DCPP VS. N.S., R.D., P.B., M.B., B.B., P.G. AND O.S., IN THE MATTER OF Z.D. AND Z.D. (FN-07-0185-19, ESSEX COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) (RECORD IMPOUNDED) ( 2021 )

RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3821-19
NEW JERSEY DIVISION
OF CHILD PROTECTION
AND PERMANENCY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
N.S.,1
Defendant-Appellant,
and
R.D., P.B., M.B., B.B., P.G.,
and O.S.,
Defendants.
__________________________
IN THE MATTER OF Z.D.
and Z.D., minors.
___________________________
Submitted September 20, 2021 – Decided October 5, 2021
1
We use initials and pseudonyms to protect the identities of the children and
parties and to preserve the confidentiality of these proceedings. R. 1:38-
3(d)(11).
Before Judges Vernoia and Firko.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Essex County, Docket
No. FN-07-0185-19.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (John A. Albright, Designated Counsel, on
the briefs).
Andrew J. Bruck, Acting Attorney General, attorney for
respondent (Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant Attorney
General, of counsel; Lisa Cerasia, Deputy Attorney
General, on the brief).
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian,
attorney for minor Z.D. (Meredith Alexis Pollock,
Deputy Public Defender, of counsel; Noel C. Devlin,
Assistant Deputy Public Defender, of counsel and on
the brief).
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, Law Guardian,
attorney for minor Z.D. (Zi.D.) (Meredith Alexis
Pollock, Deputy Public Defender, of counsel; Cory H.
Cassar, Designated Counsel, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant N.S.,2 the biological mother of Z.D. (Zeke), born in 2014, and
Z.D. (Zara), born in 2013, appeals from a June 27, 2019 Family Part order
finding she physically abused or neglected these two children and emotionally
2
Defendant R.D., the biological father of Zeke and Zara, and co-defendants
P.R., M.B., B.B., P.G., and O.S., have not filed an appeal.
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abused all of the children living in her home by allowing violence to continue
in their presence within the meaning of N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(1), (2) and (4)(b).
N.S. also appeals the May 5, 2020 order terminating the litigation. The Law
Guardians seek affirmance. Having reviewed the record, we conclude the
judge's twenty-three-page fact-finding decision was supported by sufficient
credible evidence and is consistent with the applicable law. Therefore, we
affirm both orders.
I.
We discern the following facts from evidence adduced at the fact-finding
hearing. In August 2018, O.S., who is N.S.'s boyfriend, moved into a four-
bedroom apartment with Zeke and Zara, along with the following other adults
and children: P.B., who is the mother of J.B., A.J., T.B., and A.B.; M.B., P.B.'s
mother; B.B., P.B.'s sister; and P.G., M.B.'s sister. In total, six adults were
living in the subject household. On December 5, 2018, the Division of Child
Protection and Permanency (Division) received a referral from University
Hospital regarding allegations that then three-year-old Zeke was injured at
home. Earlier that day, a teacher's aide, A.P., observed Zeke crying and noticed
a bruise on his cheek. A.P. escorted Zeke to the school nurse, A.A., and noticed
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when he went to wash his hands, he was "shaking" and "walking extremely slow
. . . like an elderly . . . person."
A.A. examined Zeke, and following a full body scan, noted his back was
bruised and scarred, his feet and ankles were blistered, his legs were inflamed,
and he had circular marks resembling cigarette burns on his left leg above the
knee. During the ambulance ride en route to University Hospital, Zeke told N.S.
that P.B. dunked him in hot water. Zeke also told A.P. that his "mommy" burned
him with a cigarette. The hospital records indicated that Zeke presented with
"new and old injuries consistent with child abuse." In addition, the hospital
records noted Zeke had "round healed circles to right arm. Wounds consistent
with cigarette burns."
