FAYE HOELZ v. ANDREA LEGATH BOWERS, M.D. v. LUTHERAN CROSSINGS ENHANCED LIVING (L-0620-16, BURLINGTON COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) ( 2022 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-1534-21
FAYE HOELZ,
Plaintiff,
APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
v. June 20, 2022
APPELLATE DIVISION
ANDREA LEGATH BOWERS,
M.D., FAAOS, and/or
BURLINGTON COUNTY
ORTHOPAEDIC SPECIALISTS,
PA,
Defendants/Third-Party
Plaintiffs-Respondents,
v.
LUTHERAN CROSSINGS
ENHANCED LIVING,
Third-Party Defendant,
and
WALTER COMINSKY, D.O.,
Third-Party Defendant-
Appellant.
____________________________
Argued March 21, 2022 – Decided June 20, 2022
Before Judges Messano, Rose, and Enright.
On appeal from an interlocutory order of the Superior
Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Burlington
County, Docket No. L-0620-16.
Mark A. Petraske argued the cause for appellant
(Dughi, Hewit & Domalewski, attorneys; Mark A.
Petraske, of counsel and on the briefs; Ryan A.
Notarangelo, on the briefs).
Michael A. Pattanite, Jr., argued the cause for
respondents (Lenox, Socey, Formidoni, Giordano,
Lang, Carrigg & Casey, LLC, attorneys; Michael A.
Pattanite, Jr., on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
MESSANO, P.J.A.D.
Prior to the 1952 enactment of the Joint Tortfeasors Contribution Law
(the JTCL), N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-1 to -5, the common law of New Jersey
"permitted a plaintiff to place the entire burden of fault on one defendant, who
was then helpless to shift any of the responsibility to any other joint
defendants." Tino v. Stout, 49 N.J. 289, 298 n.3 (1967); see also Town of
Kearny v. Brandt, 214 N.J. 76, 97 (2013) (noting the JTCL "was enacted to
promote the fair sharing of the burden of judgment by joint tortfeasors and to
prevent a plaintiff from arbitrarily selecting his or her victim" (quoting
Holloway v. State, 125 N.J. 386, 400–01 (1991))). "Once enacted, the JTCL
apportioned any damage award on a pro rata basis among adjudicated
tortfeasors." Glassman v. Friedel, 465 N.J. Super. 436, 446–47 (App. Div.
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2
2020) (citing Blazovic v. Andrich, 124 N.J. 90, 103 (1991)), aff'd as mod., 249
N.J. 199 (2021).
The JTCL gave tortfeasors the right of contribution from fellow joint
tortfeasors. N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-2. Under the JTCL, "if one of several joint
tortfeasors paid the injured person more than his or her pro rata share of a
judgment, that tortfeasor would be entitled to recover the excess from the
remaining tortfeasors." Young v. Latta, 123 N.J. 584, 589 (1991) (citing
N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-3); see also Glassman, 249 N.J. at 217 ("[A] defendant who
paid the injured person more than that defendant's pro rata share of a judgment
— the total judgment divided by the total number of defendants — was
'entitled to recover the excess from the remaining tortfeasors.'" (quoting
Young, 123 N.J. at 589)).
"[T]he right of contribution is purely statutory," New Milford Bd. of
Educ. v. Juliano, 219 N.J. Super. 182, 185 (App. Div. 1987), and that right is
implemented by N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-3 (Section 3), which provides:
Where injury or damage is suffered by any
person as a result of the wrongful act, neglect or
default of joint tortfeasors, and the person so suffering
injury or damage recovers a money judgment or
judgments for such injury or damage against one or
more of the joint tortfeasors, either in one action or in
separate actions, and any one of the joint tortfeasors
pays such judgment in whole or in part, he shall be
entitled to recover contribution from the other joint
tortfeasor or joint tortfeasors for the excess so paid
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over his pro rata share; but no person shall be entitled
to recover contribution under this act from any person
entitled to be indemnified by him in respect to the
liability for which the contribution is sought.
[Ibid. (emphasis added).]
By its express terms, the JTCL contemplates a joint tortfeasor may recover
contribution from another joint tortfeasor only if (1) there was a "money
judgment" in favor of the plaintiff, and (2) the initial tortfeasor paid more than
his "pro rata share" of that judgment. Ibid.In this appeal, we consider again whether a settling tortfeasor may
pursue a contribution claim against an alleged joint tortfeasor if the settlement
with the plaintiff was never reduced to judgment.
I.
On March 28, 2014, while a patient at Virtua Health/Memorial Hospital
of Burlington County (Virtua), plaintiff Faye Hoelz was diagnosed with a right
ankle fracture and a left "lateral malleolus fracture." Defendant third-party
plaintiff Dr. Andrea Bowers, an orthopedic physician employed by Burlington
County Orthopedic Specialists, PA (BCOS), ordered short leg casts be placed
on both of Hoelz's ankles. Days later, Hoelz was discharged from Virtua and
admitted to a rehabilitation facility, third-party defendant Lutheran Crossings
Enhanced Living (LCEL), where Bowers continued to treat her.
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Third-party defendant Dr. Walter Comiskey, an internist, also treated
Hoelz while she was at LCEL, where she remained until May 7, 2014, when
she was re-admitted to Virtua suffering from bilateral gangrenous foot wounds.
As a result of those wounds, Hoelz ultimately suffered a "significant
amputation of the left leg" and underwent "surgery to her right foot for
anatomical correction."
On March 16, 2016, Hoelz filed a complaint against Bowers, BCOS and
fictitious defendants alleging medical negligence; Bowers and BCOS
(collectively, Bowers) filed a third-party complaint against Comiskey, LCEL
and fictitious third-party defendants alleging their negligence was "a cause" of
Hoelz's injuries, pain, and suffering. Bowers demanded contribution and
indemnification from Comiskey and LCEL.
Hoelz never amended her complaint to include Comiskey or LCEL as
defendants, nor did she ever file a direct claim against either. 1 Discovery
ensued, and the case was first listed for trial on April 22, 2019, but it did not
proceed on that date.
1
Hoelz's decision not to sue LCEL or Comiskey is of no moment. See Mejia
v. Quest Diagnostics, Inc., 241 N.J. 360, 372–74 (2020).
