issues of contract interpretation. It states, "This document shall
be interpreted only and exclusively by the document's drafter, Mr. Yisroel
Knopfler, and we accept his interpretation as if it were one hundred valid and
credible witnesses." The second pertains to relevant "questions of Jewish law."
It states:
It is hereby agreed between us that any questions of
Jewish law that are relevant to this sale and to this
document shall be decided by the Lakewood Rabbinical
Court, and we are required to do as they decide, and
1
We granted Segal's motion to supplement the record with an English
translation of the agreement. Itzhakov has not identified any alleged errors in
the translation.
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signing this document constitutes an acceptance of
everything in the arbitration agreement that the said
court regularly uses, and under no circumstances shall
any dispute between us come to the civil courts, G-d
forbid.
Over five years earlier, Segal acquired a ten-percent interest in Lakewood
Pharmacy LLC (Lakewood LLC), which operated the Refuah Pharmacy.
Lakewood LLC was then owned by Itzhakov, Dora Yakubov and Isaac
Shimunov. Segal acquired his interest in the company by an assignment
agreement (Lakewood Assignment), apparently solely from Yakubov's share.
A rider to the assignment consisted of two sections. The first contained
various representations of the "Assignor," including that Itzhakov consented to
the assignment and waived her "right of first refusal to purchase Assignor's
membership interests." The second section – consisting of ten subsections –
addressed the LLC's future governance. The subsections covered Segal's option
to purchase, with Itzhakov's consent, an additional ten percent interest; terms of
Segal's employment by the pharmacy; Yakubov's and Shimunov's agreement to
train Segal; Segal's agreement not to compete with Yakubov's or Shimunov's
other ventures; members' voting rights; and right of first refusal if Segal decided
to sell his interest. Another subsection stated, "All income[] from
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sale/income/refinance/otherwise to be disbursed proportionate to ownership
interest after first paying all outstanding business expenses."
The eighth subsection, entitled, "Dispute Resolution – Beth Din," stated,
"All disputes arising from this transaction shall be decided solely by the Badatz
Rabbinical Court of Lakewood . . . in accordance with the standard arbitration
agreement of the Rabbinical Court, which is hereby incorporated into this
agreement."
In the years that followed, Yakubov and Shimunov divested their
remaining interests, leaving Segal and Itzhakov as equal owners of Lakewood
LLC. Then, in 2017, Lakewood LLC sold its interest in Refuah Pharmacy and
its inventory to third parties.
Itzhakov alleged that she and Segal entered into the 2017 Contract, which
governed distribution of the proceeds as well as Segal's outstanding obligations
from his purchase of the Westgate pharmacy. The alleged contract begins as if
it were the Refuah sale agreement – although the buyers were not signatories. It
states:
AGREEMENT made this 5 rd [sic] day of May, 2017 by
and between (i) Lakewood Pharmacy LLC d/b/a Refuah
Pharmacy, a New Jersey limited liability company . . .
(hereinafter referred to as the "Owner"), David Segal,
an individual . . . and Maya Itzhakov, an individual . . .
and (ii) Refuah RX LLC, a New Jersey limited liability
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company . . . (hereinafter referred to as the
"Pharmacy"). Agreed to sell above mentioned
pharmacy to: Rachel Brach, an individual . . . and Gitel
Mann, an individual . . . (Rachel Brach and Gitel Mann
are hereinafter collectively referred to as the
"Purchaser's Members") . . . for ONE MILLION TWO
HUNDRED THOUSAND US DOLLARS
($1,200,000.00). Which is SEVEN HUNDRED
THOUSAND US DOLLARS ($700,000.00) for
purchase of Pharmacy, and FIVE HUNDRED
THOUSAND US DOLLARS ($500,000.00) for
Inventory.[2]
The 2017 Contract goes on to address distribution of the proceeds of the
sale:
David Segal and Maya Itzhakov are equal partners of
50% each for Lakewood Pharmacy, LLC DBA Refuah
Pharmacy . . . agree to receive SIX HUNDRED
THOUSAND US DOLLARS ($600,000.00) each
during closing. Also as a good will David Segal agrees
to give Maya Itzhakov additional TWENTY
THOUSAND US DOLLARS ($20,000.00). All three
check will be paid in form of CERTIFIED CHECKS
made out to MAYA ITZHAKOV $360,000.00 plus
another check of $240,000.00, plus $20,000.00; and
David for $600,000.00.
