New Jersey Citizen Action v. Philip D. Murphy ( 2024 )

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0783-22
NEW JERSEY CITIZEN ACTION,
MAURA COLLINSGRU, in her
capacity as Healthcare Program
Director, AMERICAN
FEDERATION OF TEACHERS,
NEW JERSEY, DONNA CHIERA,
in her capacity as President of
AFTNJ, and MARK and
KATHERINE SMITH,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
PHILIP D. MURPHY, in his
official capacity as Governor of
NEW JERSEY, and STATE OF
NEW JERSEY,
Defendants-Respondents.
Argued April 24, 2024 – Decided July 10, 2024
Before Judges Currier, Susswein and Vanek.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Mercer County, Docket No. L-1968-21.
Renée W. Steinhagen and Bruce I. Afran argued the
cause for appellants (New Jersey Appleseed Public
Interest Law Center, Inc., and Bruce I. Afran, attorneys;
Renée W. Steinhagen and Bruce I. Afran, on the briefs).
Abiola G. Miles, Deputy Attorney General, argued the
cause for respondents (Matthew J. Platkin, Attorney
General, attorney; Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant
Attorney General, of counsel; Abiola G. Miles,
Michelline Capistrano Foster, and James J. Robinson,
Jr., Deputy Attorneys General, on the brief).
James J. DiGiulio argued the cause for amicus curiae
New Jersey Hospital Association (O'Toole Scrivo,
LLC, attorneys; James J. DiGiulio and Nicole M.
DeMuro, of counsel and on the brief).
Lawrence S. Lustberg argued the cause for amicus
curiae Independent Colleges and Universities of New
Jersey and New Jersey Center for Nonprofits, Inc.
(Gibbons, PC, attorneys; Lawrence S. Lustberg and
Andrew J. Marino, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Plaintiffs appeal from the September 28, 2022 order granting defendants'
motion to dismiss count four of their complaint, denying plaintiffs' cross-motion
for summary judgment, and denying plaintiffs' motion to amend their complaint.
The complaint alleged that the newly amended N.J.S.A. 54:3-21(a) was
unconstitutional as the statute eliminated third-party appeals of tax assessments
and a property's tax-exempt status.
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Judge Mala Sundar, P.J.T.C., temporarily assigned to the Law Division to
preside over this case, found plaintiffs' allegations in count four were moot
because the parties agreed an individual could still appeal such decisions in the
Superior Court as actions in lieu of prerogative writs under Rule 4:69.
Therefore, the judge concluded there was no justiciable issue to decide. Because
we agree there is no disputed issue requiring us to decide the constitutionality
of the amended statute, we affirm.
I.
On February 22, 2021, defendant Governor Philip D. Murphy signed
A. 1135 into law (the new law). The new law exempted non-profit hospitals
from property taxation, and instead established a community service
requirement. Pertinent to this appeal, the new law also amended N.J.S.A. 54:3-
21(a) to read as follows:
[A] taxpayer feeling aggrieved by the assessed
valuation or exempt status of the taxpayer's property, or
feeling discriminated against by the assessed valuation
of other property in the county, or a taxing district
which may feel discriminated against by the assessed
valuation or exempt status of property in the taxing
district, or by the assessed valuation or exempt status
of property in another taxing district in the county, may
. . . . appeal to the county board of taxation . . . [or] file
a complaint directly with the Tax Court, if the assessed
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valuation of the property subject to the appeal exceeds
$1,000,000.[1]
[L. 2021, c. 17, § 6.]
In short, the statute prohibits a taxpayer from appealing the tax-exempt
status or assessment of property they do not own to the county board of taxation
or the Tax Court. Prior to the amendment, a taxpayer could challenge these
issues in an appeal to the county board or to the Tax Court.
A.
Plaintiff New Jersey Citizen Action (NJCA) is a non-profit corporation
that "engage[s] in issue advocacy, education[,] and outreach" and provides
assistance to New Jersey residents. Plaintiff Maura Collinsgru is the Health
Care Program Director of NJCA.
Plaintiff American Federation of Teachers, New Jersey (AFTNJ) is a non-
profit union that represents education workers in New Jersey. Plaintiff Donna
Chiera is the president of the AFTNJ. NJCA and AFTNJ allege they are harmed
by the statute because it reduces public revenues and, consequently, public funds
that could be used to aid education.
1
Underlined text indicates text added by the amendment. Struck-out text
indicates omitted text in the amended statute.
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Plaintiffs Mark and Katherine Smith own property in South Brunswick
Township and allege they are harmed by the amended statute because they
cannot challenge the exempt status of hospitals in their county and the exempt
status of undeveloped land adjacent to their property. They further allege the
statute as amended will cause an increase in their property taxes.