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In December 2019, the executor of Hoelz's estate reached a settlement
with Bowers.2 The estate received $600,000 and executed a release "giv[ing]
up any and all rights and claims" it had against Bowers, BCOS, and their
insurer. The release contained a non-disclosure provision prohibiting the
estate from disclosing its terms. Pursuant to a stipulation of dismis sal with
prejudice filed December 16, 2019, the estate dismissed the complaint against
Bowers.
Trial in the third-party action was scheduled for March 16, 2020, but it
was adjourned several times due to the COVID-19 pandemic and for other
reasons. In June 2021, Bowers reached a settlement with LCEL, the terms of
which are not disclosed in the record. Trial on the third-party complaint
against Comiskey was scheduled for September 13, 2021.
Both parties filed in limine motions, which were scheduled to be heard
on the trial date. But, as counsel for Comiskey later certified, in "prepar[ing]
for the impending trial date," he realized the "lack of an entered judgment as a
requirement for [Bowers] to state a claim was . . . an issue" under the JTCL.
On September 9, 2021, Comiskey filed another motion in limine seeking to
dismiss the third-party complaint for failure to state a claim, asserting that
pursuant to Section 3, only payment of a judgment, not payment pursuant to a
2
Hoelz passed away on a date not revealed by the record.
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settlement agreement, gives rise to a claim for contribution from a joint
tortfeasor.
The trial date was again adjourned for medical reasons, allowing counsel
to withdraw Comiskey's motion in limine and refile the motion as a formal
motion to dismiss under Rule 4:6-2(e). By the time Bowers filed opposition,
the court had set a trial date of January 24, 2022.
Although there are some disputed facts in the certifications filed by
counsel, it is undisputed that Bowers settled the case without direct judicial
involvement and without express notice to Comiskey, although Comiskey's
counsel was "aware of the attempts and anticipation of the resolution of the
first party complaint," "participated in conferences with the [c]ourt where the
resolution was discussed before the first party complaint resolved," and
subsequently became aware of the settlement and its amount. The judge
handling the case at the time clearly indicated at conferences, without
objection from Comiskey's counsel, that the third-party complaint would
proceed after any settlement if one was reached.
On January 5, 2022, a different judge heard oral argument on
Comiskey's motion to dismiss and immediately thereafter rendered an oral
opinion denying the motion. After we granted Comiskey's motion for leave to
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appeal, the judge filed a written amplification of reasons for denying the
motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 2:5-1(b).
The judge reasoned Comiskey's motion should be treated as one seeking
summary judgment because it relied on matters outside the pleadings. He
determined the motion violated Rule 4:46-1, which requires motions for
summary judgment be "returnable no later than [thirty] days before the
scheduled trial date, unless the court otherwise orders for good cause shown."
Relying on Cho v. Trinitas Regional Medical Center, 443 N.J. Super. 461, 475
(App. Div. 2015), the judge held that "absent extraordinary circumstances or
the opposing party's consent, the consideration of an untimely summary
judgment motion at trial and resulting dismissal of a complaint deprives a
plaintiff of due process of law."
Although trial was scheduled for January 24, 2022, more than thirty days
after Comiskey filed his motion to dismiss, the judge held this time frame was
not dispositive, because it was the "eighth trial date scheduled." The judge
concluded Comiskey failed to demonstrate good cause for failing to bring the
motion immediately after Hoelz and Bowers reached their settlement in
December 2019.
The judge also held that Section 3, requiring payment of a "judgment"
before a joint tortfeasor was entitled to contribution from another joint
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tortfeasor, "was for purposes of notice." He reasoned not only did Comiskey
have notice of the settlement terms, but the medical malpractice reporting
requirements of N.J.A.C. 11:1-7.3 "provide[d] more public information than
any requirement of [a] docketed consent judgment." The judge determined a
"docketed judgment" is not "necessary under the facts of this case," as
"disclosure to the public made available under the Medical Malpractice
Reporting Requirements of the [A]dministrative [C]ode satisfies [Section 3]."
Comiskey argues the judge erred in denying his motion to dismiss
because, in the absence of a judgment in favor of plaintiff, the JTCL expressly
precludes Bowers from seeking contribution for payments she voluntarily
agreed to make under the settlement agreement. Comiskey also contends it
was error to deny his motion as untimely under Rule 4:46-1, because he
complied with the Rule as there was no trial date scheduled when he filed the
motion, which was more than thirty days before the eventually scheduled trial
date of January 24, 2022. Accordingly, Bowers had sufficient time to respond,
and consideration of the motion's merits did not violate Bowers' due process
rights.
Bowers counters that because Comiskey was aware of the settlement
negotiations, and regulations require a medical malpractice settlement be
publicly disclosed, her settlement with Hoelz was effectively a judgment
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within the meaning of the JTCL. As to the procedural reason for denying
Comiskey's motion, Bowers contends the "scheduled trial date" referred to in
Rule 4:46-1, means the first scheduled trial date, which was March 16, 2020.
According to Bowers, any summary judgment motion filed after February 16,
2020, was subject to the "good cause" requirement of Rule 4:46-1, and
Comiskey failed to demonstrate good cause. Bowers asserts to hold otherwise
"is an invitation for litigation gamesmanship," permitting parties to file a new
motion for summary judgment every time a trial date is rescheduled. Finally,
Bowers argues principles of equitable estoppel and fundamental fairness
preclude Comiskey from waiting twenty-one months after the settlement and
filing of the stipulation of dismissal to assert Bowers had not satisfied the
"money judgment" requirement of Section 3.
We have considered the arguments in light of the record and applicable
legal principles. We reverse and remand for entry of an order dismissing
Bowers' third-party complaint for contribution.
II.
Before turning to the merits of Comiskey's motion, we address the
judge's corollary reason for denial — the motion was an untimely summary
judgment motion that denied Bowers procedural due process. We agree with
Comiskey that the judge erred.
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Rule 4:46-1 requires that "[a]ll motions for summary judgment shall be
returnable no later than [thirty] days before the scheduled trial date, unless the
court otherwise orders for good cause shown." Here, the record demonstrates
that Comiskey's formal motion to dismiss, filed on October 8, 2021, complied
with this timeframe because at the time it was filed, no trial date had been set. 3
Bowers contends, however, the "scheduled trial date" referenced in Rule 4:46-
1 is the first scheduled trial date, which was March 16, 2020. According to
Bowers, any summary judgment motions filed after February 16, 2020, were
therefore subject to the "good cause" and court order requirements of Rule
4:46-1.
