LINDA L. FELTON VS. GARY M. FELTON (FM-15-0758-16, OCEAN COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) ( 2019 )


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  •                                 NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
    APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
    This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
    internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
    SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
    APPELLATE DIVISION
    DOCKET NO. A-4433-17T4
    LINDA L. FELTON,
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    v.
    GARY M. FELTON,
    Defendant-Respondent.
    _____________________________
    Submitted March 19, 2019 – Decided August 23, 2019
    Before Judges Rothstadt and Gilson.
    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
    Chancery Division, Family Part, Ocean County, Docket
    No. FM-15-0758-16.
    Richard R. Mazzei, attorney for appellant.
    Respondent has not filed a brief.
    PER CURIAM
    In this post-judgment matrimonial matter, plaintiff Linda L. Felton
    appeals from two Family Part orders entered on April 20, 2018. One order held
    plaintiff in violation of litigant's rights for refusing to sign a proposed Qualified
    Domestic Relations Order (QDRO) and Court Order Approved for Processing
    (COAP)1 regarding the equitable distribution of defendant Gary M. Felton's
    military pension that was in pay status. The second order was the QDRO that
    the Family Part entered on the same date. On appeal, plaintiff contends that the
    orders from which she appeals were entered in error because they were based
    upon the motion judge incorrectly relying on a method for distribution that was
    contrary to the express provisions of the parties' Property Settlement Agreement
    1
    "[A] QDRO [is defined] as a domestic relations order 'which creates or
    recognizes the existence of an alternate payee's right to, or assigns to an alternate
    payee the right to, receive all or a portion of the benefits payable with respect to
    a participant under a plan, and with respect to which the requirements of
    subparagraphs (C) and (D) are met.'" Johnson v. Johnson, 
    320 N.J. Super. 371
    ,
    381 (App. Div. 1999) (quoting 
    29 U.S.C.A. § 1056
    (d)(3)(B)(i)). "Most often, a
    [QDRO] is used to transfer the interest to the non-employee spouse." Barr v.
    Barr, 
    418 N.J. Super. 18
    , 35 n.3 (App. Div. 2011). It requires the distribution
    of a "'pension plan . . . in accordance with the coverture fraction, a portion of
    the periodic pension benefit to the non-pensioner spouse[,]' to assure the direct
    payment to the non-employee spouse and that each party would bear the tax
    consequences attributable to his or her respective share." 
    Ibid.
     (second
    alteration in original) (quoting Claffey v. Claffey, 
    360 N.J. Super. 240
    , 257-58
    (App. Div. 2003)).
    A COAP is an order that provides for the distribution of "[t]he marital portion
    of a federal pension . . . which must be drafted in accordance with the Code of
    Federal Regulations." White v. White, 
    284 N.J. Super. 300
    , 304 (Ch. Div.
    1995).
    A-4433-17T4
    2
    (PSA) relating to defendant's pension. We agree and vacate both orders and
    remand the matter for recalculation of the amount to which plaintiff is entitled.
    The facts are taken from the motion record. Prior to his marriage to
    plaintiff, defendant joined the military on June 28, 1977. The parties were
    married on February 18, 1983, defendant retired on October 2, 2014, and
    plaintiff filed a Complaint for Divorce on December 28, 2015. In October 2016,
    the parties signed their PSA and on May 22, 2017, the same day their Final
    Judgment of Divorce (JOD) was entered, they amended their PSA with a one-
    page addendum. The PSA as amended was incorporated into the JOD.
