A.C.P. v. J.G.T. ( 2024 )

RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-1071-22
A.C.P.,1
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
J.G.T.,
Defendant-Appellant.
_______________________
Submitted December 19, 2023 – Decided January 3, 2024
Before Judges Smith and Perez Friscia.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Monmouth County,
Docket No. FV-13-0404-23.
Ansell Grimm & Aaron, PC, attorneys for appellant
(Mitchell Jonathon Ansell and Alfred Michael Caso, of
counsel and on the brief; Leigh Thompson Oliver, on
the brief).
Respondent has not filed a brief.
1
We use initials to protect the confidentiality of the victim and others in these
proceedings. R. 1:38-3(d)(10).
PER CURIAM
Defendant J.G.T. appeals from the October 25, 2022 final restraining
order (FRO) entered against him under the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act
(PDVA), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. Defendant argues the Family Part judge
erred in finding he committed the predicate act of harassment based on an
inadmissible audio recording, and that an FRO was necessary to ensure plaintiff
A.C.P.'s future protection. Our review of the record demonstrates the judge's
findings are supported by sufficient credible evidence. Accordingly, we affirm.
I.
The parties met in 2015, dated until 2017, and had one daughter, P.T.
They shared joint custody of P.T. with a parenting schedule. Since separating,
the parties have each gotten married.
On September 1, 2022, plaintiff filed a domestic violence complaint and
obtained a temporary restraining order (TRO). Plaintiff alleged that day
defendant committed a predicate act of harassment by lifting her off the ground
and inappropriately touching her beneath her dress. In the complaint, she also
claimed that within two weeks of the incident, defendant inappropriately
touched her buttocks, requested intercourse, and attempted to kiss her. Plaintiff
also asserted a prior act of domestic violence. The complaint noted defendant
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previously filed a TRO against plaintiff that was dismissed in March 2018.
Notably, the record indicates plaintiff filed an amended TRO claiming further
allegations of domestic violence and elaborated on certain claims, but the TRO
was not provided on appeal.
At the FRO trial, plaintiff testified that on September 1 she drove to P.T.'s
school for kindergarten orientation. Defendant arrived separately with P.T. in
his car. After the parties stepped out of their vehicles, and were in the school
parking lot, defendant "asked [her] for a hug" in the presence of P.T. Defendant
"grabbed [her] really tightly," "lifted [her] . . . off the ground," "stuck his hand
underneath [her] dress and swiped his . . . hand across [her] vagina and up
through the back of [her] behind." Plaintiff "scream[ed] and kick[ed] and
ask[ed] him to get off" her. P.T. began "hitting" defendant to stop. Defendant
then "grabbed" plaintiff's face and told her "to kiss him." She relayed it made
her feel "dirty" and "powerless."
After the orientation, defendant, P.T., and plaintiff drove in separate cars
to plaintiff's house. Shortly after, defendant drove plaintiff and P.T. to
McDonald's. Plaintiff recorded her conversation with defendant in the vehicle.
She testified that in the two weeks before the September 1 incident,
defendant requested she have intercourse with him in exchange for allowing
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their daughter to participate in extracurricular activities, and attempted to kiss
her while she was in her vehicle. Plaintiff relayed defendant previously called
her a whore, and "slammed" her onto a bed. She explained he exploited her
history of being "trafficked" and she needed an FRO for her protection.
During defendant's testimony, he admitted he hugged plaintiff, touched
her buttocks, and discussed intercourse, but maintained nothing further occurred
on September 1. He contended plaintiff threatened him with legal action if P.T.
was not permitted to enroll in cheerleading.
During defendant's cross-examination, the recording was played in three
parts over defense counsel's objection. Plaintiff's counsel represented that the
recording was divided into three parts because the size of the recording was too
large to send in one email. In the recording, plaintiff commented that she didn't
grab defendant's "ass and try to kiss" him every time she saw him. Defendant
responded, "I'll never do it again then." Defendant did not dispute the
conversation occurred while plaintiff was in his vehicle, but averred it was not
the whole conversation. Defendant again acknowledged on cross-examination
that he hugged plaintiff, touched her buttocks, and discussed intercourse with
her.
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After hearing the testimony and reviewing the evidence, the judge found
plaintiff proved by a preponderance of the evidence the predicate act of
harassment. The judge also found that an FRO was necessary to protect plaintiff
from immediate or future acts of domestic violence.
On appeal, defendant argues the judge erred because she: improperly
admitted the audio recording into evidence; failed to analyze the relevant factors
under prong two of Silver v. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112, 126-27 (App. Div.
2006); incorrectly determined the FRO was necessary to protect plaintiff from
future acts of domestic violence; and improperly allowed plaintiff to testify to
acts of domestic violence beyond her claims "in the TRO complaints in violation
of" defendant's "right to due process."
II.