Division investigator Klidy Valderrama interviewed A.P. and A.A. at
Zeke's school. Because Zeke was fatigued and uncommunicative, Valderrama
was unable to interview him at the hospital, but she testified about eighteen
photographs she took of his injuries, including multiple bruises on his body; a
strap-shaped bruise on his back; and second-degree burns above his ankles. The
investigator also interviewed N.S., M.B., O.S., Zeke, Zara, and O.J. According
to N.S., she did not notice any injuries on Zeke's face but suspected P.B. bruised
Zeke's cheek due to ongoing physical altercations between P.B. and B.B.
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During M.B.'s interview at the Essex County Correctional Facility
(ECCF), she told the investigator she was not residing at the home on December
5, 2018 because M.B. was hospitalized after P.B. attacked her. M.B. recalled
seeing N.S. and O.S. hit Zeke and Zara, and O.S. using a belt on numerous
occasions. N.S. was present during some of the whippings but did not intervene.
M.B. stated that on one occasion, O.S. struck Zeke with a belt and drew blood.
Valderrama interviewed then four-year-old A.J. at the hospital. A.J. stated
Zeke was hospitalized because N.S. and O.S. make Zeke "bleed until they die,"
and added N.S. and O.S. hit Zeke and Zara. During his December 5, 2018
interview, A.J. also told Valderrama that P.B. poured a pot of hot water on Zeke
in the bathtub, and P.B. hit Zeke and Zara with a belt.
O.S. was interviewed by Valderrama at the ECCF. He claimed he had
been incarcerated since November 30, 2018. O.S. noticed a bruise on Zeke's
cheek prior to his incarceration and mentioned it to N.S. O.S. also stated that
P.B. hung M.B. out of a window and physically attacked M.B. and B.B.
According to O.S., he never physically abused Zeke or Zara.
Three-year-old T.B. was interviewed at the hospital by Valderrama on
December 5, 2018, and claimed she saw P.B. and M.B. put Zeke in hot water
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because he misbehaved; saw P.B. punch and kick Zeke and Zara; and P.B. and
B.B. "whooping" them. T.B. also said P.G. hits Zeke and Zara with a brush.
Seven-year-old J.B. was interviewed at the hospital by Valderrama. He
noticed Zeke's burns in the morning the day prior. The next day, December 6,
2018, Valderrama interviewed J.B. again who claimed Zeke's burns were caused
by J.B. accidently pushing him onto the radiator and his siblings were lying
about the pot of water being poured on Zeke. However, J.B. stated N.S. and
O.S. slap Zeke and Zara, whoop them with a belt, and confirmed O.S. drew
blood when he whooped Zeke and T.B. exited the room with blood on her face
that was not hers.
Forensic Interview Specialist Karen Zambrano Casey conducted forensic
video interviews (FVI) of Zeke, Zara, and A.J. A.J. reiterated his story that the
previous night P.B. and M.B. poured hot water from a pot on Zeke while he was
in the bathtub because sometimes he's bad and "pees" on himself. Zeke tried to
get out of the bathtub, but P.B. and M.B. pushed him back down and instructed
A.J. to get a belt and used it to "whoop[]" Zeke. N.S. was asleep in another
room when this occurred. On another occasion, P.B. gave A.J. "a chance to hit"
Zeke, and P.B. helped T.B. whoop Zeke because she doesn't hit very hard. O.S.
and M.B. also whooped Zeke with a belt according to A.J.
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On December 5, 2018, Zara told Zambrano Casey that Zeke gets in trouble
when he urinates on himself, and she has to give him a butt-whooping, which
P.B. taught her how to do. Zara claimed one time P.B. whooped Zeke with a
belt, as did Zara. On another occasion, Zara explained that T.B. and everybody
pushed Zeke and whooped him with their hands because "he peed on himself."
Zeke told Zambrano Casey that O.S. whoops him with a belt on his back,
fingers, and "tun tun," and added "everybody" whoops him, including N.S.,
M.B., and P.B. During the interview, Zeke showed Zambrano Casey the "boo-
boos" on his ankles and feet, which he described felt "bad" after P.B. put hot
water on him in the bathtub. At the conclusion of the interview, Zeke spat on
Zambrano Casey, swung his arms and hit her, saying he was "mad."
