ALEXIS M. ATWOOD VS. TRISTEN JENKINS (L-0545-15, BURLINGTON COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) ( 2019 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-5083-16T4
ALEXIS M. ATWOOD,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
TRISTEN JENKINS and
MELINDA M. BROWN,
Defendants,
and
UNITED PERCUSSION
AND ARTS, INC.,
Defendant-Respondent.
_____________________________
Submitted July 3, 2018 – Decided February 6, 2019
Before Judges O'Connor and Moynihan.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Burlington County, Docket No. L-0545-15.
Drazin & Warshaw, PC, attorneys for appellant
(Steven L. Kessel, on the briefs).
Barry, McTiernan & Wedinger, PC, attorneys for
respondent (Laurel A. Wedinger and Richard W.
Wedinger, on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
O'CONNOR, J.A.D.
In this automobile negligence action, plaintiff Alexis M. Atwood appeals
from a June 21, 2017 Law Division order granting defendant United
Percussion and Arts, Inc., summary judgment. Plaintiff settled with the other
defendants, Tristen Jenkins (driver) and Melinda M. Brown, before filing her
notice of appeal. For simplicity, for the balance of the opinion, the term
"defendant" shall refer only to United Percussion and Arts, Inc., unless
otherwise noted.
After reviewing the record and applicable legal principles, we affirm.
I
We recite only the evidence in the motion record relevant to the issues
we decide. Plaintiff alleges that on March 16, 2013, she was severely injured
when, while a passenger in a car owned by Brown and driven by Jenkins, the
car crashed into a utility pole and ultimately landed in the opposite lane of
travel. Plaintiff, Jenkins, and Brown were residents of New Jersey at the time;
the accident occurred in Pennsylvania.
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Defendant is a New Jersey non-profit corporation organized exclusively
for charitable purposes. Defendant arranges for its members to play
percussion instruments in performances and competitions that feature
marching bands. Members are limited to the ages of fourteen through twenty-
two. Admission into defendant's organization is competitive; one must
successfully pass an audition. Performances are held in New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, and other states. At the end of each performance season, the
members participate in a national competition in Ohio.
Just before a performance, members rehearse at or in proximity to the
place of performance. At the beginning of each season, defendant sends out an
email to its members advising of the date, time, and locations of the rehearsals
and performances; such information is also posted on its website. Each week,
defendant's director also reminds the members of the place they need to go for
the next rehearsal and performance. If requested by a member, defendant's
director prints out directions to a site. However, members are responsible for
transporting themselves to all rehearsals and performances. Defendant does
not get involved with arranging transportation for any member to get to a
particular site.
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Some members contact other members to arrange for a ride to a
performance or rehearsal. Defendant does not get involved with those
contacts, either, or facilitate carpooling for any member. Defendant does not
reimburse the expenses a member incurs to get either himself or herself or
anyone else to a rehearsal or performance. There was evidence that, on
occasion a member advised the director he or she did not have a ride. In
response, the director sent out an email to all members inquiring if anyone
were able to provide a ride for such member.
Defendant does not earn any income for its performances. It has no
employees; its director and staff are part-time volunteers. Defendant does not
reimburse its director, staff, or members for any costs, including travel
expenses.
On the day of the accident, plaintiff and two other members arranged
with Jenkins to have him drive them to both a pre-performance rehearsal and
to the performance itself. Jenkins and his passengers made these arrangements
without defendant's involvement. After the pre-performance rehearsal, Jenkins
and his passengers, including plaintiff, were headed to the location of the
performance when Jenkins lost control of his car, causing it to hit a utility pole
and ultimately come to rest on the opposite lane of travel.
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Plaintiff alleges the driver was negligent in the manner in which he
drove the car and, as a proximate result, she sustained various injuries. She
further contends the driver was defendant's agent, making defendant
vicariously liable for the driver's actions. Finally, she alleges defendant's
director was aware Jenkins, then seventeen years of age, had only a
probationary driver's license issued by the State of New Jersey. Because such
license permitted Jenkins to drive with no more than one passenger in the car,
plaintiff maintains defendant is liable because its director allegedly knew
Jenkins's license was restricted, yet permitted Jenkins to drive a car with three
passengers.
Defendant successfully obtained summary judgment. In its motion,
defendant asserted that, pursuant to New Jersey's Charitable Immunity Act
(CIA), N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7 to -12, it was immune from liability for the
accident. N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7(a) provides in pertinent part:
a. No nonprofit corporation . . . organized exclusively
for . . . charitable . . . purposes or its trustees,
directors, officers, employees, agents, servants or
volunteers shall, except as is hereinafter set forth, be
liable to respond in damages to any person who shall
suffer damage from the negligence of any agent or
servant of such corporation, society or association,
where such person is a beneficiary, to whatever
degree, of the works of such nonprofit corporation,
society or association[.]
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[N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7(a).1]
Plaintiff argued the law of Pennsylvania applied, which has abrogated
charitable immunity. Therefore, she contended, because New Jersey's CIA did
not apply, defendant was not immunized from liability for the accident. The
trial court disagreed, finding for the reasons set forth in its written opinion that
New Jersey law applied and, thus, the CIA protected defendant from liability
for Jenkins' negligence.
The trial court also found that, in any event, Jenkins was not defendant's
agent at the time of the accident. Thus, even if the CIA did not apply, under
the law of agency defendant was not vicariously liable for Jenkins's actions.