Apparently, Segal was still in the process of paying Itzhakov and Yakubov for
transfers of interest previously made, as the agreement also states, "David Segal
2
For the reader's convenience, we have removed bold type where it appears in
the agreement.
A-2619-17T4
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agrees to continue any payments do [sic] to Maya Itzhakov and Dora Yakubov
for MAY of 2017, and further if closing takes longer then [sic] expected."
The 2017 Contract also separately states the balance then due from the
Westgate sale, and adds that Segal would pay amounts charged to certain credit
cards:
David Segal agrees to pay for Westgate Pharmacy, LLC
. . . the balance of $120,000.00 owed to Maya Itzhakov,
plus all open Chase Master credit cards in full in
amount of EIGHTY TWO THOUSAND SIX
HUNDRED SIX US DOLLARS AND SEVENTY
NINE CENTS, ($82,606.79) and THIRTY FOUR
THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED SEVENTEEN US
DOLLARS AND SIXTY CENTS ($34,717.60) plus all
the interest and extra charges may be prior closing [sic]
or after.
Though the contract states that it was signed on May 5, 2017, Segal
maintains that only he signed it. He asserts he forwarded it to Itzhakov, who
never signed it.3 The 2017 Contract includes no provision on arbitration or
dispute resolution.
In her Superior Court complaint, Itzhakov alleged that the 2017 Contract
was binding, and Segal had breached it by failing to make any of the payments
due. Segal responded, in support of his motion to stay the contract action and
3
The record before us does not include a fully executed copy of the contract.
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to refer the dispute to the Rabbinical Court, that the dispute resolution provisions
in the Lakewood Assignment and Westgate Agreement governed.4
In denying Segal's motion, the trial judge left open the possibility of
referring the matter to the Rabbinical Court if discovery established that the
parties understood they were required to arbitrate before that forum and barred
from litigating in civil court. However, the court did not limit discovery to the
issues of the validity and scope of the arbitration provisions.
This appeal followed.
II.
Segal contends that the arbitration provisions in the Lakewood
Assignment and the Westgate Agreement are valid contractual obligations that
cover Itzhakov's claims, notwithstanding that she alleges breach only of the
2017 Contract.
4
In his supporting certification, Segal also addressed the merits of Itzhakov's
claim. He alleged the 2017 agreement was not binding because Itzhakov never
signed it. He asserted that an attorney for Itzhakov drafted an initial version;
Segal made changes to the draft, thus constituting a counter-offer; and Itzhakov
never accepted the changes by signing it. Segal also alleged the sale did not
yield $1.2 million because Refuah's debts offset sale proceeds, and the inventory
was stale and did not sell for $500,000. He contended that Itzhakov's initial
proposal required him to guarantee the buyers' payments, but he altered that
provision in his revised draft.
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A.
We consider first the validity and enforceability of the arbitration
agreements. We review that issue de novo, owing no deference to the trial court.
Morgan v. Sanford Brown Inst., 225 N.J. 289, 302-03 (2016). "[A]rbitration is
a matter of contract and a party cannot be required to submit to arbitration any
dispute which he has not agreed so to submit." AT&T Techs., Inc. v. Commc'ns
Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 648 (1986) (citation omitted); see also Atalese,
219 N.J. at 441. We apply state contract-law principles, placing arbitration
agreements "on an equal footing with other contracts." Morgan, 225 N.J. at 303
(quoting Rent-A-Ctr., W., Inc. v. Jackson, 561 U.S. 63, 67 (2010)).