On December 6, 2018, Detective Casey McCabe of the Essex County
Prosecutor's Office conducted an FVI of J.B. He confirmed seeing blood on the
belt O.S. used to whoop Zeke and Zara and O.S. threatening Zeke and Zara with
"body shots," although J.B. did not describe what that term meant. J.B. also
stated that N.S. and O.S. "take it to the next level," "[t]hey don't even talk to
their kids before they whoop them . . . or give them a second chance."
On December 7, 2018, Zeke underwent a medical evaluation by Dr.
Monica Weiner, the Medical Director of Metro Regional Diagnostic and
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Treatment Center. In addition to her examination, Dr. Weiner observed Zeke's
FVI, reviewed his records from University Hospital, and the photographs of his
injuries. Zeke told Dr. Weiner "[d]addy" had burned him with a cigarette, and
that hot water burned his feet. Dr. Weiner concluded "[t]his burn pattern is
consistent with [the children's] statements that hot water was poured on [Zeke]."
In addition, Dr. Weiner identified "several round hyper[-]pigmented
lesions approximately 7-8 mm in diameter on [Zeke's] right lower arm and his
left lower leg." She opined that these marks were consistent with past cigarette
burns and noted:
multiple bruises and patterned marks on his torso,
including his suprapubic area and penis, and his sides.
There were several looping or curved marks, indicating
impact with a looped or curved object. . . . There were
patterned marks on his suprapubic area and his left
lower abdomen. There was extensive bruising on his
right lower abdomen and on [December 5, 2018], the
glans of his penis was red and swollen. These lesions
are consistent with the reports that [Zeke] was hit with
a belt and also punched and kicked. There were also
extensive bruises on his back, which could be
consistent either with impact from a belt or . . .
punching or kicking.
There were also several bruises on his face, including
one under his right eye which appeared to have a pattern
of a circular shape crossed by a line. . . . There was also
a small contusion on his inner right upper lip. All of
these could be consistent with impact with a belt or
hand or foot.
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Dr. Weiner commented Zeke's injuries were "too numerous to count" and
that he endured "ongoing physical abuse." She added that making Zeke "the
target of most of the physical abuse is also emotional abuse" and "[e]xposing
the other children in the home to [Zeke's] physical abuse . . . and encouraging
them to abuse [Zeke] themselves is emotional abuse of the other children."
Finally, Dr. Weiner noted that during her examination, Zeke displayed severe
mood swings and transitioned frequently from being cooperative and playful to
becoming combative. His behavior included swearing, spitting, and trying to
bite the adults in the room, which Dr. Weiner opined could be attributable to
emotional abuse.
As a result of this investigation, on December 7, 2018, the Division filed
a complaint under N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 and N.J.S.A. 30:4C-12 against N.S. and
R.D. for custody of Zeke and Zara. N.S. was present at the hearing and
represented by counsel. The judge determined that an emergency Dodd 3
removal of all of the children from the home was appropriate. At the
3
A "Dodd removal" refers to the emergency removal of a child from the home
without a court order as authorized by N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.29 of the Dodd Act,
N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21 to -8.82.
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prosecutor's request, N.S.'s visitation with Zeke and Zara was suspended
pending completion of the criminal investigation into the matter. 4
On December 13, 2018, Dr. Shaina Groisberg, a pediatrician specializing
in child abuse, evaluated Zara, who reported P.B. "put hot water on my baby
brother." Zara also mentioned that O.S. and P.B. gave her butt-whoopings. She
stated, "I'm not going to that house no more. Because I don't want to, I don't
like it." Dr. Groisberg observed a 7 mm circular hyper-pigmented mark on the
back of Zara's right shoulder consistent with a past cigarette burn . The expert
concluded Zara had been the subject of emotional abuse due to her persistent
exposure to violence in the home.
On January 19, 2019, Dr. Groisberg evaluated A.J. He admitted that P.B.,
his mother, poured hot water on Zeke because he urinated in the bathtub. Dr.
Groisberg concluded A.J. was coached by his mother and feared her. As with
Zara, Dr. Groisberg concluded A.J. was also the subject of emotional abuse in
light of his exposure to violence in the home and the encouragement he received
to inflict pain on the other children residing there. Dr. Groisberg added that
being encouraged to participate in the infliction of harm could lead to a lasting
4
The record does not mention the outcome of the criminal investigation.