Bowers cites no precedent to support her interpretation of the Rule. "We
apply the same canons of construction to a court rule that we apply to a
statute." Cadre v. Proassurance Cas. Co., 468 N.J. Super. 246, 263 (App. Div.)
(citing Mortg. Grader, Inc. v. Ward & Olivo, LLP, 438 N.J. Super. 202, 210
(App. Div. 2014), aff'd 225 N.J. 423 (2016), certif. denied, 249 N.J. 338(2021)). The Rule does not make the "first" trial date the trigger limiting the
filing of a summary judgment motion unless the court enters an order finding
3
Bowers places significant emphasis on her claim that Comiskey filed his
initial motion to dismiss on September 9, 2021, only "[a]fter the court decided
all motions in limine." However, there is no support for this claim in the
public record of proceedings in the Law Division. More importantly, that
initial motion was withdrawn.
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good cause, as Bowers claims. The Rule could have easily contained such a
limitation, but it does not. See Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules,
cmt. on R. 4:46-1 (2022) ("The rule requires . . . that unless the court
otherwise orders, the motion must be made returnable no later than [thirty]
days before trial." (emphasis added)).
Under Bowers' interpretation, accepted by the motion judge, a movant
must demonstrate good cause to the court's satisfaction before filing a
summary judgment motion once the first trial date is adjourned, regardless of
the reasons for the adjournment. Bowers concedes much of the delay in this
case was due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and she makes no argument that
Comiskey intentionally delayed in order to gain any litigation advantage.
Moreover, the judge's adjournment of the trial date and extension of time
for Bowers to respond to Comiskey's motion eliminated any of the due process
concerns identified in Cho, a case so factually dissimilar from this one that it
has virtually no applicability. Here, Bowers plainly had the "opportunity to be
heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner." Cho, 443 N.J. Super.
at 472–73 (quoting Doe. v Poritz, 142 N.J. 1, 106 (1995)). In short, the judge
erred in denying Comiskey's motion on procedural grounds under Rule 4:46-1.
Bowers asserted before the motion judge that principles of equitable
estoppel and fundamental fairness precluded Comiskey from waiting twenty-
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one months after entry of the stipulation of dismissal to assert it did not satisfy
the "money judgment" requirement of Section 3. The judge did not
specifically address the argument, although in his oral opinion, the judge stated
Bowers' contribution claim should "move forward" as a "matter of fundamental
fairness," because the court "cannot look to . . . frustrate settlements" or "foster
parties to settle agreements if . . . doing so would . . . extinguish . . . the
contribution claim." We conclude that Bowers has not satisfied her burden to
demonstrate either equitable estoppel or fundamental fairness should apply to
preclude dismissal of her claim for contribution.
The Supreme Court has defined equitable estoppel as
the effect of the voluntary conduct of a party whereby
he is absolutely precluded, both at law and in equity,
from asserting rights which might perhaps have
otherwise existed . . . as against another person, who
has in good faith relied upon such conduct, and has
been led thereby to change his position for the worse.
[W.V. Pangborne & Co. v. N.J. Dep't of Transp., 116
N.J. 543, 553 (1989) (quoting Carlsen v. Masters,
Mates & Pilots Pension Plan Tr., 80 N.J. 334, 339
(1979)).]
"The requirements of equitable estoppel are quite exacting." Ibid."The burden of proof of a claim based on principles of equitable estoppel
is clearly on the party asserting estoppel." Miller v. Miller, 97 N.J. 154, 163
(1984) (citing Va. Constr. Corp. v. Fairman, 39 N.J. 61, 72 (1962)).
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"[E]quitable estoppel is applied only in very compelling circumstances . . .
'where the interests of justice, morality and common fairness clearly dictate
that course.'" Davin, LLC v. Daham, 329 N.J. Super. 54, 67 (App. Div. 2000)
(quoting Palatine I v. Plan. Bd. of Montville, 133 N.J. 546, 560 (1993)).
Bowers does not assert Comiskey's delay in filing the motion to dismiss
was intended to, or did, lull her into inaction, or that "it was both natural and
probable" that Comiskey's delay would induce such lack of action. Miller, 97
N.J. at 163. Nor has Bowers sufficiently demonstrated how Comiskey's delay
led her to "change [her] position for the worse." Pangborne, 116 N.J. at 553(quoting Carlsen, 80 N.J. at 339).
Although Bowers now claims she is "precluded" from converting the
stipulation of settlement into a consent judgment because she paid the
settlement, Bowers provides no evidence when that occurred in relation to
Comiskey's counsel gaining knowledge of the settlement. More importantly,
counsel for Bowers obviously could have examined the relevant caselaw and
moved to file a consent judgment as did counsel in Young v. Steinberg, 53 N.J.
252 (1969), and Gangemi v. National Health Laboratories, Inc., 305 N.J.
Super. 97 (1997), both of which we discuss below. Since Bowers failed to
demonstrate she "changed" her position to her detriment as a result of
Comiskey's albeit lengthy inaction, the doctrine of equitable estoppel does not
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apply, and there is no fundamental unfairness in considering whether the
voluntary settlement she alone made with plaintiff should permit her to
prosecute a claim for contribution under the JTCL.
III.
Although there may be factual disputes between Bowers and Comiskey
regarding liability for Hoelz's injuries and damages, Comiskey's motion
presented only questions of law, which we consider de novo. See, e.g.,
Templo Fuente De Vida Corp. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 224
N.J. 189, 199 (2016) (noting "when no issue of fact exists, and only a question
of law remains," the appellate court "affords no special deference to the legal
determinations of the trial court" (citing Manalapan Realty, LP v. Twp. Comm.
of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995))). In the first instance, the issue is
one of statutory interpretation, because the JTCL's right of contribution among
joint tortfeasors is predicated on the plaintiff's "recover[y of] a money
judgment" against the tortfeasor seeking contribution. N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-3.
