Roy D. Mercer, LLC v. Reynolds ( 2012 )


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  •                                                 I attest to the accuracy and
    integrity of this document
    New Mexico Compilation
    Commission, Santa Fe, NM
    '00'05- 15:24:56 2013.01.17
    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
    Opinion Number: 2013-NMSC-002
    Filing Date: December 6, 2012
    Docket No. 33,830
    ROY D. MERCER, LLC,
    Petitioner,
    v.
    HONORABLE MATTHEW G. REYNOLDS,
    District Court Judge For The Seventh
    Judicial District Court,
    Respondent,
    and
    GANDY DANCER, LLC,
    Real Party in Interest,
    and
    BNSF RAILWAY COMPANY,
    Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant.
    ORIGINAL PROCEEDING
    Law & Resource Planning Associates, P.C.
    Charles Thomas DuMars
    Tanya L. Scott
    Albuquerque, NM
    for Petitioner
    Gary K. King, Attorney General
    Scott Fuqua, Assistant Attorney General
    Santa Fe, NM
    1
    for Respondent
    Rodey, Dickason, Sloan, Akin & Robb, P.A.
    Charles J. Vigil
    Albuquerque, NM
    Riley, Shane & Keller, P.C.
    Mark J. Riley
    Albuquerque, NM
    for Real Party in Interest
    Butt, Thornton & Baehr, P.C.
    Emily A. Franke
    Rodney L. Schlagel
    Albuquerque, NM
    Modrall, Sperling, Roehl, Harris & Sisk, P.A.
    Paul T. Halajian
    Albuquerque, NM
    for Plaintiff Counter-Defendant
    OPINION
    BOSSON, Justice.
    {1}     In the practice of law, there is no higher duty than one’s loyalty to a client. This duty
    applies to current and former clients alike. In this case, we are called upon to interpret this
    duty in light of Rule 16-110(C) NMRA of the Rules of Professional Conduct regarding the
    imputation of conflicts of interest to law firms. In interpreting and applying the rule to this
    case, we hold that when an attorney has played a substantial role on one side of a lawsuit and
    subsequently joins a law firm on the opposing side of that lawsuit, both the lawyer and the
    new firm are disqualified from any further representation, absent informed consent of the
    former client. We also specifically conclude under the same rule that screening the new
    attorney from any involvement in the lawsuit is not an adequate response to the conflict.
    BACKGROUND
    {2}    The underlying case in this matter concerns a property dispute between BNSF
    Railway (BNSF) and Roy D. Mercer, LLC (Mercer). The case centers on the interpretation
    of an easement. BNSF constructed large berms, dykes, and channels both on and off
    Mercer’s property designed to divert water away from BNSF’s railroad tracks and through
    Mercer’s property. BNSF claimed a right to do so pursuant to a 1936 easement granted to
    2
    BNSF’s predecessor in interest by Mercer’s predecessor in interest. BNSF hired a firm,
    Gandy Dancer, LLC (Gandy Dancer), to construct the new berms, dykes, and channel.
    {3}    Mercer objected and threatened to remove the earthwork dykes and berms installed
    by Gandy Dancer so as to return the property to its natural state. Relying upon its claim of
    an easement, BNSF filed suit in state court against Mercer on June 3, 2008, seeking to enjoin
    Mercer from removing the earthworks and requesting damages. Mercer filed a counterclaim
    against BNSF for tort damages and inverse condemnation. Mercer also joined Gandy
    Dancer as a party defendant for trespass, negligence, and prima facie tort.
    {4}     Once joined as a party, Gandy Dancer, through its attorneys Riley, Shane & Keller,
    P.C. (Riley Law Firm), removed the matter to federal court, alleging federal question
    jurisdiction. Upon removal, Mercer hired the Wagner Ford Law Firm. At that time, the Law
    Firm consisted of attorneys Kenneth Wagner and Lisa Ford. Although the Law Firm was
    named Wagner Ford Law Firm, Ford was apparently only an associate. The original scope
    of legal work was limited to securing a remand of Mercer’s counterclaims to state court.