In August 2021, plaintiffs moved to intervene in a Mercer County action
in which individuals challenged the constitutionality of the portions of the new
law regarding the exemption of non-profit hospitals from property taxation. The
court denied the motion. However, the court permitted plaintiffs to participate
as amici curiae.
Thereafter, plaintiffs filed a four-count verified complaint in the Tax
Court. Counts one through three contested the constitutionality of the new law
regarding the tax-exempt status of hospitals. Count four, the subject of this
appeal, alleged that prohibiting a taxpayer's ability to challenge the tax
exemption status or assessment of a property they did not own was
unconstitutional under Article I, Paragraph 18 of the New Jersey Constitution
and the First Amendment of the United States Constitution (collectively referred
to as the "Petition Clauses"), and Article VI, Section 5, Paragraph 4 of the New
Jersey Constitution (the Prerogative Writs Clause).
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The matter was transferred to the Superior Court and Judge Sundar was
temporarily assigned to the Superior Court to adjudicate the case. Because
plaintiffs were amici curiae in the Mercer County action, Judge Sundar
requested, and plaintiffs agreed, to withdraw counts one through three of their
complaint. Judge Sundar later dismissed the counts with prejudice.
The court granted Independent Colleges and Universities of New Jersey,
New Jersey Center for Nonprofits, Inc. 2 and the New Jersey Hospital
Association leave to participate as amicus curiae.
B.
Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim
under Rule 4:6-2(e). Defendants contended the amended statute did not bar a
third party from filing an action in lieu of prerogative writs in the Superior Court
under Rule 4:69. Therefore, a third party continues to have an avenue for relief
regarding the taxation of a property it did not own.
Plaintiffs cross-moved for summary judgment and moved for leave to
amend their complaint to include a claim that defendants had violated the New
Jersey Civil Rights Act (CRA), N.J.S.A. 10:6-1 to -2.
2
During the trial court proceedings, amicus was named the Center for Non-
Profit Corporations, Inc.
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After hearing oral arguments, Judge Sundar issued an order and written
opinion on September 28, 2022, granting defendants' motion to dismiss and
denying plaintiffs' cross-motion for summary judgment and motion for leave to
amend their complaint. The judge noted that after defendants and amici stated
a third-party appeal could still be presented under Rule 4:69, "plaintiffs chose
not to pursue their claim that Section 6 violated the Petition clauses." Instead,
plaintiffs sought a declaratory judgment that a third-party could bring a local
property tax appeal in the Superior Court under Rule 4:69.
Judge Sundar found the claims under count four were moot because the
parties and amici agreed that a local property tax appeal could be pursued under
Rule 4:69. Therefore, there was no justiciable issue, and she did not have to
determine the constitutionality of the amended statute.
Judge Sundar found the language of the amended N.J.S.A. 54:3-21(a) was
"clear and unambiguous" and therefore she did not have to turn to the legislative
history. She explained that although the amended statute did not specifically
express the opportunity for an aggrieved taxpayer to seek relief in court, the lack
of explicit language did not render the statute ambiguous. To the contrary, the
judge found the clear meaning of the statute is that a taxpayer is only prohibited
from contesting the tax-exempt status or assessment of another's property before
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the county board of taxation or in the Tax Court. The judge stated it was "clear
that the Legislature did not foreclose the application of R[ule] 4:69 for third-
party [local property tax] appeals in the Superior Court." Therefore, Judge
Sundar found the statute was not facially unconstitutional under the Prerogative
Writs Clause.
As the issue was moot, Judge Sundar concluded she would not grant a
declaratory judgment that a third party could bring a local property tax appeal
under Rule 4:69. She found plaintiffs' argument about "the need to educate the
public on the availability of R[ule] 4:69" was not sufficiently important to
overlook the absence of an actual dispute. She explained that consideration of
the moot issue would be an impermissible advisory opinion.
In turning to plaintiffs' motion for leave to amend their complaint to add
a CRA claim, Judge Sundar stated a claim under the CRA had to be premised
on "the finding of a constitutional violation." In light of her finding there was
no violation of the Prerogative Writs Clause because local property tax appeals
could be brought under Rule 4:69, the judge denied the motion.
II.
On appeal, plaintiffs contend the matter is not moot because the issue is
one of public importance that is likely to recur, the voluntary cessation doctrine
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applies, the request for a declaratory judgment is justified since the Legislature
explicitly intended to eliminate third-party tax appeals, and the court abused its
discretion in denying leave to amend the complaint.
All amici who participated in the trial court proceedings also submitted
briefs and presented oral arguments before this court. The amici supported the
constitutionality of the amended statute. Amici Independent Colleges and
Universities of New Jersey and New Jersey Center for Nonprofits, Inc. urge this
court to clarify the process of bringing an action in lieu of prerogative writs.