"When we interpret a statute, we strive to effectuate the Legislature's
intent." Finkelman v. Nat'l Football League, 236 N.J. 280, 289 (2019) (citing
Cashin v. Bello, 223 N.J. 328, 335 (2015); DiProspero v. Penn, 183 N.J. 477,
492 (2005)). "[T]he best indicator of that intent is the statutory language,"
which should be given its "ordinary meaning and significance." DiProspero,
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183 N.J. at 492 (first citing Frugis v. Bracigliano, 177 N.J. 250, 280 (2003));
then citing Lane v. Holderman, 23 N.J. 304, 313 (1957)). "We construe the
words of a statute 'in context with related provisions so as to give sense to the
legislation as a whole.'" Spade v. Select Comfort Corp., 232 N.J. 504, 515
(2018) (quoting N. Jersey Media Grp., Inc. v. Twp. of Lyndhurst, 229 N.J.
541, 570 (2017)). "If the plain language leads to a clear and unambiguous
result, then [the] interpretative process is over." Finkelman, 236 N.J. at 289
(alteration in original) (quoting Johnson v. Roselle EZ Quick LLC, 226 N.J.
370, 386 (2016)).
The Court's interpretation of the plain and unambiguous language of
Section 3 began shortly after enactment of the JTCL. In Pennsylvania
Greyhound Lines, Inc. v. Rosenthal, the plaintiff in the underlying lawsuit
recovered a judgment against the operator of the vehicle in which she was a
passenger (Rosenthal), and the bus company and operator of the bus
(Greyhound) involved in an accident with Rosenthal. 14 N.J. 372, 379 (1954).
While Greyhound's appeal was pending, the Legislature enacted the JTCL.
Ibid. Greyhound paid the full judgment and then filed suit seeking pro rata
contribution from Rosenthal under the JTCL. Ibid. The trial court granted
summary judgment to Greyhound, and Rosenthal appealed, arguing in part that
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the JTCL did not apply to a judgment entered prior to the statute's effective
date; the Court took direct certification of the appeal. Id. at 380.
Resolving whether the JTCL applied, the Court held:
The statutory right of action for contribution accrues
only on the payment by a joint tortfeasor of a money
judgment recovered against him for the injurious
consequences of the wrong; and by clear and
imperative terms the right is enforceable as to
payments made on the underlying judgment after the
law came into being, even though the judgment was
entered before.
[Id. at 382 (emphasis added).] 4
The Court also noted that, "[u]nlike the draft act submitted by the
Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, 9 U.L.A. 156, [the JTCL] does not
provide for contribution where the payment is made in fulfillment of a
voluntary compromise or settlement of a claim for damages attributed to a
joint tortfeasor." Id. at 383; see also Milton A. Dauber, New Jersey Joint
Tortfeasors Contribution Law, 7 Rutgers L. Rev. 380, 381 (1953) (noting the
4
N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-4 provides:
This act shall apply to all actions for
contribution commenced, and to all judgments
recovered, after the effective date hereof irrespective
of the time of the commission of the wrongful act or
acts by the joint tortfeasors; provided, that it shall not
apply with respect to payments made prior to the
effective date hereof.
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difference between the JTCL and the 1939 Uniform Contribution Among Joint
Tortfeasors Act (the 1939 Uniform Law)).5 The "operative act," triggering the
right to sue for contribution, "is the payment of more than the judgment
debtor's pro rata share of the tort liability established by the judgment."
Rosenthal, 14 N.J. at 383 (emphases added).
Several cases have since addressed the statute and its application in
situations where the plaintiff reaches a settlement with an alleged joint
tortfeasor and voluntarily dismisses the complaint. In Young v. Steinberg, the
plaintiff was a passenger in a car driven by her sister, the co-defendant Magle,
which collided with a vehicle driven by the defendant Steinberg allegedly in
the course of his employment. 100 N.J. Super. 507, 509 (App. Div. 1968),
rev'd on dissent, 53 N.J. 252 (1969). The plaintiff settled her claims, with
5
Under the 1939 Uniform Law, a "joint tortfeasor who enters into a settlement
with the injured person" could "recover contribution from another joint
tortfeasor" only if the second tortfeasor's "liability to the injured person" was
also "extinguished by the settlement." Unif. Contribution Among Tortfeasors
Act (1939), § 2(3), 12 U.L.A. 193 (2008).
The 1939 Uniform Law was amended in 1955. See Unif. Contribution
Among Tortfeasors Act (1955) (1955 UCATA), 12 U.L.A. 201 (2008).
Although it still permitted a settling tortfeasor to pursue a contribution-only
claim against another joint tortfeasor if the settlement extinguished the non -
settling tortfeasors liability, under the 1955 UCATA, the settling tortfeasor
was "not entitled to recover contribution . . . in respect to any amount paid in a
settlement which is in excess of what was reasonable." Id. at § 1(d), 12 U.L.A.
202 (2008).
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Steinberg paying the full settlement of $50,000 because Magle refused to
contribute; the plaintiff dismissed her complaint as to all defendants, and
executed a release in favor of Steinberg that preserved Steinberg 's crossclaim
against Magle for contribution. Young, 100 N.J. Super. at 509.
When Magle moved to dismiss the crossclaim, Steinberg sought a brief
adjournment and filed a consent judgment in favor of the plaintiff for the
settlement amount; the judgment discharged any further liability of all the
defendants. Id. at 510. The court reserved decision on Magle's motion to
dismiss and submitted the issue of whether Magle and Steinberg were joint
tortfeasors to a jury, which concluded they were. Ibid. Magle again moved to
dismiss, and the trial judge granted her motion dismissing Steinberg's
crossclaim for contribution. Ibid.
On appeal, we said:
[T]he issue is whether a consent judgment against a
paying tortfeasor, entered into as the result of a
settlement between plaintiff and such tortfeasor,
which judgment discharges the liability of another
tortfeasor, satisfies the statutory requirements of the
recovery of a money judgment under [S]ection 3, . . .
and entitles the settling tortfeasor to recover
contribution from the other tortfeasor.
[Id. at 511–12.]
We again noted the Legislature's decision when enacting the JTCL to deviate
from the 1939 Uniform Law when it "omitted any reference to a right of
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contribution based on a settlement." Id. at 512. We said, "The legislative
intent would appear to encompass only a judgment entered in a true adversary
proceeding." Id. at 513 (emphasis added). We also rejected Steinberg's
assertion that at a contribution-only trial,
the jury could decide not only the issue of joint
liability, but also . . . the reasonableness of the amount
of the settlement. There are too many practical
difficulties involved to make this feasible. This would
appear to be the reason why the Legislature excluded
settlements from the scope of the act.