Like any contract, an arbitration agreement "must be the product of mutual
assent," which "requires that the parties have an understanding of the terms to
which they have agreed." Atalese, 219 N.J. at 442 (quoting NAACP of Camden
Cty. E. v. Foulke Mgmt., 421 N.J. Super. 404, 424 (App. Div. 2011)). In
particular, a contractual waiver of the right to pursue a claim in court must be
"clearly and unmistakably established." Id. at 444 (quoting Garfinkel v.
Morristown Obstetrics & Gynecology Assocs., P.A., 168 N.J. 124, 132 (2001)).
The waiver provision must "in some general and sufficiently broad way . . .
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explain that the plaintiff is giving up her right to bring her claims in court or
have a jury resolve the dispute." Id. at 447.
Whether there was mutual assent depends not on the parties' "real intent
but [on] the intent expressed or apparent in the writing," Leodori v. CIGNA
Corp., 175 N.J. 293, 300 (2003) (quoting Garfinkel, 168 N.J. at 135),
considering "the contractual terms, the surrounding circumstances, and the
purpose of the contract," Marchak v. Claridge Commons, Inc., 134 N.J. 275, 282
(1993). This is consistent with our long-standing precedent governing contract
interpretation in general. See Friedman v. Tappan Dev. Corp., 22 N.J. 523, 531
(1956); see also Nester v. O'Donnell, 301 N.J. Super. 198, 210 (App. Div. 1997)
(stating that the meaning of a contract's terms is determined by looking to "the
objective manifestations of the parties' intent"). "Evidence of the circumstances
is always admissible in aid of the interpretation . . . even when the contract on
its face is free from ambiguity." Atl. N. Airlines, Inc. v. Schwimmer, 12 N.J.
293, 301 (1953). Such extrinsic evidence is considered not to vary or contradict
the writing but to illuminate it. Id. at 301-02.
In Atalese, the Court invalidated an arbitration agreement in a contract for
debt-adjustment services between an individual consumer and a firm. 249 N.J.
at 446. The agreement empowered the parties to submit a dispute to an arbitrator
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whose decision would be final. Ibid. The Court focused on the fact that the
contract did not explain what arbitration was or how it varied from judicial
dispute resolution; nor did the contract clearly and unambiguously state that
plaintiff was waiving her right to sue in court. Ibid.
Segal contends that the rule of Atalese applies only to consumer and
employment contracts. We are unpersuaded. No doubt, the Court in Atalese
focused on consumers. But the principle that a person must knowingly waive
the right to sue in court applies to any contracting party, whatever the contract's
purpose. The "average member of the public" to whom the Court refers may
enter into a contract on behalf of his or her business, or to secure a consumer
product or service. See id. at 442. In either case, the person must understand
that arbitration precludes the right to sue. Ibid.
A party's sophistication may certainly bear on whether he or she
knowingly and voluntarily agreed to a contract's terms. See McMahon v. City
of Newark, 195 N.J. 526, 546 (2008) (determining to enforce a contract between
"obviously sophisticated parties"); Van Duren v. Rzasa-Ormes, 394 N.J. Super.
254, 265 (App. Div. 2007) (noting that contracting parties were "highly
sophisticated businesspeople of relatively equal bargaining position"), aff'd o.b.,
195 N.J. 230 (2008). However, even a sophisticated party, or one represented
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by counsel, will not be deemed to waive his or her rights – whether
constitutional, statutory, or common-law – without clear and unambiguous
language. See Garfinkel, 168 N.J. at 136 (rejecting the suggestion "that the
Court should focus predominately on the plaintiff's level of sophistication to
ensure that he acted of his own volition," because "the Court must be convinced
that he actually intended to waive his statutory rights" through "[a]n
unambiguous writing"); see also Dispenziere v. Kushner Cos., 438 N.J. Super.
11, 18-20 (App. Div. 2014).
1.