1
For the sake of completion, we note N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7(c) states in relevant
part:
Nothing in this section shall be deemed to grant
immunity to: . . . (2) any trustee, director, officer,
employee, agent, servant or volunteer causing damage
as the result of the negligent operation of a motor
vehicle[.]
However, neither the driver nor the owner sought immunity under N.J.S.A.
2A:53A-7(c) and, as stated, both of these parties have settled. We note
N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7(c) does not deprive charitable entities of the immunity
conferred upon them by N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7(a). Hehre v. DeMarco, 421 N.J.
Super. 501, 507 (App. Div. 2011).
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Finally, the trial court found defendant's director was not liable because
defendant was not obligated to and did not provide transportation for its
members.
II
On appeal, plaintiff asserts the following points for our consideration:
POINT I: UNDER NEW JERSEY'S CHOICE OF
LAW RULES AS SET OUT IN FU v. FU,
CHARITABLE IMMUNITY DOES NOT FOLLOW
THE ORGANIZATION INTO ANOTHER STATE
AS A MATTER OF COMITY.
POINT II: THE DEFENDANT DRIVER WAS
ACTING AS THE AGENT OF UNITED
PERCUSSION AND UNDER ITS CONTROL WHEN
HE DROVE ITS MEMBERS IN A CARAVAN
FROM ITS PRACTICE SITE TO ITS
PERFORMANCE SITE AT REQUIRED TIMES
WITH THE BLESSING OF ITS DIRECTOR.
POINT III: UNITED PERCUSSION IS DIRECTLY
LIABLE FOR THE NEGLIGENCE OF ITS
DIRECTOR FOR EXPECTING AND ALLOWING
DRIVERS TO ACT OUTSIDE OF THE SCOPE OF
THEIR LICENSES.
Summary judgment must be granted if "the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits,
if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact challenged
and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment or order as a matter of law."
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Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 528-29 (1995) (quoting
R. 4:46-2(c)). When deciding a summary judgment motion, the court "must
accept as true all evidence which supports the position of the party defending
against the motion and accord him [or her] the benefit of all legitimate
inferences which can be deduced therefrom . . . ." Id. at 535 (alteration in
original) (quoting Pressler, Current N.J. Court Rules, cmt. on R. 4:40-2
(1991)). If reasonable minds could differ, the motion must be denied. Ibid.
Raising mere issues of fact is insufficient to defeat a motion for
summary judgment. In the same vein, disputed issues that are "of an
insubstantial nature" cannot overcome a motion for summary judgment. Id. at
530. If the moving papers show there is no material issue of fact, then
summary judgment can be granted. Judson v. Peoples Bank & Tr. Co. of
Westfield, 17 N.J. 67, 75 (1954). We review the trial court's grant of summary
judgment de novo, employing the same standard used by the trial court. Davis
v. Devereux Found., 209 N.J. 269, 286 (2012).
For essentially the same reasons set forth in the trial court's written
opinion on the issue of agency, we affirm on the ground Jenkins was not
defendant's agent at the time of the accident. In addition, we agree with the
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trial court that the fact Jenkins had more than one passenger in the car at the
time of the accident does not make defendant liable.
"An agency relationship is created 'when one person (a principal)
manifests assent to another person (an agent) that the agent shall act on the
principal's behalf and subject to the principal's control, and the agent manifests
assent or otherwise consents so to act.'" N.J. Lawyers' Fund for Client Prot. v.
Stewart Title Guar. Co., 203 N.J. 208, 220 (2010) (quoting Restatement
(Third) of Agency § 1.01 (Am. Law. Inst. 2006)).
Even if the law of Pennsylvania applies, that state's case law provides
that "[a]n agency relationship is created where there is a manifestation by the
principal that a person shall act for him, the person accepts the undertaking,
and the parties understand that the principal is in control of the undertaking ."
Refuse Mgmt. Sys. v. Consol. Recycling & Transfer Sys., 671 A.2d 1140,
1147 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1996) (citing Volunteer Fire Co. v. Hilltop Oil Co., 412
Pa. Super. 140 (1992)).
As stated, we affirm for the reasons stated in the trial court's opinion on
the question of agency. However, we add the following comments. As noted,
defendant and its director were not obligated to and did not undertake the
responsibility of transporting its members to rehearsals and performances.
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Defendant advised its members of the location of the rehearsals and
performances, but it was incumbent upon the members to get themselves to
such sites. Defendant did not get involved with arranging transportation for
any member. On occasion, defendant's staff learned a member needed a ride to
a particular site. As a courtesy, the staff sent an email to its members advising
a member needed a ride. But defendant did not take any other action and
certainly did not ensure a member got to a particular location.
Certainly, there is no evidence defendant was in any way involved with
plaintiff's efforts to find a ride on the day of the accident or was instrumental
in her decision to ride with Jenkins. Whether applying New Jersey or
Pennsylvania law, Jenkins was not defendant's agent at the time of the
accident. In addition, there is no evidence defendant was aware Jenkins had a
probationary license or that Jenkins had more than one passenger in the car at
the time of the accident.
In light of our disposition, we need not and do not reach the question
raised in plaintiff's first argument point, which is, because Pennsylvania law
applies, defendant is not immune from liability under New Jersey's CIA.
Affirmed.
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