[Id. at 514 (emphasis added).]
Judge Foley dissented, concluding that, under the circumstances
presented, a consent judgment met the requirements of Section 3. He wrote:
Having in mind the mischief the Legislature
sought to remedy, I can see no valid reason for, in
effect, reading into the law a legislative intention that
the recovery of a money judgment entered by consent
and resulting from a settlement, could not be made the
basis of an action for contribution where, as here,
there was a jury finding that the parties before us were
joint tortfeasors and the noncontributing tortfeasor has
the opportunity to contest the reasonableness of the
amount of the judgment.
[Id. at 515.]
In Judge Foley's view, the matter should have been remanded because Magle
did not have the opportunity to contest the reasonableness of the settlement
amount, and, if the settlement amount was not reasonable, Magle should only
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be required to pay her pro rata share "of what is determined to be reasonable
compensation for the plaintiff's injuries." Ibid.
The Court reversed our judgment on the strength of Judge Foley's
dissent, finding "no reason to constrict the meaning of the term 'money
judgment' in [the JTCL] so as to exclude consent judgments." Young, 53 N.J.
at 254–55 (quoting N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-3). The Court noted "contribution is to
be encouraged, as it is grounded in principles of fairness and equitable
distribution of liability." Id. at 255 (citing Sattelberger v. Telep, 14 N.J. 353,
367–68 (1954)). It held that "[a] suit for contribution based on a settlement
which has been elevated to the status of a judgment by formal court
proceeding, and which discharges the injured party's claim against a non -
settling joint tortfeasor, comports with the intent of our statutory scheme."
Ibid. (emphasis added). The Court clarified that as would every contribution
claimant, Steinberg had to "establish a common liability . . . and the quantum
of the damages ensuing from the joint offense." Ibid. (quoting Sattelberger, 14
N.J. at 367).
Since Young was decided, no reported decision has extended its
reasoning to elevate a settlement and corollary stipulation of dismissal to the
status of a "money judgment" for purposes of contribution under the JTCL. In
Polidori v. Kordys, Puzio & Di Tomasso, AIA, tenants sued their contractor-
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landlord (Polidori) when one slipped and fell after a pipe burst in the basement
of the home Polidori constructed. 217 N.J. Super. 424, 427 (App. Div. 1987).
After settling the case with the plaintiff, Polidori filed suit against the architect
and others seeking, among other things, contribution. Id. at 428. The trial
judge dismissed those claims, concluding "Polidori failed to meet the
'judgment' requirement of N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-3 thereby precluding
contribution." Ibid.Writing for our court, future Justice Virginia A. Long noted that under
the JTCL, the "right [of contribution] is only enforceable after the tortfeasor
seeking it has been legally compelled to pay more than his equitable share of
the liability. Until this point, the right remains inchoate." Id. at 429–30
(emphasis added). We reviewed the holdings in Rosenthal and Young,
acknowledging the soundness of Polidori's argument that after Young, "there
[wa]s no policy rationale for excluding contribution based on a settlement
which has been memorialized in a stipulation of dismissal." Id. at 432.
Nonetheless, we rejected the contention, "because we [we]re bound to enforce
the statute as written. . . . By the terms of [the JTCL], a 'judgment' is required
in order to trigger the right to contribution." Ibid.In Gangemi, a case that bears some factual similarity to the one at hand,
the plaintiff-executrix filed a medical malpractice claim against National
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Health Laboratories, Inc. (NHL) alleging it misread a Pap smear, forestalling
treatment of her decedent's fatal cervical cancer. 305 N.J. Super. at 100–01.
NHL impleaded a treating doctor, Dr. Garrett, as a third-party defendant. Id.
at 101. After a settlement conference just before trial with all parties
participating, the plaintiff settled her claims with NHL, which filed a
stipulation of dismissal reserving its claims against the doctor. Ibid. Dr.
Garrett moved for summary judgment on NHL's contribution claim, and NHL
cross-moved to vacate the stipulation and enter a consent judgment in favor of
the plaintiff. Ibid. The trial judge granted the doctor's motion and denied
NHL's motion. Id. at 102.
On appeal, we reiterated "[t]he [JTCL] does not recognize a claim for
contribution against a joint tortfeasor unless the plaintiff recovers an actual
judgment. . . . A simple stipulation of dismissal 'does not satisfy the
"judgment" requirement of the act,' and the settling party may not seek
contribution without a final consent judgment." Id. at 103 (quoting Polidori,
217 N.J. Super. at 432) (emphasis added). We noted, "Young allows a suit for
contribution only where both elements are satisfied: (1) a judgment is
obtained by formal court proceeding and (2) the plaintiff[s'] claims against a
non-settling joint tortfeasor are discharged." Id. at 105.
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We distinguished the case at hand from Young as to the second point,
because "[w]hether or not plaintiff sued Dr. Garrett directly, NHL could still
seek contribution under the [JTCL], provided that a jury establishes [the
doctor's] liability." Id. at 105–06 (citing Sattelberger, 14 N.J. at 367–68). We
found no prejudice to the doctor, who conducted discovery and had been
participating at trial and in the settlement conferences. Id. at 107. However,
we concluded there were factual disputes surrounding NHL's bona fides in
initially agreeing to a stipulation of dismissal, perhaps to foreclose adverse
publicity attending a consent judgment, or whether, as NHL claimed, it only
failed to enter into a consent judgment because of its counsel's inadvertence.
Ibid. We remanded the matter to the trial court to resolve the issue. Id. at 108.
More recently, in Cherilus v. Federal Express, we again relied on
Polidori and Young to reject a claim that a settlement by release and
stipulation of dismissal could constitute a "money judgment" under the JTCL.
435 N.J. Super. 172, 179–81 (App. Div. 2014). There, the plaintiff was
injured on a cargo lift at a Federal Express facility. Id. at 175. He sued the
company which maintained the lift, LFS, and LFS filed a third-party complaint
against the lift's manufacturer, American Lifts. Ibid. The plaintiff later
amended his complaint to add American Lifts as a direct defendant, but the
trial court granted summary judgment to American Lifts on the plaintiff's
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claims and LFS's contribution claim based on the statute of repose, N.J.S.A.
