STATE OF NEW JERSEY VS. IAN GALLOWAY (2020-005, ESSEX COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) ( 2021 )


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  •                                 NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
    APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
    This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
    internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
    SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
    APPELLATE DIVISION
    DOCKET NO. A-0273-20
    STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
    Plaintiff-Respondent,
    v.
    IAN GALLOWAY,
    Defendant-Appellant.
    Argued October 19, 2021 – Decided November 29, 2021
    Before Judges Fisher and Currier.
    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
    Division, Essex County, Municipal Appeal No. 2020-
    005.
    Ian Galloway, appellant pro se.
    Stephen A. Pogany, Special Deputy Attorney
    General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause
    for respondent (Theodore N. Stephens II, Acting Essex
    County Prosecutor, attorney; Stephen A. Pogany, of
    counsel and on the brief).
    PER CURIAM
    As defendant was traveling through the Township of West Orange on a
    Saturday night in December 2019, at approximately 11:30 p.m., he was stopped
    by a police officer. The officer did not inform defendant of the reason for the
    stop but after reviewing his credentials, the officer issued two summonses. One
    was for a violation of N.J.S.A. 39:4-144, failing to stop at a stop sign. The
    second—for improper display of license plates—was dismissed by the
    prosecutor at trial.
    On the summons, the police officer wrote that the traffic violation
    occurred at the intersection of Kingsley and Swaine Streets. However, during
    the municipal court trial, the officer conceded that the traffic infraction occurred
    at the intersection of Kingsley and Riggs Streets. The officer testified he
    observed defendant traveling on Kingsley, and although defendant's vehicle
    "slowed" before the stop sign at the Kingsley and Riggs intersection, he did not
    "complete[] a full stop."
    The officer stated he then turned on his lights and stopped defendant's car
    at the next intersection—Kingsley and Swaine. There is no stop sign at that
    intersection for traffic traveling on Kingsley, such as defendant was.
    Defendant argued before the municipal court judge that he had prepared a
    defense based on the traffic violation reflected on the summons—which stated
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    he failed to stop at the stop sign at the intersection of Kingsley and Swaine.
    Defendant intended to challenge the summons based on the lack of a stop sign
    at that intersection, proven by photographs he had taken of the area.
    Defendant asserted he was familiar with the area and knew all of the stop
    signs because his daughter had lived there for fifteen years. 1 He testified he
    stopped for the stop sign at the Kingsley/Riggs intersection. The day following
    the incident, defendant stated he filed a complaint with the internal affairs unit
    concerning the behavior of the officer who stopped him and requested a copy of
    the body camera footage. He believed he was targeted for driving a car with
    Connecticut plates through that neighborhood.
    Although defendant asked for a copy of the body camera footage at trial,
    the judge denied the request, stating it was too late because the trial was over.
    He advised defendant he should have asked the prosecutor for the evidence prior
    to the start of trial.
    In finding defendant guilty of the offense, the municipal court judge stated
    he found the officer more credible, and that defendant did not come to a full
    stop. There was no discussion of the error in the summons. In addition, the
    judge said he was familiar with the area as he lived nearby, and he knew that
    1
    Defendant's daughter was in the car at the time of the traffic stop.
    3                                   A-0273-20
    cars often rolled through the intersection of Kingsley and Riggs without
    stopping.
    The prosecutor did not ask the judge to amend the summons to reflect the
    proper intersection where the traffic violation occurred. The municipal court
    judge did not sua sponte amend the summons.
    Defendant appealed to the Superior Court. The State did not submit a
    brief.    Defendant contended he prepared his defense based on the traffic
    violation listed on the summons – that he was not guilty of the offense because
    there was no stop sign controlling his travel at the intersection of Kingsley and
    Swaine. He asserted the summons was never amended and he was "force[d]
    . . . to defend against a violation [he] wasn't aware of." He further argued the
    municipal court judge erred in accepting the testimony of the officer over his.
    In addition, he contended that because the officer never told him why he was
    being pulled over, he did not have notice at any time until trial began that the
    infraction was actually for failing to stop at a stop sign at a different intersection
    than that listed on the summons.