They contend such clarification would not be an advisory opinion but would
"describ[e] well-settled law that has been applied in numerous contexts over the
past eighty years" and its application to third-party tax challenges.
Amicus New Jersey Hospital Association supports defendants' position ,
asserting third-party appeals have not been eliminated and an action in lieu of
prerogative writs remains a viable avenue of relief.
We review a trial court's decision on a motion to dismiss for failure to
state a claim upon which the court can grant relief de novo. Baskin v. P.C.
Richard & Son, LLC, 246 N.J. 157, 171 (2021). We "search[] the complaint in
depth and with liberality to ascertain whether the fundament of a cause of action
may be gleaned even from an obscure statement of claim, opportunity being
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given to amend if necessary." Di Cristofaro v. Laurel Grove Mem'l Park, 43
N.J. Super. 244, 252 (App. Div. 1957).
Similarly, our review of a trial court's decision on a motion for summary
judgment is de novo, and we "apply[] the same standard used by the trial court."
Samolyk v. Berthe, 251 N.J. 73, 78 (2022). A motion for summary judgment
should be granted when "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact
challenged and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment or order as a matter
of law." R. 4:46-2(c). The court should "consider whether the competent
evidential materials presented, when viewed in the light most favorable to the
non-moving party, are sufficient to permit a rational factfinder to resolve the
alleged disputed issue in favor of the non-moving party." Brill v. Guardian Life
Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995).
A.
We begin with a consideration of the "mootness" of plaintiff's allegations
under count four of the complaint. Plaintiffs contend the claims are not moot
because the parties have different interpretations of the amended statute.
Therefore, a declaratory judgment is necessary.
"Mootness is a threshold justiciability determination rooted in the notion
that judicial power is to be exercised only when a party is immediately
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threatened with harm." Betancourt v. Trinitas Hosp., 415 N.J. Super. 301, 311
(App. Div. 2010). "An issue is '"moot when [a court's] decision sought in a
matter, when rendered, can have no practical effect on the existing
controversy."'" Redd v. Bowman, 223 N.J. 87, 104 (2015) (quoting Deutsche
Bank Nat'l Tr. Co. v. Mitchell, 422 N.J. Super. 214, 221-22 (App. Div. 2011)).
Our courts have generally refrained from deciding issues that are moot. De Vesa
v. Dorsey, 134 N.J. 420, 428 (1993) (Pollock, J., concurring).
However, "[o]n occasion," if an "issue is one of substantial importance,
likely to reoccur but capable of evading review," courts will nevertheless
consider an issue on the merits. Zirger v. Gen. Accident Ins. Co., 144 N.J. 327,
330 (1996).
Here, the parties and amici agree that the amendment to N.J.S.A. 54:3-
21(a) eliminated a third-party tax appeal to county boards of taxation and the
Tax Court, but that individuals can still pursue their claims in the Superior Court
under Rule 4:69. Plaintiffs abandoned their challenge to the constitutionality of
the amended statute. Therefore, there was and is no controversy for the court to
decide. See Redd, 223 N.J. at 104.
Recognizing the lack of a justiciable issue, plaintiffs alternatively seek
declaratory judgment establishing a taxpayer's right to pursue an action in lieu
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of prerogative writs. Plaintiffs assert the statute is unclear and ambiguous
regarding an individual's right to relief in contrast to the legislative history that
clearly supports the intent to eliminate the ability of a taxpayer to appeal the
assessment or exemption of another's property.
"The Legislature's intent is the paramount goal when interpreting a statute
and, generally, the best indicator of that intent is the statutory language."
DiProspero v. Penn, 183 N.J. 477, 492 (2005). "If the plain language leads to a
clear and unambiguous result," the court's "interpretive process is over."
Richardson v. Bd. of Trs., Police & Firemen's Ret. Sys., 192 N.J. 189, 195
(2007).
Here, the language of the amended N.J.S.A. 54:3-21(a) is unambiguous
and clear. The amendment deleted the language that permitted an individual to
appeal the tax assessment or exempt status of another's property before the
county board of taxation or in the Tax Court. It did not state a taxpayer could
pursue relief regarding the taxation of another's property in the Superior Court
under Rule 4:69.
However, prior to its amendment, the statute did not reference Rule 4:69
and its availability for relief. Therefore, the continued lack of a reference to the
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Rule in the amended statute did not affect its applicability to a taxpayer seeking
relief regarding the property owned by another.
Plaintiffs have not presented a concrete dispute. Although a court may
issue a declaratory judgment "to end uncertainty about the legal rights and duties
of the parties to the litigation in controversies which have not yet reached the
stage at which the parties seek a coercive remedy," it will "not render advisory
opinions or function in the abstract," nor "decide a case based on facts which
are undeveloped or uncertain." N.J. Ass'n for Retarded Citizens, Inc. v. N.J.