    Paragraph 5.4 of the PSA addressed defendant's pension. It stated the
    following:
    The parties further agree Husband has a regular VA
    pension, [actually a pension with the Army Reserve]
    and a disability pension as a result of post-traumatic
    stress disorder and other physical ailments associated
    with husband's prior deployment. The parties agree that
    Husband's regular pension through the VA, and not his
    disability pension, will be divided via [QDRO]
    consistent with the formula set forth in Marx v. Marx[,
    
    265 N.J. Super. 418
     (Ch. Div. 1993)]. The coverture
    fraction for purposes of establishing Wife's entitlement
    to Husband's pension shall be from the date of marriage
    [February 18, 1983] to the date of the filing of the
    Complaint for Divorce, i.e., December 28, 2015. As
    Husband's pension is presently in pay status at this
    point in time, Husband will continue to pay Wife
    consistent with the prior status quo that has existed up
    A-4433-17T4
    3
    until the execution of this [PSA]. Upon Husband being
    advised that his pension is form[ally] divided, Husband
    will no longer pay Wife directly, rather, Wife will
    receive her pension payments directly from the Federal
    government. Husband's disability pension will not be
    divided.
    [Emphasis added.]
    The PSA's addendum required defendant to obtain an order for his military
    pension's distribution by July 1, 2017.     When the order was not obtained,
    plaintiff filed a motion to enforce litigant's rights and on December 8, 2017, the
    court ordered that defendant's military pension be divided in accordance with
    the parties' PSA and that the transfer of assets to which plaintiff was entitled
    under the PSA be completed within fifteen days. The transfer did not occur
    within that time.
    Thereafter, the parties entered into a dispute over the terms of a proposed
    form of COAP. The proposed order was prepared by Pension Appraisers, Inc.
    (PAI).   Rather than calculating plaintiff's share of defendant's pension in
    accordance with the PSA, PAI used a calculation based upon instructions it
    received from defendant's attorney that were inconsistent with the PSA. Those
    instructions directed that plaintiff's share not be calculated as provided in the
    A-4433-17T4
    4
    PSA, but rather using a percentage that was based upon a ratio of military points2
    earned during the marriage to the total points accumulated by defendant at the
    time of his retirement. According to counsel's instructions, PAI used an option
    selected by counsel for the calculation of plaintiff's share that awarded her fifty
    percent of the amount calculated using points. Counsel selected that option even
    though he could have selected an option that calculated plaintiff's share based
    upon a "percentage of the total accrued benefit as of the Date of Retirement," or
    for payment of a fixed dollar amount not to "exceed 50% of [defendant's]
    Disposable Retire[ment] Pay." Based on the calculation choice as selected by
    defendant's counsel, plaintiff would receive thirty-five percent of defendant's
    pension income, instead of the forty-two and one-half percent to which she
    claimed she was entitled.
    When plaintiff would not agree to the proposed order's terms, defendant
    filed a motion to enforce litigant's rights, seeking among other relief, that
    plaintiff be compelled to sign the proposed COAP and QDRO. Plaintiff filed a
    cross-motion for the same relief, seeking to compel defendant to sign an
    2
    For military personnel, "the formula used to calculate [their] retired pay
    benefits considers a military member's rank pay at retirement and years of
    service. 
    10 U.S.C.A. § 12739
    (a)." Barr, 
    418 N.J. Super. at 36
     (emphasis added).
    A-4433-17T4
    5
    alternate COAP awarding plaintiff forty-two and one-half percent of defendant's
    pension. According to plaintiff, her calculation was based upon the PSA's
    formula for distribution of the pension. The forty-two and one-half percent was
    the result of applying the ratio of the length of the marriage until the filing of
    the complaint, less the fourteen months defendant was in retirement status (380
    months) to the time period that the parties were married and defendant was
    active in the service (447 months), which amounted to eighty-five percent of the
    time. Therefore, plaintiff claimed she was entitled to one half of eighty-five
    percent of the payment, or forty-two and one-half percent.
    The motion judge granted defendant's motion and denied plaintiff's,
    setting forth her reasons in her April 20, 2018 order. The judge found that
    "[w]hile a benefit calculation for a standard pension ends with the dictates of
    Marx [which would award plaintiff forty-two and one-half percent of
    defendant's pension], federal pensions are subject to a second step that involves
    the calculation of points," which would award plaintiff thirty-five percent of
    defendant's pension. The judge concluded "Defendant's calculation of Plaintiff's
    VA pension entitlement, i.e. 38% of Defendant's pension, comports with the
    terms of the PSA, which require that it be calculated 'consistent with the formula
    set forth in Marx' and further defined in Barr." Any claim by plaintiff that she
    A-4433-17T4
    6
    was entitled "to more than that calculation [was] untenable, as it is contrary to
    federal law." This appeal followed.