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impact on the children's "interpersonal relationships, behavior problem[s,] and
aggression[,] . . . depression, anxiety[,] and post-traumatic stress disorder."
On May 7, 2019, the Division concluded its investigation and found the
allegations of abuse and neglect were substantiated for all of the adults living in
the home. The Family Part conducted a fact-finding hearing over a period of six
nonsequential days. The judge heard fact testimony from Valderrama and A.P.
Dr. Weiner and Dr. Groisberg were called as expert witnesses in the field of
pediatrics with a sub-specialty in pediatric child abuse. N.S. was incarcerated
at the time of the hearings, but attended on May 22 and 23, and waived her
appearance on May 28. She did not testify and neither did R.D. The Law
Guardian did not call any witnesses.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge found, by a preponderance of
the credible evidence, that N.S. abused and neglected Zeke and Zara in violation
of N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(1), (2), and (4)(b). The judge found N.S. physically
abused Zeke and Zara, and emotionally abused all of the children in the home
by allowing the violence to continue in their presence. In reaching her decision,
the judge emphasized "[i]t is inconceivable that the adults living in the home
were unaware of the abuse." The judge found "that the children's out[-]of
[-]court statements were corroborated by physical and testimonial evidence."
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She highlighted the fact that "all of the verbal children indicated that there was
ongoing violence in the home," and Zeke "suffered emotional abuse as the 'target
child.'" In conclusion, the judge found "[a]ll the adults in the home failed to
protect the children." This appeal ensued.
On appeal, N.S. challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the
judge's findings and argues: (1) the judge's conclusion the children were
emotionally abused is grounded on expert testimony that is untethered to any
accepted or reliable foundation; (2) the judge deprived N.S. of due process by
sua sponte shifting the burden of proof to her to demonstrate her lack of
involvement in the alleged negligent and abusive conduct; and (3) the judge
erred by admitting recordings of the children's FVI's because the recordings
were not properly authenticated. For the reasons that follow, we disagree and
affirm.
II.
Our review of a trial court's finding of abuse or neglect is guided by well -
established principles. "[W]e accord substantial deference and defer to the
factual findings of the Family Part if they are sustained by 'adequate, substantial,
and credible evidence' in the record." N.J. Div. of Child Prot. & Permanency v.
N.B., 452 N.J. Super. 513, 521 (App. Div. 2017) (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth &
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Fam. Servs. v. R.G., 217 N.J. 527, 552 (2014)). "Indeed, we recognize that
'[b]ecause of the family courts' special jurisdiction and expertise in family
matters, [we] should accord deference to family court factfinding.'" N.J. Div.
of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. M.C. III, 201 N.J. 328, 343 (2010) (first alteration in
original) (quoting Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 413 (1998)).
However, "if the trial court's conclusions are 'clearly mistaken or wide of
the mark[,]' an appellate court must intervene to ensure the fairness of the
proceeding." N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. L.L., 201 N.J. 210, 227-228
(2010) (alteration in original) (quoting N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. E.P.,
196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008)). We owe no deference to the trial court's legal
conclusions, which we review de novo. N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v.
A.B., 231 N.J. 354, 369 (2017).
"The Division bears the burden of proof at a fact-finding hearing and must
prove . . . harm . . . by a preponderance of the evidence." N.J. Dep't. of Child.
& Fams., Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. A.L., 213 N.J. 1, 22 (2013) (citing
N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(b)). The Division must sustain that burden "through the
admission of 'competent, material and relevant evidence.'" N.J. Div. of Youth
& Fam. Servs. v. P.W.R., 205 N.J. 17, 32 (2011) (quoting N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(b)).
In making a determination of abuse and neglect, the trial court should base its
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decision on the totality of the circumstances. N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs.
v. V.T., 423 N.J. Super. 320, 329 (App. Div. 2011). In light of the standards,
we find no basis to disturb the judge's findings of fact, and those findings support
her legal conclusion.