Dep't of Hum. Servs., 89 N.J. 234, 241-42 (1982).
It is not our province to provide the public with "guidance" regarding an
uncontroverted issue. As Judge Sundar stated when disagreeing with plaintiffs'
argument: "[T]he need to educate the public on the availability of R[ule] 4:69"
was not such an issue of public importance that the court was compelled to
"ignore the absence of controversy."
For the first time, plaintiffs raise the doctrine of voluntary cessation,
asserting it is applicable because defendants conceded after the filing of the
lawsuit that the amended statute did not eliminate a third-party taxpayer's ability
to appeal an assessment or exemption to the Superior Court. We generally
"decline to consider questions or issues not properly presented to the trial court
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when an opportunity for such a presentation is available unless the questions so
raised on appeal go to the jurisdiction of the trial court or concern matters of
great public interest." Selective Ins. Co. of Am. v. Rothman, 208 N.J. 580, 586
(2012) (quoting Nieder v. Royal Indem. Ins. Co., 62 N.J. 229, 234 (1973)). As
stated, plaintiffs have not presented an issue of public interest warranting the
need to educate the public on a matter about which there is no dispute among
the parties.
Nevertheless, in briefly addressing the issue, we find the doctrine
inapplicable to these circumstances. The doctrine was explained by the United
States Supreme Court in United States v. W.T. Grant Co., 345 U.S. 629, 632
(1953), as pertinent when a defendant has ceased the challenged conduct but
remains "free to return to [the defendant's] old ways." In that situation, the issue
is not moot and can be decided on its merits. Ibid. However, the issue may
become "moot if the defendant can demonstrate that 'there is no reasonable
expectation that the wrong will be repeated.'" Id. at 633 (quoting United States
v. Aluminum Co. of Am., 148 F.2d 416, 448 (2d Cir. 1945)).
Plaintiffs have not demonstrated defendants have engaged in any
challenged conduct that must be stopped. See id. at 632. There is no evidence
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that defendants have prevented individuals from bringing third-party taxation
appeals as actions under Rule 4:69 in the Superior Court.
For the reasons stated, we see no reason to disturb Judge Sundar's order
dismissing plaintiffs' complaint.
B.
We turn to plaintiffs' contention that the court abused its discretion in
denying their motion to amend the complaint to assert a CRA claim. "We review
a trial court's decision to grant or deny a motion to amend the complaint for
abuse of discretion." Port Liberte II Condo. Ass'n v. New Liberty Residential
Urb. Renewal Co., 435 N.J. Super. 51, 62 (App. Div. 2014). "An abuse of
discretion 'arises when a decision is "made without a rational explanation,
inexplicably departed from established policies, or rested on an impermissible
basis."'" Pitney Bowes Bank, Inc. v. ABC Caging Fulfillment, 440 N.J. Super.
378, 382 (App. Div. 2015) (quoting Flagg v. Essex Cnty. Prosecutor, 171 N.J.
561, 571 (2002)).
The trial court should grant a motion for leave to amend "liberally" and
"even if the ultimate merits of the amendment are uncertain." G & W, Inc. v.
Borough of E. Rutherford, 280 N.J. Super. 507, 516 (App. Div. 1995). However,
the motion should be denied if the amendment is futile, meaning it "will
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nonetheless fail and, hence, allowing the amendment would be a useless
endeavor." Notte v. Merchs. Mut. Ins. Co., 185 N.J. 490, 501 (2006).
Judge Sundar denied plaintiffs' motion to amend their complaint because
she found that, without a demonstrated constitutional violation, plaintiffs could
not support a claim under the CRA. We agree with the judge's reasoning.
N.J.S.A. 10:6-2(c) provides that:
Any person who has been deprived of any substantive
due process or equal protection rights, privileges or
immunities secured by the Constitution or laws of the
United States, or . . . by the Constitution or laws of this
State, . . . may bring a civil action for damages and for
injunctive or other appropriate relief.
It was intended to "assur[e] a state law cause of action for violations of
state and federal constitutional rights and to fill any gaps in state statutory anti -
discrimination protection." Owens v. Feigin, 194 N.J. 607, 611 (2008).
As we have discussed, plaintiffs did not establish the amended statute was
unconstitutional. Therefore, a CRA "claim is not sustainable as a matter of law,"
and permitting plaintiffs to amend the complaint would be futile. Interchange
State Bank v. Rinaldi, 303 N.J. Super. 239, 256-57 (App. Div. 1997) (quoting
Mustilli v. Mustilli, 287 N.J. Super. 605, 607 (Ch. Div. 1995)).
Affirmed.
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