    However, the engagement letter left open the possibility of the Wagner Ford Law Firm
    assisting further in the state case if it was remanded. Both attorneys Wagner and Ford
    actively represented Mercer in the federal court proceeding, each entering separate entries
    of appearance on behalf of Mercer. The Riley Law Firm represented Gandy Dancer
    throughout all of the proceedings.
    {5}     The federal court ultimately granted Mercer’s motion to remand to state court.
    Mercer’s billing records indicate that Ford continued to be actively involved in the case on
    Mercer’s behalf. While she never entered an appearance in the state court proceedings, Ford
    was involved in strategy meetings with Mercer and co-counsel and was active in
    investigative efforts, discovery, and communication with experts, and also attended court
    hearings on Mercer’s behalf. As one of Mercer’s attorneys, Ford was privy to all strategy
    and case management decisions, as well as privileged communications from her client.
    {6}    In January 2010, Mercer added another law firm, Law & Resource Planning
    Associates, P.C. (the LRPA Law Firm) to represent it in the state court proceeding because
    of water law issues involved in that case. The Wagner Ford Law Firm ceased representing
    Mercer in late 2010. In addition, Ford also left the Wagner Ford Law Firm in December
    2010.
    {7}      In late June 2012, while the state court proceeding was ongoing, the LRPA law firm
    learned via the Riley firm’s website that the Riley firm had hired Ford as a new associate.
    LRPA promptly sent a letter to Mark Riley of the Riley firm raising Ford’s conflict of
    interest and stating that the Riley firm could no longer represent Gandy Dancer in the
    litigation with Mercer, Ford’s former client. The Riley firm then sent a letter to Kerwin
    Hollowwa, corporate counsel for Mercer, notifying him that Ford would be joining the Riley
    firm “effective July 2, 2012.” The letter also described the steps the Riley firm would take
    to screen Ford from any involvement in the Mercer case. In responding to the LRPA letter,
    3
    the Riley firm attached a copy of its letter to Mr. Hollowwa, stating that the attached letter
    should “address any concerns you may have regarding a conflict of interest in connection
    with the Roy D. Mercer, LLC v. Gandy Dancer matter.” LRPA replied that it continued to
    have concerns about Riley’s representation of Gandy Dancer and that Mercer would not
    waive the conflict of interest.
    {8}      The Riley firm then filed a motion in the state case seeking judicial approval of a
    Rule 16-110(C) screening process for Ford that Riley believed would allow its continued
    representation of Gandy Dancer. The Riley firm asserted that it had timely put in place a
    screening process that would shield Ford from any involvement in the Mercer-Gandy Dancer
    litigation and would protect any confidential information that Ford may have accumulated
    during her prior representation of Mercer. Riley also argued that Ford had not played a
    substantial role in the state court case, claiming that her previous involvement was limited
    to the remand of the federal court case. Riley pointed out that Ford had not entered an
    appearance on behalf of Mercer in the state court case and had no decision-making authority.
    {9}    Mercer filed a response to Gandy Dancer’s screening motion and also filed a cross-
    motion to disqualify the Riley firm. Mercer pointed to billing records showing that Ford had
    attended meetings to formulate strategy in both the state and federal cases.
    {10} After full briefing on the competing motions, oral argument, and supplemental
    briefing, the district court issued an Order and a Memorandum Decision. The court found
    that Ford had previously represented Mercer in the same or a substantially similar matter,
    her role was substantial, and therefore she had a conflict of interest under Rule 16-109(A)
    NMRA that would prevent her from acting as attorney for Gandy Dancer. The court found
    that Ford had information protected by Rules 16-106 and 16-109 NMRA that was material
    to the present litigation and that such information was neither peripheral or tenuous. The
    court also found that Mercer had not waived the conflict. On the basis of these findings, the
    district court found that the Riley firm had violated Rule 16-110(C) when it hired Ford while
    still representing Gandy Dancer.