    In response, the State contended the error on the summons was a
    "technical infirmity," and an officer is not required under the law to give the
    exact location of the offense.
    4                                    A-0273-20
    The Law Division judge asked defendant how his defense was affected by
    the officer's trial testimony that the location of the traffic infraction was a block
    earlier than the address noted on the summons. Defendant responded that he did
    not receive a trial date until four months after the incident. During those four
    months, he believed he was not guilty of the charged offense because there was
    no stop sign at the location listed on the summons. He went to the site to take
    pictures in preparation for trial. Furthermore, he stated if he knew the correct
    location, he would have had a better memory of his actions that night, and he
    might have produced his daughter as a witness or taken a statement from her
    regarding her observations of his actions. Because the pictures revealed there
    was no stop sign controlling the Kingsley/Swaine intersection, defendant said
    he did not think he needed anything further for his defense and assumed the
    tickets would be dismissed after he showed the photos in court. Defendant also
    said he would have pursued getting the bodycam video.
    Although the State had not filed a brief, the court asked the assistant
    prosecutor if he had any support for his contention that the officer's description
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    of the place of the offense was inconsequential. The prosecutor cited two
    Appellate Division cases. 2 The court then ended the hearing.
    In a written decision and accompanying order issued May 27, 2020, the
    Law Division deferred to the municipal court's credibility findings and found
    the sufficient credible evidence established defendant was guilty of violating
    N.J.S.A. 39:4-144.
    In citing to Henry, the court acknowledged that a traffic summons "must
    adequately provide defendants with notice of the nature of the alleged violation
    so that they may properly mount a defense in court." 56 N.J. Super. at 10. The
    court also relied on State v. Fisher, which states that a summons should not be
    dismissed "because of any technical insufficiency or irregularity in the
    summons, but the summons may be amended to remedy any such technical
    defect." 
    180 N.J. 462
    , 469 (2004).
    In considering the summons before him, the Law Division judge noted the
    Court's conclusion in Fisher that an error in a traffic summons should not be
    fatal to the prosecution if "the alleged insufficiency did not detract from the
    intended purpose of the challenged instrument and did not prejudice the rights
    2
    State v. Morgan, 
    393 N.J. Super. 411
     (App. Div. 2007); State v. Henry, 
    56 N.J. Super. 1
     (App. Div. 1959).
    6                                  A-0273-20
    of the defendant." Id. at 470. Using "[c]ommon sense and the testimony at
    trial," the court determined "the summons issued to [defendant] contained . . . at
    worst, a minor technical insufficiency that may have properly been amended at
    trial." The court determined defendant was not prejudiced at trial because he
    "could still mount a defense." And, the judge stated, because the officer told
    defendant where the infraction occurred during the traffic stop, the court
    reasoned defendant was provided with fair notice of the nature of the alleged
    charges. The judge found "[t]he fact that the summons was not later formally
    amended is irrelevant and inconsequential."
    On appeal, defendant presents the following points for our consideration:
    POINT 1
    THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING
    APPELLANT/DEFENDANT GUILTY WHEN NOT
    FOLLOWING     THE   COURT  AMENDMENT
    PROCEDURES IN ACCORDANCE WITH RULE
    7:14-2.  APPELLANT/DEFENDANT WAS NOT
    ALLOWED AN ADJOURNMENT TO ESTABLISH A
    DEFENSE ON CHANGES OF VIOLATION AT
    TR[IA]L.
    POINT 2
    [THE LAW DIVISION] JUDGE ERRED BY NOT
    REVIEWING APPEL[LANT']S BRIEF [FOR]
    "PRIMA FACIE" REVERSIBLE ERRORS, AND FOR
    ALLOWING NEW ARGUMENTS AND CASE LAW
    TO BE SUBMITTED BY THE APPELLEE, WHEN
    APPELLEE SUBMITTED NO RESPONSE BRIEF.