2A:14-1.1(a). Id. at 176–77. Thereafter, LFS and the plaintiff settled the first-
party action and filed a stipulation of dismissal. Id. at 177. The plaintiff
executed a release in favor of LFS and assigned his claims against American
Lifts to LFS. Id. at 177–78.
LFS appealed the grant of summary judgment to American Lifts, and we
affirmed dismissal of LFS's contribution claim, declining "to expand [Section
3] to apply as well to a stipulation of dismissal." Id. at 180 (citing Polidori,
217 N.J. Super. at 432). We additionally rejected a request to convert the
stipulation of dismissal "into a consent judgment . . . in the interests of
justice," noting American Lifts had not participated in the settlement
conference and had no further involvement in the proceedings after obtaining
summary judgment. Ibid.We observed "[t]he statutory requirement of a judgment is not against
the interests of justice and should not discourage settlements," because a
defendant could "proceed to trial on the plaintiff's personal injury claims and
receive a credit under the Comparative Negligence Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.2,
for any proportion of responsibility for the injuries that the jury attributes to
another tortfeasor, even if the other tortfeasor was earlier dismissed from the
case." Id. at 180–81 (citing Brandt, 214 N.J. at 98–104). Nor must a
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defendant who voluntarily settles the case with the plaintiff pay damages
attributable to another joint tortfeasor's liability. Id. at 181. Moreover, even if
the defendant pays more than its comparative share of damages, "it can
preserve its claim for contribution from a potentially liable joint tortfeasor
through appropriate judicial proceedings and a judgment order." Ibid. LFS
did none of these things, and we therefore found it had "no viable claim of
contribution under N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-3 for its voluntary payment of settlement
money to plaintiffs to obtain the stipulation of dismissal." Ibid.
Bowers does not dispute the essential holdings of these cases. Instead,
she cherry-picks dicta from some of them to fashion an argument why her
settlement with Hoelz's estate satisfies Section 3's requirement of a money
judgment as a necessary predicate for a contribution claim. For example, she
seizes on dicta in Gangemi criticizing the trial judge for concluding without a
hearing that NHL's decision to file a stipulation of dismissal, rather than enter
into a consent judgment, was to avoid "public disclosure which could impact
on NHL's image," and not because of counsel's inadvertence. 305 N.J. Super.
at 107. Bowers argues her voluntary settlement of the case will not spare her
from public scrutiny because of applicable regulations.
N.J.A.C. 11:1-7.3(a)(1) requires medical malpractice insurers, or the
medical practitioner if uninsured, to notify the "Medical Practitioner Review
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Panel"6 of the terms, including the amount, of "[a]ny medical malpractice
claim settlement, judgment or arbitration award involving any practitioner
licensed by the State Board of Medical Examiners." The DCA makes such
information publicly available and searchable through a website. Bowers
included with her opposition to Comiskey's motion to dismiss and now on
appeal, a printout of her profile on this website, listing the December 2019
medical malpractice settlement in the amount of $600,000.
The motion judge seemingly accepted Bowers' argument that Section 3's
requirement of a money judgment was motivated, in part, by the fact that a
docketed money judgment provides public notice of the contribution claimant's
liability. However, neither the motion judge nor Bowers cites any New Jersey
opinion that even tangentially refers to "public notice" of the tortfeasor's
liability as a factor animating Section 3's requirement of a money judgment.
Bowers seeks to distinguish Cherilus, where we noted the absence of the
third-party defendant's involvement in the litigation and settlement discussions
6
The Medical Practitioner Review Panel is a nine-member panel established
under the State Board of Medical Examiners. N.J.S.A. 45:9-19.8(a). Eight
members are appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the
Senate, and one ex officio member is appointed by the President of the State
Board of Medical Examiners. Ibid. The Division of Consumer Affairs (DCA)
in the Department of Law and Public Safety "provide[s] such investigative,
medical consulting and clerical support as is necessary to carry out the duties
of the review panel." N.J.S.A. 45:9-19.8(b).
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after prevailing on summary judgment as distinguishing the case from
Gangemi, by arguing Comiskey was well aware of ongoing settlement
discussions and fully anticipated the possibility of trial on the third -party
contribution claim. But this contention misses the mark, because neither the
plaintiff nor the defendant need name a potential joint tortfeasor as a party in
the underlying suit to preserve a contribution claim. See Holloway, 125 N.J. at
402 ("How joint tortfeasors arrive at the litigation should not affect the
substantive right of contribution." (citing Sattelberger, 14 N.J. at 369–72)).
Moreover, neither Gangemi nor Cherilus strayed from Young's essential
holding — a contribution claim under the JTCL must be predicated on a
money judgment in the plaintiff's favor against the contribution claimant.
With the creation of a statutory right of contribution non-existent in New
Jersey at common law, the JTCL from its inception was "grounded in
principles of fairness and equitable distribution of liability." Young, 53 N.J. at255 (citing Sattelberger, 14 N.J. at 367–68); see also Rosenthal, 14 N.J. at 387("The inequality emanating from the payment [of a judgment] is the thing
redressed."); Polidori, 217 N.J. Super. at 429 ("The allowance of contribution
is founded upon principles of equity to insure a fair and just division of losses
between responsible tortfeasors."). Those principles supplied the foundation
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supporting the JTCL's enactment, not public notice nor the third-party
contribution defendant's level of participation in the underlying suit.
Bowers also contends dismissal of her third-party contribution claim
violates the strong public policy favoring settlements. She argues Comiskey
should not be able to avoid potential liability for Hoelz's damages simply
because she (Bowers) decided to settle plaintiff's claims. However, we firmly
rejected that argument in Cherilus, where we explained "[t]he statutory
requirement of a judgment is not against the interests of justice and should not
discourage settlements." 435 N.J. Super. at 180. Bowers, for example, could
have entered into a consent judgment with Hoelz, but she did not, nor did she
seek to do so before the motion judge. Moreover, because Bowers alone
agreed to the settlement amount, we reasonably assume it reflects only her
portion of Hoelz's full damages, and not those attributable to another joint
tortfeasor's liability. See id. at 181.