Applying the foregoing principles, we affirm the trial court's conclusion
that, on its face, the Lakewood Assignment does not explain with sufficient
clarity that the parties waived their right to sue in civil court by submitting to
dispute resolution by the Lakewood Rabbinical Court; nor does it clearly
contrast arbitration with litigation. The Lakewood Assignment simply states
that "[a]ll disputes arising from this transaction shall be decided solely by the
Badatz Rabbinical Court of Lakewood . . . in accordance with the standard
arbitration agreement of the Rabbinical Court, which is hereby incorporated into
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this agreement." Yet, there is no evidence that the parties were provided, or
understood the terms of that "standard arbitration agreement." 5
On the other hand, discovery may disclose extrinsic evidence that
illuminates the meaning of the arbitration provision. In particular, in the years
since the Lakewood Assignment was executed, the parties may have referred
matters to the Rabbinical Court and demonstrated an awareness that resort to a
judicial forum was barred. See Michaels v. Brookchester, Inc., 26 N.J. 379, 388
(1958) (stating that "subsequent conduct of the parties in the performance of the
agreement may serve to reveal their original understanding"); see also
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 202 cmt. g (Am. Law Inst. 1981) (stating
that "[t]he parties to an agreement know best what they meant, and their action
under it is often the strongest evidence of their meaning"). Furthermore, it may
conceivably be demonstrated that within the Orthodox Jewish community, a
provision that calls for dispute resolution by a Rabbinical Court is clearly
understood to preclude resort to civil courts. See Meshel v. Ohev Sholom
Talmud Torah, 869 A.2d 343, 348 (Md. 2005) (noting the view that "under
Jewish law disputes between Jews are, to the extent possible, to be decided by
other Jews through the mechanism of a Beth Din," or rabbinical court). The
5
The "standard arbitration agreement" is not included in the record before us.
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"vocabulary of a particular place," see Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 202
cmt. f – in this case, the Orthodox Jewish community – may be relevant in
interpreting the arbitration provision of the Lakewood Assignment.
2.
The Westgate Agreement does not suffer from the same lack of clarity
regarding the waiver of judicial dispute resolution. That agreement obliges the
parties to refer to the Rabbinical Court all "questions of Jewish law that are
relevant to this sale and to this document" and specifically provides that "under
no circumstances shall any dispute between [the parties] come to the civil
courts." Consistent with Atalese, this provision clearly and unmistakably
conveys that the parties waive resort to a judicial forum to resolve relevant
questions of Jewish law.
On the other hand, the reference of interpretative questions to Yisroel
Knopfler does not necessarily preclude judicial resolution of disputes
implicating such questions. It simply requires the parties to "accept his
interpretation" of the language he drafted. Under the agreement, Knopfler's
interpretation could be offered before the Rabbinical Court, if it is adjudicating
a relevant question of Jewish law, or it could be offered before the civil court,
if it is adjudicating some other question. The parties have simply consented to
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Knopfler's interpretation. That does not make Knopfler an arbitrator. See
Capparelli v. Lopatin, ___ N.J. Super. ___, ___ (App. Div. 2019) (slip op. at 29)
(concluding that parties' referral of certain issues to their corporation's former
counsel for his "final and binding determination" was not an arbitrati on
agreement).
The Westgate Agreement's arbitration clause is problematic, nonetheless.
That is because it raises a question of religious doctrine that may render the
clause unenforceable by a civil court. Arbitrability under the Westgate
Agreement depends on a finding that the dispute raises "questions of Jewish law
that are relevant to this sale and to this document."
"[T]the law presumes that a court, not an arbitrator, decides any issue
concerning arbitrability," unless there is "clea[r] and unmistakabl[e]" contrary
evidence. Morgan, 225 N.J. at 304 (citation omitted). As the agreement did not
expressly assign to the Rabbinical Court the task of determining what qualifies
as an issue of Jewish law – as distinct from the task of resolving such issues – it
is the court's presumptive responsibility to decide whether an issue is arbitrable.
However, defining what constitutes an issue of Jewish law must be
decided according to "neutral principles," that is, objective secular principles
that do not require a court to intrude into religious questions. See Elmora
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Hebrew Ctr, Inc. v. Fishman, 125 N.J. 404, 414-15 (1991) (stating that a court
may resolve a dispute involving an ecclesiastical body by applying neutral, but
not religious, principles); Meshel, 869 A.2d at 354, 363 (compelling arbitration
by rabbinical court, consistent with neutral principles, where synagogue's
bylaws required arbitration of members' claims against the congregation).