    {11} Nevertheless, the district court found that the equities favored Gandy Dancer and
    declined to disqualify the Riley firm. The court reasoned that Gandy Dancer was an
    innocent bystander and would be severely harmed if it had to hire substitute counsel given
    an imminent trial date. The court found that Mercer’s interest was protected by the Riley
    firm’s screening process, which kept Ford segregated from the litigation and protected
    confidential information. The court concluded that Mercer should file a complaint with the
    Disciplinary Board against the Riley firm. The court also ordered the Riley firm to pay
    Mercer’s attorneys’ fees incurred in bringing the conflict issue before the court.
    {12} Mercer then filed a petition for writ of superintending control with this Court. We
    held oral argument on October 10, 2012 and issued a writ from the bench prohibiting the
    Riley firm’s continued representation of Gandy Dancer due to its continuing conflict of
    interest. We now issue this opinion to further explain our decision.
    4
    DISCUSSION
    Standard of Review
    {13} A ruling on a motion to disqualify is generally reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
    State v. Barnett, 1998-NMCA-105, ¶ 13, 
    125 N.M. 739
    , 
    965 P.2d 323
    .
    Necessity of Writ
    {14} The ability of a lawyer to change sides in a lawsuit is unquestionably an issue of
    “great public importance.” See State ex rel. Schwartz v. Kennedy, 
    120 N.M. 619
    , 624, 
    904 P.2d 1044
    , 1049 (1995) (this Court may exercise its power of superintending control “even
    when there is a remedy by appeal, where it is deemed to be in the public interest to settle the
    question involved at the earliest moment.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).
    This case impacts the inviolate relationship of attorney and client and, equally important, the
    public perception of that relationship and the legal profession. Clients must be secure in
    their understanding that attorneys will maintain their confidences, even after the termination
    of an attorney-client relationship. This expectation is put in jeopardy when an attorney
    switches sides in a lawsuit, no matter what procedures may be put in place to minimize the
    risk of breached confidences. The perception of divided loyalties remains the same.
    {15} This case presents an issue of first impression in New Mexico. Rule 16-110(C) was
    amended in 2008. It is this Court’s responsibility to interpret and apply the Rules of
    Professional Conduct that govern the legal profession. See N.M. Const. art. VI, § 3 (vesting
    the Court with “superintending control over all inferior courts”); NMSA 1978, § 36-2-1
    (1941) (vesting the Court with the responsibility of promulgating rules that “define and
    regulate the practice of law within the state of New Mexico”); In re Treinen, 2006-NMSC-
    013, ¶ 6, 
    139 N.M. 318
    , 
    131 P.3d 1282
     (recognizing that the Supreme Court’s constitutional
    power of superintending control carries with it the inherent power to regulate all pleadings,
    practice, and procedure affecting the judicial branch of government); State ex rel. Anaya v.
    McBride, 
    88 N.M. 244
    , 246, 
    539 P.2d 1006
    , 1008 (1975). Therefore, we take this
    opportunity to clarify and reinforce the provisions of our Rules of Professional Conduct.
    The Law of Imputation and Disqualification in New Mexico
    {16} A lawyer must demonstrate undivided loyalty to a client. State v. Almanza,
    1996-NMCA-013, ¶ 4, 
    121 N.M. 300
    , 
    910 P.2d 934
    . When an attorney leaves one law firm
    and joins another, the attorney continues to owe a duty of confidentiality and undivided
    loyalty to his or her clients. Id. See Rule 16-109(C)(2) (“A lawyer who has formerly
    represented a client in a matter . . . shall not thereafter . . . reveal information relating to the
    representation . . . .”). Therefore, associates who change law firms carry with them the
    potential of a conflict of interest that attaches not only to the attorney personally but also to
    the new firm. A firm hiring a new associate has a duty to identify any such conflicts before
    consummating the hiring process.