Our review of an FRO issued after a bench trial is limited. C.C. v. J.A.H.,
463 N.J. Super. 419, 428 (App. Div. 2020). In reviewing "a trial court's order
entered following trial in a domestic violence matter, we grant substantial
deference to the trial court's findings of fact and the legal conclusions based
upon those findings." J.D. v. A.M.W., 475 N.J. Super. 306, 312-13 (App. Div.
2023) (quoting N.T.B. v. D.D.B., 442 N.J. Super. 205, 215 (App. Div. 2015)).
Trial court findings are "binding on appeal when supported by adequate,
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substantial, credible evidence." G.M. v. C.V., 453 N.J. Super. 1, 11 (App. Div.
2018) (quoting Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411-12 (1998)). "We defer to
the credibility determinations made by the trial court because the trial judge
'hears the case, sees and observes the witnesses, and hears them testify,'
affording it 'a better perspective than a reviewing court in evaluating the veracity
of a witness.'" Gnall v. Gnall, 222 N.J. 414, 428 (2015) (quoting Cesare, 154
N.J. at 412).
We do not disturb a trial judge's factual findings unless they are "so
manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant[,] and
reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests of justice." S.D. v.
M.J.R., 415 N.J. Super. 417, 429 (App. Div. 2010) (quoting Cesare, 154 N.J. at
412). "We accord substantial deference to Family Part judges, who routinely
hear domestic violence cases and are 'specially trained to detect the difference
between domestic violence and more ordinary differences that arise.'" C.C., 463
N.J. Super. at 428 (quoting J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J. 458, 482 (2011)).
"[D]eference is especially appropriate 'when the evidence is largely testimonial
and involves questions of credibility.'" MacKinnon v. MacKinnon, 191 N.J.
240, 254 (2007) (quoting Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412). However, we review de novo
a trial judge's legal conclusions. C.C., 463 N.J. Super. at 429.
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The New Jersey Legislature enacted the PDVA "to assure the victims of
domestic violence the maximum protection from abuse the law can provide."
N.J.S.A. 2C:25-18. The PDVA protects victims of domestic violence, which
include, among others, "any person . . . who has been subjected to domestic
violence by a person with whom the victim has a child in common." N.J.S.A.
2C:25-19(d); R.G. v. R.G., 449 N.J. Super. 208, 219-20 (App. Div. 2017)
(recognizing the amended definition of "[v]ictim of domestic violence" evinced
"the Legislature's intent to broaden the application" of the PDVA).
The entry of an FRO under the PDVA requires the trial judge to make
certain findings pursuant to a two-step analysis delineated in Silver, 387 N.J.
Super. at 125-27. Initially, "the judge must determine whether the plaintiff has
proven, by a preponderance of the credible evidence, that one or more of the
predicate acts set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a) has occurred." Id. at 125 (citing
N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)). The judge is also required to consider "any past history
of abuse by a defendant as part of a plaintiff's individual circumstances and, in
turn, factor that history into its reasonable person determination." Cesare, 154
N.J. at 403. "'A single act can constitute domestic violence for the purpose of
the issuance of an FRO,' even without a history of domestic violence." C.C.,
463 N.J. Super. at 434-35 (quoting McGowan v. O'Rourke, 391 N.J. Super. 502,
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506 (App. Div. 2007)). Secondly, if a predicate act is proven, the judge must
determine whether a restraining order is necessary to protect the plainti ff from
immediate harm or further acts of abuse. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127. A
previous history of domestic violence between the parties is one of six non -
exhaustive factors a court is to consider in evaluating whether a restraining order
is necessary to protect the plaintiff. N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1); see also D.M.R.
v. M.K.G., 467 N.J. Super. 308, 324-25 (App. Div. 2021) (finding whether a
judge should issue a restraining order depends, in part, on the parties' history of
domestic violence).
Harassment, N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4, is a predicate act of domestic violence
enumerated under the PDVA, N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a)(13). Under N.J.S.A. 2C:33-
4(a) to (c), a person commits an act of harassment "if, with purpose to harass
another, he":
[(a)] Makes, or causes to be made, one or more
communications anonymously or at extremely
inconvenient hours, or in offensively coarse
language, or any other manner likely to cause
annoyance or alarm;
[(b)] Subjects another to striking, kicking,
shoving, or other offensive touching, or threatens
to do so; or
[(c)] Engages in any other course of alarming
conduct or of repeatedly committed acts with
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purpose to alarm or seriously annoy such other
person.
To commit harassment, a defendant must "act with the purpose of
harassing the victim." D.M.R., 467 N.J. Super. at 323. "'A finding of purpose
to harass may be inferred from the evidence presented' and from common sense
and experience." Ibid. (quoting H.E.S. v. J.C.S., 175 N.J. 309, 327 (2003)).
"Although a purpose to harass can be inferred from a history between the parties,
that finding must be supported by some evidence that the actor's conscious
object was to alarm or annoy; mere awareness that someone might be alarmed
or annoyed is insufficient." J.D., 207 N.J. 487. A judge must consider "the
totality of the circumstances to determine whether the harassment statute has
been violated." H.E.S., 175 N.J. at 326 (quoting Cesare, 154 N.J. at 404).