Deciding what constitutes a "question of Jewish law" would unavoidably
entangle the court in religious matters. The only possible means of resolution
by neutral principles may be by accepting Knopfler's interpretation of the
agreement, including his definition of "questions of Jewish law that are relevant
to this sale and to this document."
We cannot decide, on this record, whether hearing from Knopfler will be
sufficient to enable the trial court to decide the arbitrability of Westgate -related
issues applying neutral principles. As Segal filed his motion in lieu of an
answer, we do not know what questions or defenses he may raise relating to
Westgate. We know only that he contends the 2017 Contract is not binding at
all because Itzhakov did not sign it. It is unclear whether the necessity of a
signature raises "a question of Jewish law," or whether Knopfler's interpretation
will enable the court to determine that threshold question according to neutral
principles.
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B.
Even if an arbitration agreement is valid and enforceable, the court must
ascertain whether a dispute falls within its scope. A court must resolve
ambiguities about the scope of an arbitration in favor of arbitration. See, e.g.,
Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 139 S. Ct. 1407, 1418 (2019).
The "presumption of arbitrability" applies "only where a validly formed and
enforceable arbitration agreement is ambiguous about whether it covers the
dispute at hand . . . [and] where the presumption is not rebutted." Granite Rock
Co. v. Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287, 301 (2010). The presumption does
not apply until it is determined there is a "validly formed and enforceable
arbitration agreement." Ibid.
However, even when the presumption governs, state-law principles of
contract interpretation still apply, albeit with "due regard" to pro-arbitration
policy. See Volt Info. Scis., Inc. v. Bd. of Trs. of Leland Stanford Junior Univ.,
489 U.S. 468, 476 (1989). The presumption does not override the parties' clear
intent. Granite Rock Co., 561 U.S. at 301; see also Inetianbor v. CashCall, Inc.,
768 F.3d 1346, 1353 (11th Cir. 2014) (stating "the presumption in favor of
arbitration" does not override "the intent of the parties as determined by the
'objective meaning of the words used'") (citations omitted).
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1.
We turn first to whether enforcement of the 2017 Contract's provisions
regarding the Westgate sale (requiring Segal to pay the $120,000 balance plus
open credit cards) triggers the Westgate Agreement's arbitration provision. As
noted, the 2017 Contract is silent on arbitration. However, an agreement to
arbitrate may encompass disputes arising from a subsequent agreement, if the
first is worded broadly enough or "the two agreements are merely interrelated
contracts in an ongoing series of transactions." Int'l Ambassador Programs, Inc.
v. Archexpo, 68 F.3d 337, 340 (9th Cir. 1995). "[W]here a later contract lacking
an arbitration clause supplements an earlier 'umbrella' agreement containing
such a clause, disputes under the later contract are arbitrable." Cornell Univ. v.
UAW Local 2300, 942 F.2d 138, 140 (2d Cir. 1991).
On the other hand, if the agreements are independent of one another, the
former's arbitration clause will not control the latter. Int'l Ambassador
Programs, 68 F.3d at 340. "Where the arbitration clause is narrow, a collateral
matter will generally be ruled beyond its purview." Louis Dreyfus Negoce S.A.
v. Blystad Shipping & Trading, Inc., 252 F.3d 218, 224 (2d Cir. 2001). In
addition, "an entirely superseding agreement renders a prior agreement's
arbitration clause ineffective, even if the superseding agreement is silent on
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arbitration." Dasher v. RBC Bank (USA), 745 F.3d 1111, 1122 (11th Cir. 2014).
Whether an agreement is superseding is a question of state contract law, and the
presumption of arbitration does not attach to its resolution. Id. at 1120-21.
As pertains to the Westgate transaction, the 2017 Contract may be a
novation – an agreement that substitutes for, and discharges, a prior agreement.
See Sixteenth Ward Bldg. & Loan Ass'n of Newark v. Reliable Loan, Mortg. &
Sec. Co., 125 N.J. Eq. 340, 342 (E. & A. 1939). We recognize that a novation
is never presumed and must be a product of the parties' "clear and definite
intention." Tolland v. Lista, 46 N.J. Super. 272, 277 (App. Div. 1957).