As defined in Title 9, "abuse or neglect" may occur when a child's
"physical, mental, or emotional condition has been impaired . . . as a result of"
a parent who fails to "exercise a minimum degree of care . . . in providing the
child with proper supervision or guardianship, by unreasonably inflicting or
allowing to be inflicted harm, or substantial risk thereof, including the infliction
of excessive corporal punishment." N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.21(c)(4)(b). A parent or
guardian may fail to exercise the minimum degree of care if "he or she is aware
of the dangers inherent in a situation and fails adequately to supervise the child
or recklessly creates a risk of serious injury to that child." G.S. v. Dep't of Hum.
Servs., 157 N.J. 161, 181 (1999) (citation omitted). The Division must prove its
allegations by a preponderance of the evidence at a fact-finding hearing.
N.J.S.A. 9:6-8.46(b)(1).
Parental rights include the right to take reasonable measures in
disciplining a child, including corporal punishment. N.J. Dep't of Child &
Fams., Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. K.A., 413 N.J. Super. 504, 510 (App.
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Div. 2010) (citing State v. T.C., 347 N.J. Super. 219, 239-40 (App. Div. 2002)).
"A determination of abuse must be shown by a preponderance of the evidence
during a fact-finding hearing." Ibid."[P]revious statements made by the child relating to any allegations of
abuse or neglect" are admissible, and not considered hearsay, as long as they are
not the sole basis for the court's finding of abuse or neglect. N.J.S.A. 9:6 -
8.46(a)(4). Proof of any injuries sustained by the child that are "of such a nature
as would ordinarily not . . . exist except by reason of the acts or omissions of the
parent or guardian" is prima facie evidence of abuse or neglect. N.J.S.A. 9:6 -
8.46(a)(2).
"Excessive corporal punishment" is not defined by statute but is
determined on a case-by-case basis. K.A., 413 N.J. Super. at 510. In K.A., we
noted "excessive corporal punishment" should be read in light of the term's
common usage and understood meaning. Id. at 511. While the boundaries of
what constitutes "excessive corporal punishment" are undefined in the statute,
we have placed particular weight on the statute's inclusion of the word
"excessive" and have stated that "[t]he term 'excessive' means going beyond
what is proper or reasonable." Ibid. Thus, while "moderate correction" may be
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reasonable, "a single incident of violence against a child may be sufficient to
constitute excessive corporal punishment." Id. at 510, 511.
Excessive corporal punishment may occur when "the child suffers a
fracture of a limb, or a serious laceration, or any other event where medical
intervention proves to be necessary . . . provided that the parent or caregiver
could have foreseen, under all of the attendant circumstances, that such harm
could result from the punishment inflicted." Id. at 511 (citation omitted). The
administrative code provides further guidance, listing injuries that may
constitute abuse or neglect, including "[c]uts, bruises, abrasions, welts or oral
injuries." N.J.A.C. 10:129-2.2(a)(9).
We noted that certain types of injuries inflicted by a parent or guardian
may be considered per se excessive corporal punishment:
A situation where the child suffers a fracture of a limb,
or a serious laceration, or any other event where
medical intervention proves to be necessary, may be
sufficient to sustain a finding of excessive corporal
punishment, provided that the parent or caregiver could
have foreseen, under all of the attendant circumstances,
that such harm could result from the punishment
inflicted.
[K.A., 413 N.J. Super. at 511.]
In K.A., we concluded that the defendant mother, who punched her eight-
year-old autistic child approximately four to five times in the shoulder after the
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child failed to follow directions, had not inflicted excessive corporal
punishment. Id. at 506, 512. We particularly noted that the defendant's actions
were isolated and occurred during "the trying circumstances which [the
defendant] was undergoing due to [the child's] psychological disorder." Ibid.Finally, the defendant showed remorse and took responsibility for her actions.
Ibid. We also emphasized that
[the defendant] was alone, without support from either
her spouse/co-parent or from other members of her
extended family, such as an experienced mother or
aunt. Out of sheer frustration, or through an ill-advised
impulse, she struck her child five times. These blows,
though undoubtedly painful, did not cause the child any
permanent harm, did not require medical intervention
of any kind, and were not part of a pattern of abuse.