In short, the plain language of Section 3 predicates Bowers' ability to
pursue her third-party contribution claim against Comiskey upon a judgment in
Hoelz's favor. That statutory requirement has little to do with the public notice
provided by a judgment, but rather everything to do with the natural
consequences that flow from the entry of a judgment against the settling
tortfeasor "blessed with the imprimatur of the court." Polidori, 217 N.J. Super.
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at 430. Moreover, as a court of intermediate appellate jurisdiction, we are
bound by the Court's holdings in Rosenthal and Young, both of which require
the court's entry of a money judgment in the plaintiff's favor against the
contribution claimant as predicate to a right of contribution. We therefore
reverse the order denying Comiskey's motion to dismiss and remand the matter
to the Law Division to enter an order dismissing Bowers' third-party complaint
for contribution.
IV.
We would be remiss not to raise concern over application of the holding
in Young, 53 N.J. at 255 — a consent judgment in the plaintiff's favor is
sufficient to support a claim for contribution under Section 3 — after the 1972
enactment of the Comparative Negligence Act (the CNA), N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.1
to -5.8. We need not reiterate the critical relationship between the JTCL and
the CNA, which Justice Patterson so thoroughly explained in Glassman, 249
N.J. at 216–22. It suffices to say the Court recognized that "[w]hen it enacted
the [CNA], the Legislature fundamentally altered the method by which courts
determine the impact of the plaintiff's settlement with one joint tortfeasor on
the liability of the remaining non-settling tortfeasors." Id. at 218 (emphasis
added); see also Brandt, 214 N.J. at 97 ("[W]hen applied together, the [CNA
and JTCL] implement New Jersey's approach to fair apportionment of damages
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among plaintiffs and defendants, and among joint defendants." (emphasis
added) (quoting Erny v. Est. of Merola, 171 N.J. 86, 99 (2002)).
While the "key reform" of the CNA was to "ameliorate[] the harsh
consequences of the doctrine of contributory negligence," which precluded
plaintiffs' recoveries if they were in any way at fault, the CNA also eliminated
the simplistic pro rata apportionment of responsibility under the JTCL in favor
of apportionment by the trier of fact of a specific percentage of fault to the
plaintiff and each adjudicated tortfeasor. Glassman, 249 N.J. at 218–19;
N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.2(a)(2).
Under the CNA, the plaintiff may recover the "full amount of the
damages from any party determined by the trier of fact to be 60% or more
responsible for the total damages." N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.3(a). If a tortfeasor is
"determined by the trier of fact to be less than 60% responsible for the total
damages," only "that percentage of the damages directly attributable to that
[tortfeasor]'s negligence or fault" may be recovered from that tortfeasor.
N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.3(c). Only a "party who is compelled to pay more than his
percentage share may seek contribution from the other joint tortfeasors."
N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.3(e) (emphasis added).
We can easily envision how the JTCL and the CNA would have worked
in tandem in this case had Bowers not settled with Hoelz's estate and instead
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gone to trial. First, a jury would have determined "the full value of [Hoelz's]
damages," before deciding "each party's negligence or fault," expressed in
percentages totaling 100%. N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.2(a)(1)-(2). Had the jury
concluded both Bowers and Comiskey were at fault, but Bowers was more
than 60% responsible, Hoelz's estate could have recovered all its damages
from the only party it sued, i.e., Bowers. N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.3(a). That would
have triggered Bowers' right to contribution under the JTCL and her ability to
recover from Comiskey his percentage of the damages, i.e., between 1% and
40% of the total award. N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.3(e). If the jury had instead
attributed less than 60% of the fault to Bowers, she would have been only
responsible for her percentage share of the damages and thus would have no
right to contribution from Comiskey. N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.3(c).
Things become cloudier if, as Young permits, Bowers had reduced her
settlement with Hoelz's estate to a consent judgment for $600,000, and
proceeded against Comiskey on her third-party contribution-only claim. In
Young, the Court envisioned that at such a trial, Bowers would bear the burden
of "establish[ing] a common liability" with Comiskey, "and the quantum of
damages ensuing from the joint offense." Young, 53 N.J. at 255 (quoting
Sattelberger, 14 N.J. at 367). Because the JTCL only provided for pro rata
sharing of the judgment, prior to enactment of the CNA, the comparative fault
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of Bowers or Comiskey would be irrelevant. Thus, if Bowers had paid Hoelz's
estate the entire $600,000 pursuant to a consent judgment, prior to enactment
of the CNA, she would have been entitled to $300,000 in contribution from
Comiskey if she proved he was a joint tortfeasor. 7
After enactment of the CNA, permitting a contribution-only third-party
suit to proceed based on a consent judgment as anticipated by Young presents
immediate concerns. For example, accepting for the moment Bowers'
contribution claim is limited in amount to the $600,000 settlement reduced to a
consent judgment, and assuming a jury found both Bowers and Comiskey wer e
equally at fault, then each presumably would be responsible for $300,000.
7
Although Young suggests Bowers, as the contribution claimant, was also
required to prove, and Comiskey was entitled to contest, "the quantum of
damages ensuing from the joint offense," 53 N.J. at 255, we query what the
Court envisioned would be Comiskey's contribution obligation if the jury
determined Hoelz's damages were more or less than the $600,000 consent
judgment, and both Bowers and Comiskey were at fault? Under Section 3,
Bowers' contribution claim is limited to the "excess" she "paid over [her] pro
rata share" of the "money judgment"; if both were at fault, would not Bowers'
successful claim be limited to and always equal to one-half of the $600,000
judgment, regardless of the jury's decision regarding the quantum of damages?
Or did the Young Court envision that, contrary to Section 3's plain
language, if the jury returned a verdict of less than $600,000, that amount
would be the "money judgment" for purposes of Section 3, and Bowers would
only receive contribution equal to one half of the jury award? What if the jury
award of damages exceeded $600,000? We doubt the Court meant that Bowers
could recover more than her pro rata share of the amount she voluntarily
settled for with Hoelz, but these hypothetical outcomes were not addressed by
the Court.
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N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.3(e), however, states: "Any party who is compelled to pay
more than his percentage share may seek contribution from the other joint
tortfeasors." (Emphasis added). Because of the consent judgment, Bowers
would be compelled to pay $600,000 to Hoelz's estate, but that compulsion
was solely of her making, without Comiskey's agreement or consent.
Nevertheless, we might assume Bowers would be entitled to recover $300,000
from Comiskey, the amount she was compelled to pay above her percentage
share of liability.