III.
Guided by these principles, we discern no basis to disturb the judge's entry
of an FRO against defendant. We reject defendant's argument that the judge
wrongly admitted the audio recording into evidence because it "w[as]
undeniably inauthentic and unduly prejudicial." Plaintiff testified that she
"recorded" defendant in his vehicle, and it was the whole recorded conversation.
Defendant acknowledged the recording was made when the parties "were going
to McDonald[']s," but claimed it was not the whole conversation. Defendant did
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not testify as to what was missing from the recording or clarify why he believed
it was incomplete. Thus, his mere assertion that the recording is unduly
prejudicial because it was incomplete is unsupported. Our Supreme Court has
stated when addressing the admission of only part of a conversation, "the
question of whether a defect in a recording warrants exclusion is a matter
entrusted to the trial judge's discretion." See State v. Nantambu, 221 N.J. 390,
408 (2015) (citing State v. Driver, 38 N.J. 255, 288 (1962)).
As the judge noted, defendant admitted to hugging and touching plaintiff
inappropriately before the admission of the recording. Although the judge
advised defense counsel she would "certainly hear" argument after the recording
was played, counsel did not renew the objection. We review a court's
evidentiary rulings "under the abuse of discretion standard because, from its
genesis, the decision to admit or exclude evidence is one firmly entrusted to the
court's discretion." State v. Prall, 231 N.J. 567, 580 (2018) (quoting Est. of
Hanges v. Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 202 N.J. 369, 383-84 (2010)). We
discern no reason to disturb the judge's admission of the recording.
We also reject defendant's argument that the judge "failed to perform the
requisite analysis . . . of the six factors under [N.J.S.A.] 2C:25-29(a)(1)[ to (6)]."
After finding the predicate act of harassment based on defendant's admissions
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and plaintiff's credible testimony, the judge considered the history of domestic
violence between the parties, finding plaintiff testified "convincingly." The
judge found credible plaintiff's testimony of defendant's prior harassing acts of
inappropriately touching plaintiff, discussing intercourse, and attempting to kiss
her, which occurred two weeks before the September 1 incident.
Before making her findings under the second Silver prong, the judge
correctly noted, "the [c]ourt has to find . . . a restraining order is necessary to
protect . . . [p]laintiff from immediate danger or to prevent further abuse," and
specifically weighed if the FRO was not issued "what's going to stop this
[d]efendant." The judge credited that "there [wa]s a history between the parties"
and found credible prior incidents occurred before and after the parties'
separation. See N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1).
During the trial, when defense counsel objected to plaintiff's testimony
regarding defendant's harassment, the judge referenced and examined the
amended TRO to ensure plaintiff's testimony fell within what was noticed in the
complaint. After examining the amended TRO, the judge stated, "[o]kay. So
it's there." Further, given defendant admitted to previously discussing sexual
intercourse with plaintiff in the presence of P.T., the judge correctly
acknowledged that defendant's inappropriate behavior could not continue to
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"happen in the presence of the child and it [did] happen[] in the presence of the
child." See N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(4). In her decision, the judge noted that the
parties shared custody of P.T. and had a parenting schedule. The judge
ultimately determined the FRO was necessary to prevent the reoccurrence of
defendant's harassing conduct and "to prevent . . . defendant from feeling like
he c[ould] hug [plaintiff] when he want[ed] or touch her when he want[ed] or
try to grab her face to kiss her when he want[ed] or speak to her in that
way . . . about sexual things." See N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(2).
A review of the record demonstrates the judge's finding that an FRO was
necessary to prevent further abuse to plaintiff was supported by substantial
credible evidence. As we conclude the judge made sufficient findings under the
second prong of Silver, we need not address defendant's further arguments that
insufficient evidence supported an FRO for plaintiff's protection.
Lastly, defendant's contentions that the judge erred in permitting and
considering testimony of plaintiff regarding defendant's alleged criminal sexual
contact beyond "the four corners of the complaint" are misplaced. Although at
the beginning of the trial plaintiff's counsel requested to "check[] off" criminal
sexual contact in the amended TRO without amending the complaint to add "any
additional facts," the judge sustained defense counsel's objection. The judge
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found defendant committed the predicate act of harassment, citing N.J.S.A.
2C:33-4, and his behavior was "alarming, annoying, and troublesome."
Defendant's contentions that the judge considered the predicate act of criminal
sexual contact are unsupported. We are satisfied that defendant had sufficient
"notice . . . and an adequate opportunity to prepare and respond" to the alleged
predicate act of harassment. J.D., 207 N.J. at 478 (quoting H.E.S, 175 N.J. at
321).
To the extent not addressed, defendant's remaining arguments lack
sufficient merit to warrant discussion in our written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
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