    5
    {17}   Rule 16-110(C) reads as follows:
    Subsequent firm associations; screening. When a lawyer becomes
    associated with a firm, the firm may not knowingly represent a person in a
    matter in which that [newly associated] lawyer is disqualified under
    Paragraph A or B of Rule 16-109 NMRA of the Rules of Professional
    Conduct unless:
    (1)      the newly associated lawyer has no information protected by
    Rule 16-106 or 16-109 NMRA of the Rules of Professional Conduct that is
    material to the matter; or
    (2)      the newly associated lawyer did not have a substantial role in
    the matter, is timely screened from any participation in the matter and is
    apportioned no part of the fee therefrom, and written notice is promptly given
    to any affected former client to enable it to ascertain compliance with the
    provisions of this rule.
    (Emphasis added.) In practice, Rule 16-110(C) means that when a law firm hires a new
    associate, any conflict the associate would have individually, is imputed to the entire firm.
    This is because “a firm of lawyers is essentially one lawyer for purposes of the rules
    governing loyalty to the client.” Rule 16-110 cmt. 2. Therefore, “each lawyer is vicariously
    bound by the obligation of loyalty owed by each lawyer with whom the lawyer is
    associated.” Id. Of course, for a new associate’s conflict of interest to be imputed to the
    hiring firm under Rule 16-110(C), the new associate must first have a conflict of interest as
    defined in Rule 16-109 that would prevent him or her from representing the other side.
    {18}   Rule 16-109(A) states:
    A lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter shall not
    thereafter represent another person in the same or a substantially related
    matter in which that person’s interests are materially adverse to the interests
    of the former client unless the former client gives informed consent,
    confirmed in writing.
    (Emphasis added.) In other words, a lawyer may not represent a client in a matter in which
    the current client’s interests are “materially adverse” to the interests of a former client.
    Lawyers have a continuing duty to preserve the confidentiality of information about former
    clients. “[T]he client previously represented by the former firm must be reasonably assured
    that the principle of loyalty to the client is not compromised” when an attorney moves to a
    new firm. Id. cmt. 4. To determine whether an attorney’s former representation of an
    opposing party is “substantially related” to the present litigation, courts look at the scope of
    the prior legal representation and determine whether it is reasonable to presume that the
    lawyer would have received confidential information relevant to issues raised in the
    6
    litigation pending against the former client. Leon, Ltd. v. Carver, 
    104 N.M. 29
    , 31, 
    715 P.2d 1080
    , 1082 (1986).
    {19} Importantly, once there is (a) a conflict, which is (b) imputed to the new law firm,
    then disqualification under Rule 16-110(C) is mandatory. The rule states: “When a lawyer
    becomes associated with a firm, the firm may not knowingly represent a person in a matter
    in which that lawyer is disqualified under Paragraph A or B of Rule 16-109 . . . .” Id.
    (emphasis added). As stated previously, there are two exceptions. The first exception is for
    situations in which “the newly associated lawyer has no information protected by Rule 16-
    106 or 16-109 . . . that is material to the matter.” Rule 16-110(C)(1). In other words, a firm
    may continue to represent a current client if the newly-hired associate does not possess
    confidential information from a former client that is material to the current client’s case.
    {20} In practice, it is highly unlikely that a new associate who is disqualified under Rule
    16-109(A) would not possess confidential client information material to the current client’s
    case. Therefore, most of the analysis of Rule 16-110(C) turns on the second exception: “the
    newly associated lawyer did not have a substantial role in the matter [and] is timely screened
    from any participation in the matter . . . .” Rule 16-110(C)(2) (emphasis added).
    “Substantial” means “to [a] degree or extent [that] denotes a material matter of clear and
    weighty importance.” Rule 16-100(L) NMRA. In other words, a firm may continue to
    represent a current client, if the newly-hired associate had only limited or peripheral
    involvement in the matter, and an effective screening process is in place. Importantly,
    screening can only avoid the firm’s disqualification if the disqualified associate played no
    “substantial role” in the matter before changing firms. Rule 16-110(C)(2). If that is the case,
    “imputation is removed, and consent to the new representation is not required.” Rule 16-110
    comm. cmt. 6. If the earlier role was substantial, however, then under Rule 16-110(C)(2)
    the new firm is disqualified, no screening device can cure the imputed conflict.