    Our review of Family Part orders is limited. Cesare v. Cesare, 
    154 N.J. 394
    , 411 (1998); see also Gnall v. Gnall, 
    222 N.J. 414
    , 428 (2015). We accord
    deference to the family courts due to their "special jurisdiction and expertise" in
    family law matters. Cesare, 
    154 N.J. at 413
    . The family court's findings are
    binding so long as its determinations "are supported by adequate, substantial,
    credible evidence." 
    Id. at 411-12
    . We will not disturb the factual findings and
    legal conclusions unless convinced they are "so manifestly unsupported by or
    inconsistent" with the evidence presented. 
    Id. at 412
    . "Only when the trial
    court's conclusions are so 'clearly mistaken' or 'wide of the mark'" should we
    interfere to "ensure that there is not a denial of justice." Gnall, 222 N.J. at 428
    (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Family Servs. v. E.P., 
    196 N.J. 88
    , 104 (2008)).
    However, challenges to legal conclusions, as well as a trial judge's
    interpretation of the law, are subject to de novo review. Estate of Hanges v.
    Metro Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 
    202 N.J. 369
    , 382 (2010).
    Although we are obliged to defer to the factual findings
    and discretionary decisions made by the Family Part
    due to the specialized nature of the court, a question
    regarding the interpretation or construction of a
    contract is a legal one and our review is plenary, with
    no special deference to the trial judge's interpretation of
    A-4433-17T4
    7
    the law and the legal consequences that flow from the
    established facts.
    [Barr, 
    418 N.J. Super. at 31
     (citation omitted).]
    At the outset, we emphasize a court's obligation to enforce matrimonial
    PSAs incorporated into JODs absent limited circumstances. New Jersey has a
    strong public policy favoring the enforcement of PSAs. Massar v. Massar, 
    279 N.J. Super. 89
    , 93 (App. Div. 1995). These agreements are approached with the
    presumption that they are valid and enforceable, and they will be enforced "if
    they are fair and equitable." 
    Ibid.
     As our Supreme Court recently explained:
    "An agreement that resolves a matrimonial dispute is
    no less a contract than an agreement to resolve a
    business dispute." Quinn v. Quinn, 
    225 N.J. 34
    , 45
    (2016) (citations omitted).          According to those
    principles, we must "discern and implement the
    common intention of the parties." 
    Ibid.
     Therefore, our
    role when interpreting marital settlement agreements is
    to "consider what is 'written in the context of the
    circumstances' at the time of drafting and to apply 'a
    rational meaning in keeping with the expressed general
    purpose.'" Sachau v. Sachau, 
    206 N.J. 1
    , 5-6 (2011)
    (quoting Atl. N. Airlines, Inc. v. Schwimmer, 
    12 N.J. 293
    , 302 (1953)). In doing so, "the words of an
    agreement are given their 'ordinary' meaning."
    Flanigan v. Munson, 
    175 N.J. 597
    , 606 (2003) (quoting
    Shadow Lake Vill. Condo. Ass'n v. Zampella, 
    238 N.J. Super. 132
    , 139 (App. Div. 1990)). Therefore, where
    the parties' intent "is plain and the language is clear and
    unambiguous, a court must enforce the agreement as
    written, unless doing so would lead to an absurd result."
    Quinn, 225 N.J. at 45.
    A-4433-17T4
    8
    [Woytas v. Greenwood Tree Experts, Inc., 
    237 N.J. 501
    , 511-12 (2019).]
    Applying these guiding principles, it is clear that the parties contemplated
    the distribution of defendant's military pension to follow the requirements of
    Marx. The motion judge recognized as much, but we conclude she erroneously
    expanded the parties' agreement to be subject to an additional provision under
    Barr for which there is no legal support.