    7                                   A-0273-20
    POINT 3
    [THE LAW DIVISION] JUDGE … E[R]RED IN HIS
    OPINION LETTER BY NOT DEALING WITH THE
    MAIN ISSUE OF THE APPEAL WHICH WAS [THE]
    IMPROPER COURT PROCEEDINGS TO FIX
    ALLEGED "ERRORS" ON SUMMONS, RATHER
    THAN P[R]EPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE,
    DEFENDANT WAS DENIED HIS RIGHT TO
    PREPARE A DEFENSE.      ALL THE FRUITS
    DERIVED FROM THE POISONOUS TREE SHOULD
    NOT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED.
    In reviewing the Law Division's decision, we "focus[] on whether there is
    'sufficient credible evidence . . . in the record' to support the trial court's
    findings."   State v. Robertson, 
    228 N.J. 138
    , 148 (2017) (quoting State v.
    Johnson, 
    42 N.J. 146
    , 162 (1964)). "We ordinarily [do] not . . . alter concurrent
    findings of facts and credibility determinations made by two lower courts absent
    a very obvious and exceptional showing of error." 
    Ibid.
     (quoting State v.
    Locurto, 
    157 N.J. 463
    , 474 (1999)). However, the trial court's legal rulings are
    considered de novo. 
    Ibid.
    On appeal, defendant contends that because the traffic complaint and
    summons incorrectly cited the location of the traffic offense, he was "surprised"
    at trial and did not have sufficient notice of the offense. He also asserts the
    municipal court erred in failing to follow Rule 7:14-2 to amend the complaint
    and summons. Therefore, the Law Division erred in affirming the guilty finding.
    8                                   A-0273-20
    Under Fisher, a traffic complaint must "inform a defendant of the charges
    he must defend against." 
    180 N.J. at 468
    . Rule 7:2-5 permits the amendment of
    a "technical insufficiency or irregularity" in the summons. 
    Id. at 469
    . The
    amendment procedure is governed by Rule 7:14-2 which states:
    [t]he court may amend any process or pleading for any
    omission or defect therein or for any variance between
    the complaint and the evidence adduced at trial, but no
    such amendment shall be permitted which charges a
    different substantive offense, other than a lesser
    included offense. If the defendant is surprised as a
    result of such amendment, the court shall adjourn the
    hearing to a future date, upon such terms as the court
    deems appropriate.
    It is undisputed there was an error on the summons—the location of the
    alleged traffic offense was incorrect. And clearly defendant was surprised by
    the municipal court's acceptance of the error and the court's finding that the
    location of the stop was sufficient. Therefore, under Rule 7:14-2, the municipal
    court was required to adjourn the case.
    Defendant explained to the municipal court and the Law Division he had
    prepared his defense based on the information in the summons. He took photos
    of the area and was confident he could not be found guilty of the traffic violation
    because there was no stop sign at the intersection noted on the summons. But,
    despite defendant's assertion that he prepared a defense based on the summons,
    9                                  A-0273-20
    the court did not ask defendant whether he wished to adjourn the case and did
    not sua sponte adjourn the trial as required under the rule.
    Because the information on the summons was erroneous, defendant was
    not placed on notice of the charges against him.        He relied on the noted
    intersection to craft his defense. The Law Division judge misstated the record
    when he found the error was inconsequential because the officer told defendant
    at the traffic stop where he had run the stop sign, and therefore defendant was
    on notice of the charge. But the record does not reflect that testimony.
    The officer did not testify that he told defendant at any time where the
    offense occurred. And defendant reiterated numerous times he did not know
    why the officer stopped him and he was never informed of the reason for the
    stop during the incident. It was not until he was handed the tickets that the
    officer said he had run a stop sign. But he did not inform defendant of the
    location of the offense.      And the summons listed the Kingsley/Swaine
    intersection. An intersection where there was no stop sign.
    Because the summons did not inform defendant of the proper location of
    the infraction, which mattered here because of the difference in the signage at
    the two intersections, and because defendant was prejudiced by the error in
    preparing a defense based upon erroneous information, we must reverse the Law
    10                                  A-0273-20
    Division decision and remand to the municipal court for a new trial. At that
    time, the municipal court judge shall amend the summons to reflect the proper
    intersection of the offense pursuant to Rule 7:2-5. If defendant desires to request
    discovery from the State, he shall do so in a timely manner and pursuant to the
    governing rules.
    Reversed and remanded to the municipal court for further proceedings in
    accordance with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
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