However, the 2017 Contract may have been intended as a complete substitute
for the Westgate Agreement and would thus supersede the Westgate arbitration
clause. The 2017 Contract appears to extinguish any claims by Segal to offset
his obligation with pre-sale costs or for any other breach of the Westgate
Agreement. It also addresses an entirely new issue involving credit card bills.
Particularly since neither party raised the issue of novation, we remand to the
trial court to determine whether the 2017 Contract was intended to supersede
the Westgate Agreement.
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2.
Turning to the Lakewood Assignment, and assuming for argument's sake
that the trial court finds the arbitration clause in that agreement valid based on
extrinsic evidence produced in discovery, the court must then decide whether
the arbitration clause applies to Itzhakov's claims under the 2017 Contract.
On its face, the language of the Lakewood Assignment is ambiguous, as
it is susceptible of two plausible interpretations. See Chubb Custom Ins. Co. v.
Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 195 N.J. 231, 238 (2008) (stating an ambiguity exists
when the contractual terms "are susceptible to at least two reasonable alternative
interpretations"). The document refers to arbitration issues "arising from this
transaction." This may refer only to disputes specifically involving the transfer
of Yakubov's interests or Segal's employment – but not a dispute involving the
sale of the business after Yakubov no longer had an interest in it. Alternatively,
the provision could be more broadly understood to cover any dispute that would
not exist but for the assignment – including issues of governance, distributions,
and allocation of proceeds to company debts – all of which the agreement
addresses.
Because the scope of the clause is ambiguous, we apply the presumption
of arbitrability and conclude that the provision's broad wording covers the
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parties' dispute over the proceeds of the Refuah sale. We also note that the
provisions regarding the Refuah sale do not appear to be a novation of the
Lakewood Assignment. The provision regarding Refuah simply provided the
amount each party would receive from the sale (plus Segal's $20,000 "good will"
payment to Itzhakov). The provision neither referenced nor clearly modified
any terms of the Lakewood Assignment, including the priority of allocating
proceeds to outstanding debts.
III.
In sum, the arbitration provision in the Lakewood Assignment on its face
does not pass muster under Atalese. However, discovery may uncover extrinsic
evidence of the parties' objective manifestations of intent to waive any resort to
a judicial forum, thus satisfying Atalese. Upon such proofs, the arbitration
provision would be valid and enforceable. Applying the presumption of
arbitrability, the Lakewood Assignment's arbitration clause would also cover the
parties' dispute over the distribution of the proceeds of the Refuah sale.
The Westgate Agreement's arbitration clause satisfies Atalese. However,
it may enmesh the court in questions of religious doctrine, unless Knopfler's
testimony enables the court to apply neutral principles to the question of what
issues are arbitrable. Additionally, the 2017 Contract may be a novation of the
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Westgate Agreement and supersede its arbitration clause. Since the
determination of a novation is subject to the parties' intention, we remand that
issue to the trial court for its initial determination in light of the evidence. If the
court finds no novation, it must then determine if Knopfler's interpretation will
allow it to construe the arbitration clause using neutral principles. If it cannot
do so, the arbitration clause cannot be enforced and Itzhakov's suit, as it relates
to Westgate, must proceed in the trial court.
Based on the foregoing analysis, we believe discovery should be limited
to the issue of arbitration – namely, the validity of the Lakewood Assignment's
arbitration clause and the scope and enforceability of the Westgate arbitration
clause. See Guidotti v. Legal Helpers Debt Resolution, L.L.C., 716 F.3d 764,
776 (3d Cir. 2013) (stating that when an agreement to arbitrate is in dispute, the
parties should be entitled to limited discovery on that issue, after which "the
court may entertain a renewed motion to compel arbitration"). To permit
plenary discovery would undermine the parties' agreement – assuming such a
valid agreement exists – to avoid judicial dispute resolution.
Affirmed in part, modified in part, and remanded. We do not retain
jurisdiction.
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