    "Marx established the formula for allocating the marital share of a
    deferred distribution pension." Panetta v. Panetta, 
    370 N.J. Super. 486
    , 496, 498
    (App. Div. 2004) (concluding "[t]he trial judge correctly ordered [federal-
    employee] defendant to prepare the COAP in accordance with the Marx
    formula"). The Marx formula is based upon the fact "the actual pension benefit
    of a deferred distribution plan cannot be calculated until 'the time of retirement
    because [it is based] upon the multiple factors of age at retirement, final average
    salary, number of years of service, mortality, future interest rates and the form
    in which it is paid.'" 
    Id. at 496
     (alteration in original) (quoting Marx, 
    265 N.J. Super. at 424
    ).
    The formula, which can be applied to a federal pension to determine the
    value of a non-federal employee spouse's interest in her federal-employee
    spouse's pension, states the following:
    A-4433-17T4
    9
    The actual retirement benefit is multiplied by the
    coverture fraction and divided by two to produce the
    marital share:
    Retirement × years of employment during
    marriage ÷ 2
    Benefit total years of employment
    [Ibid. (quoting Marx, 
    265 N.J. Super. at 428
    ) (emphasis
    added).]
    It is well-established that this coverture fraction can be employed to
    determine the portion of a marital asset that is subject to equitable distribution.
    Barr, 
    418 N.J. Super. at 34
    . The coverture fraction is
    the proportion of years worked during the marriage to
    total number of years worked.            The numerator
    represents that portion of the benefit, enhanced or not,
    that was "legally and beneficially acquired" during the
    marriage. The denominator is the total number of years
    worked up to retirement. The coverture fraction insures
    that the equitable distribution pot includes only that
    portion of the working spouse's labor which constitutes
    a "shared enterprise." It also assures the employee
    spouse the benefits of his or her pre and post coverture
    labors.
    [Eisenhardt v. Eisenhardt, 
    325 N.J. Super. 576
    , 580-81
    (App. Div. 1999) (citations omitted).]
    "[T]he application of the coverture fraction . . . adjusts the actual pension
    benefit to the marital share." Panetta, 
    370 N.J. Super. at 497
     (quoting Risoldi v.
    Risoldi, 
    320 N.J. Super. 524
    , 544 (App. Div. 1999)). Its application "at the time
    A-4433-17T4
    10
    the benefits convert to pay status at retirement, will assure [that the employee
    spouse] maintains the fruits of his [pre- and ]post-divorce labor."          
    Ibid.
    (alteration in original) (quoting Menake v. Menake, 
    348 N.J. Super. 442
    , 451
    (App. Div. 2002) (emphasis added)). "The Marx formula balances the marital
    share of the actual retirement benefit by application of the coverture fraction.
    Indeed, that is the express purpose for using the Marx formula in calculating the
    marital share of a deferred distribution pension." 
    Id. at 498
     (emphasis added).
    In Barr, we addressed the defendant's claim that the trial court erred by
    awarding to the plaintiff a portion of the "increases [in the defendant's military
    pension benefits] resulting from his post-judgment, pre-retirement promotion."
    Barr, 
    418 N.J. Super. at 28
    .       In that case, we vacated the trial judge's
    determination that the plaintiff had an interest in the "pension increases" and
    remanded for a plenary hearing. 
    Id. at 29
    .
    In Barr, at the time of the parties' divorce, the defendant had completed
    eleven years on active duty. The parties' PSA awarded the plaintiff one-half of
    the defendant's military pension "attributable to his 11 years in the military"
    when he began to receive them. 
    Id. at 37
    . The PSA "included no specificity as
    to the applicable formula to calculate or the vehicle used to deliver plaintiff's
    A-4433-17T4
    11
    interest." 
    Ibid.
     After the divorce, the defendant entered the Air Force reserves,
    which service enhanced the value of his pension benefit. 
    Id. at 29
    .