[Ibid.]
In this matter, the record convincingly established by a preponderance of
the evidence that N.S. abused and neglected Zeke and Zara. We note N.S. did
not object to the experts' testimony that exposure to violence and abuse causes
emotional and psychological harm. For example, Dr. Groisberg testified,
without challenge, "it's well-established in the medical and psychiatric
communities" that exposure to violence causes psychological harm to a child.
Moreover, Dr. Weiner opined that the behavior exhibited by Zeke demonstrated
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emotional and psychological harm attributable to the physical abuse and
exposure to violence he endured.
These expert opinions did not constitute "inadmissible ultimate-issue
pronouncements," and we reject N.S.'s argument on this point. And, the record
contains ample evidence Zeke and Zara were physically abused by N.S. and that
she encouraged other adults in the household to physically abuse the children.
The expert testimony, in addition to the testimony of Valderrama and A.P.,
established a pattern of corporal punishment and exposure to violence in N.S.'s
household. We are unpersuaded by N.S.'s argument, and we will not interfere
with the judge's finding of abuse and neglect. See N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam.
Servs. v. A.G., 344 N.J. Super. 418, 442-43 (App. Div. 2001).
III.
We also reject N.S.'s contention that the judge improvidently shifted the
burden of proof to her in violation of her constitutional due process rights. The
judge expressly found the Division sustained its burden of proof. In
summarizing the evidence in the record, the judge emphasized "the defendants
presented no expert testimony to dispute the findings of the doctors that
examined [Zeke] and determined that his injuries were consistent with child
abuse." Moreover, the judge found the photographs taken by the Division and
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Dr. Weiner "depict the extent and gruesome nature of the injuries sustained by
[Zeke] at the hands of the people who cared for him."
The judge's reference to the lack of evidence presented by N.S. and the
other defendants constitutes nothing more than a recognition that the Division's
evidence, which the judge found established N.S. abused and neglected the
children, was not refuted. Further, the judge placed significant weight on Dr.
Weiner's and Dr. Groisberg's expert testimony. Accordingly, the judge did not
shift the burden of proof to N.S., but rather appropriately found the Division
satisfied its burden by a preponderance of the evidence.
IV.
Finally, for the first time on appeal, N.S. argues that the FVIs were not
properly authenticated at the hearing. Where a defendant raises an argument on
appeal that was not previously raised below, we review the argument under the
plain error standard. State v. Robinson, 200 N.J. 1, 20 (2009) (discussing
application of Rule 2:10-2). Under the plain error standard, any errors or
omissions should be disregarded "unless it is of such a nature as to have been
clearly capable of producing an unjust result." R. 2:10-2. "Plain error is a high
bar . . . ." State v. Santamaria, 236 N.J. 390, 404 (2019).
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"The 'high standard' used in plain error analysis 'provides a strong
incentive for counsel to interpose a timely objection, enabling the trial court to
forestall or correct a potential error.'" Ibid. (quoting State v. Bueso, 225 N.J.
193, 203 (2016)). Where a defendant raises a new issue on appeal, he or she
"bears the burden of establishing that the trial court's actions constituted plain
error." Id. at 404-05 (quoting State v. Ross, 229 N.J. 389, 407 (2017)). Under
the plain error standard, "[t]he mere possibility of error is insufficient for
reversal." N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. N.S., 412 N.J. Super. 593, 622
(App. Div. 2010). In this light, N.S.'s argument lacks sufficient merit to warrant
discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
We note that N.S. did not object to the admission of the FVI recordings at
the hearing on the basis of lack of authentication. To the contrary, the record
reflects that N.S.'s counsel asked questions related to the authentication of the
recordings but then acquiesced to their admission into evidence. Therefore, we
discern no error, let alone plain error, warranting reversal on the authentication
issue.
Here, the record contains sufficient evidence for the judge to find N.S.
abused and neglected Zeke and Zara, and that they suffered emotional harm by
directly witnessing physical and psychological abuse as defined by Title 9.
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Affirmed.
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