Since Comiskey did not agree to the settlement, fairness and due process
demand he be permitted to contest the amount of the judgment as well as the
parties' comparative fault. Young certainly anticipated the "quantum of
damages" was for the jury to decide. If a jury decided Hoelz's damages were
only $200,000, and Bowers and Comiskey were equally responsible, each
would be liable only for "that percentage of the damages directly attributable
to that [tortfeasor's] negligence or fault," i.e., $100,000. N.J.S.A. 2A:15-
5.3(c).
Because the consent judgment of $600,000 resulting from the settlement
now "compelled [Bowers] to pay more than [her] percentage share," N.J.S.A.
2A:15-5.3(e), would she be entitled to contribution from Comiskey, and, if so,
how much? Would it be limited to $100,000, the consequence of a bad
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settlement? Or would Bowers be entitled to $300,000, reflecting her equally
shared responsibility with Comiskey? The possibilities become more
perplexing if a jury decided the "quantum of [Hoelz's] damages" exceeded
$600,000. As we already noted, see note 6, infra, the Court in Young did not
address what should be the contribution claimant's award if she established
joint liability, but the jury assessed the quantum of damages to be more or less
than the amount of the consent judgment.
In concluding a consent judgment resulting from a settlement did not
satisfy the money judgment requirement of Section 3, thereby entitling the
settling tortfeasor to pursue a contribution-only suit, future Justice Mark A.
Sullivan wrote for the majority in our decision in Young: "There are too many
practical difficulties involved to make this feasible. This would appear to be
the reason why the Legislature excluded settlements from the scope of the
[JTCL]." 100 N.J. Super. at 514. As more jurisdictions have adopted statutes,
like the CNA, that reject contribution based on simple adjudication of pro rata
liability and incorporate, instead, notions of comparative fault among joint
tortfeasors, these "practical difficulties" become more apparent.
To date, all but five jurisdictions (Alabama, Maryland, North Carolina,
Virginia, and the District of Columbia) have adopted some system of
allocating comparative fault. Unif. Apportionment of Tort Responsibility Act
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(UATRA), Pref. Note (amended 2003), 12 U.L.A. 8 n.3 (2008). The Uniform
Laws Conference adopted the UATRA to replace the 1955 UCATA and the
1977 Uniform Comparative Fault Act, a precursor to our CNA.
Under the UATRA, settling tortfeasors, who are released from any
further liability to the plaintiff, are precluded from seeking contribution from
any non-settlor. Section 8(c) of the UATRA expressly provides that a "release,
covenant not to sue, covenant not to execute a judgment, or similar agreement
extinguishes a claim for contribution or indemnity that the released perso n
would have had against another person that would have been jointly and
severally liable with the released person." Id. at 27. In 2009, the Uniform
Laws Conference officially declared the 1955 UCATA, which preserved the
ability to pursue a contribution-only claim following settlement, "obsolete."
Unif. Contribution Among Tortfeasors Act (1955) (withdrawn 2009), 12
U.L.A. 111 (Supp. 2021).
It is difficult to discern the extent to which our sister states have adopted
§ 8(c) of the UATRA, given variations in statutory provisions from state to
state. We note, however, that in New York, a "tortfeasor who has obtained his
own release from liability shall not be entitled to contribution from any other
person." N.Y. Gen. Oblig. Law § 15-108(c) (McKinney 2022). In California,
a right of contribution accrues only if there is a "money judgment . . . rendered
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jointly against two or more defendants in a tort action." Cal. Civ. Proc. Code §
875(a) (West 2022) (emphasis added).8
In Florida, settling tortfeasors still have a right of contribution from non -
settling tortfeasors under Fla. Stat. Ann. § 768.31 (West 2022), which tracks
the settlement language of the 1955 UCATA. However, Florida adds a
specific statutory definition of "pro rata shares" in accordance with
comparative fault principles: "In determining the pro rata shares of tortfeasors
in the entire liability: (a) Their relative degrees of fault shall be the basis for
allocation of liability." Fla. Stat. Ann. § 768.31(3)(a) (West 2002).
In Healthcare Staffing Solutions, Inc. v. Wilkson, the Florida District
Court of Appeals set the parameters for a trial on a joint tortfeasor
contribution-only claim. 5 So. 3d 726 (Fla Dist. Ct. App. 2009), appeal after
remand, 86 So. 3d 519 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012). The court held that the trier
8
Arizona has legislatively abandoned the concept of joint and several liability
for most tort cases. See Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 12-2506(A) (2022) (in actions
for "personal injury, property damage or wrongful death," with limited
exceptions not applicable here, "the liability of each defendant for damages is
several only and is not joint"). In PAM Transport v. Freightliner Corp., the
Arizona Supreme Court held that, notwithstanding statutory language that
mirrored the 1955 UCATA and permitted settling tortfeasors to pursue
contribution-only claims, the Arizona "legislature has eliminated the right of
contribution where a settling defendant's liability is 'several only.'" 893 P.2d
1295, 1296 (Ariz. 1995) (quoting Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 12-2506(D)).
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of fact must "apportion each tortfeasor's liability according to his or her
relative degree of fault in causing the injury giving rise to the tort claim ."
Healthcare Staffing, 5 So. 3d at 730 (citing Fla. Stat. Ann. § 768.31(3)(a)
(West 2002)). In the absence of a claim that the settlement was unreasonable,
the "entire liability" to be apportioned under § 768.31 was not the "potential
value" of the damages claimed prior to settlement, but rather the settlement
amount itself. Healthcare Staffing, 86 So. 3d at 522–23. Only if "the
contribution defendant contends that the settlement was excessive" would it be
"appropriate to consider the potential value of the claim, and other factors, in
determining the reasonableness of the settlement." Id. at 523.
We remain, of course, bound by the Court's decision in Young, which
permits a settling tortfeasor to pursue a contribution-only claim against a non-
settling purported joint tortfeasor if the settlement is reduced to a consent
judgment. Our discussion here is only intended to highlight the varied and
difficult considerations involved in permitting settling tortfeasors to seek
contribution from non-settling tortfeasors under our statutory framework,
particularly following the passage of the CNA after Young was decided.
Reversed and remanded for entry of an order dismissing Bowers' third -
party complaint for contribution.
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