    A dispute arose as to the plaintiff's entitlement to the enhanced payments
    when the federal agency responsible for issuing payments directly to plaintiff
    asked for "the parties' certifications stating the percentage of defendant's retired
    pay agreed to be paid to plaintiff each month. When plaintiff asked defendant
    to certify she was entitled to forty-two percent of his disposable retirement pay,
    he declined." 
    Id. at 30
    . As noted, the trial judge agreed with plaintiff but we
    reversed.
    In reaching our decision, we reviewed the unique "nature of and
    methodology used to compute military pensions." 
    Id. at 36
    . We explained as
    follows:
    First, unlike most pensions, the plan is non-
    contributory—the service member makes no
    contribution toward his or her pension. Second, a
    service member's pension rights are not vested until the
    requisite years of service are reached, noting that a
    retired officer at all times remains a member of the
    military, subject to recall to active duty. McCarty v.
    McCarty, 
    453 U.S. 210
    , 222 (1981) (citations omitted).
    See also 
    10 U.S.C.A. § 802
    (a)(4). Third, the formula
    used to calculate retired pay benefits considers a
    military member's rank pay at retirement and years of
    service. 
    10 U.S.C.A. § 12739
    (a). Specifically, each
    service member receives points for each day of military
    service: one point for each day of active military
    A-4433-17T4
    12
    service and two points for each day of reservist duty.
    
    10 U.S.C.A. § 12732
    (a)(2)(A)(i) and (ii). Additional
    points accrue based on the completion of certain
    training, drills and funeral honors duty. The actual
    member's benefit is the product of the base pay for the
    rank achieved at retirement and two-and-one-half
    percent of the points representing the years of service
    credited, and may not exceed seventy-five percent of
    the base pay upon which it is based. 
    10 U.S.C.A. § 12739
    (a) and (c).
    [Id. at 36 (emphasis added).]
    We then considered the language used by the parties in their PSA to
    address the calculation of the plaintiff's interest and concluded that the language
    was ambiguous as it was susceptible to two different meanings. 
    Id. at 37
    . We
    remanded the matter for a determination of what the parties intended and
    because we concluded that "there are some extraordinary post-judgment pension
    increases that may be proven to be attributable to post-dissolution efforts of the
    employee-spouse, and not dependent on the prior joint efforts of the parties
    during the marriage." 
    Id. at 41
    . In those instances, those "sums must be
    excluded from equitable distribution and the application of the coverture
    fraction may be insufficient to accomplish this purpose." 
    Ibid.
    None of the issues raised in Barr are similar to the issue here. First, there
    was no issue about the parties' PSA in this case clearly indicating that defendant
    was in pay status at the time of the PSA and further that the formula in Marx
    A-4433-17T4
    13
    was to be applied to his payment. Second, there was no issue regarding any
    enhancement to defendant's pension payment because he was already in pay
    status, having just retired from service before the parties divorced.
    Moreover, contrary to the motion judge's conclusion here, in the face of
    an express agreement to the contrary, the military points system is used to
    calculate the actual amount of a military pensioner's benefit, not the portion to
    which the non-federal employee spouse is entitled from that amount. See 
    10 U.S.C. § 12739
     ("Computation of retired pay"). Distribution of that amount in
    a state court divorce proceeding is controlled by state law. See 
    10 U.S.C. § 1408
    (c)(1) ("a court may treat disposable retired pay payable to a member . . .
    either as property solely of the member or as property of the member and his
    spouse in accordance with the law of the jurisdiction of such court").
    Applying our state's law here, and contrary to the motion judge's
    conclusion, there was no second step applicable to the calculation of plaintiff's
    share of defendant's retirement benefit, once his benefit had been calculated in
    accordance with federal law. Stated differently, the first step in the process was
    the calculation of defendant's retirement benefit using the military point system,
    and the second step was the application of the Marx formula to that amount as
    agreed to by the parties in the PSA.
    A-4433-17T4
    14
    The orders under appeal are vacated and the matter is remanded to the
    Family Part for further proceedings consistent with our opinion. We do not
    retain jurisdiction.
    A-4433-17T4
    15