    {21} This Court amended Rule 16-110 in 2008 in response to proposed changes to the
    ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct. Previously, Rule 16-110 provided no
    exceptions to disqualification. See Rule 16-110(B) (2007). The 2008 amendments added
    the two exceptions discussed above. New Mexico’s imputation rule differs significantly
    from the ABA Model Rule. The ABA Model Rule allows screening to remove a conflict as
    long as it is done timely and former clients are given notice. See Model Rules of Prof’l
    Conduct R. 1.10(a)(2) (2009). New Mexico’s rule is more stringent than the ABA Model
    Rule in that screening is only permitted if the attorney did not play a substantial role in the
    matter or does not possess confidential information. It follows that this Court’s decision to
    modify the ABA Model Rule reflects a conscious policy choice to limit the instances in
    which screening can be used to remove a conflict.
    {22} New Mexico is not the only state to take such an approach. Arizona, Colorado,
    Massachusetts, Nevada, and Ohio have all adopted similar rules. See Ariz. E. R. 1.10(d)
    (“When a lawyer becomes associated with a firm, no lawyer associated in the firm shall
    knowingly represent a person in a matter in which that lawyer is disqualified . . . unless: (1)
    7
    the matter does not involve a proceeding before a tribunal in which the personally
    disqualified lawyer had a substantial role; (2) the personally disqualified lawyer is timely
    screened from any participation in the matter and is apportioned no part of the fee therefrom
    . . . .”); Colo. RPC 1.10(e) (“When a lawyer becomes associated with a firm, no lawyer
    associated in the firm shall knowingly represent a person in a matter in which that lawyer
    is disqualified . . . unless: (1) the matter is not one in which the personally disqualified
    lawyer substantially participated; (2) the personally disqualified lawyer is timely screened
    from any participation in the matter and is apportioned no part of the fee therefrom . . . .”);
    Mass. R. of Prof’l Conduct 1.10(d) (“When a lawyer becomes associated with a firm, the
    firm may not undertake to or continue to represent a person in a matter that the firm knows
    or reasonably should know is the same or substantially related to a matter in which the newly
    associated lawyer . . . had previously represented a client whose interests are materially
    adverse to that person unless: (1) the personally disqualified lawyer has no information
    protected by Rule 1.6 or 1.9 that is material to the matter . . . ; or (2) the personally
    disqualified lawyer (i) had neither substantial involvement nor substantial material
    information relating to the matter and (ii) is screened from any participation in the matter .
    . . .”); Nev. RPC 1.10(e) (“When a lawyer becomes associated with a firm, no lawyer
    associated in the firm shall knowingly represent a person in a matter in which that lawyer
    is disqualified . . . : (1) The personally disqualified lawyer did not have a substantial role
    in or primary responsibility for the matter that causes the disqualification under Rule 1.9; (2)
    The personally disqualified lawyer is timely screened from any participation in the matter
    and is apportioned no part of the fee therefrom . . . .”); Ohio RPC 1.10(c) (“When a lawyer
    has had substantial responsibility in a matter for a former client and becomes associated with
    a new firm, no lawyer in the new firm shall knowingly represent, in the same matter, a person
    whose interests are materially adverse to the interests of the former client.”).
    The District Court’s Factual Findings
    {23} “[T]he burden of establishing that counsel should be disqualified lies with the party
    seeking disqualification.” Mitchell-Carr v. McLendon, 1999-NMSC-025, ¶ 39, 
    127 N.M. 282
    , 
    980 P.2d 65
    . The district court found, and the record supports, that Mercer met this
    burden. Gandy Dancer does not challenge the majority of the district court’s findings. In
    fact, the majority of its brief is spent supporting the district court’s conclusion that its
    screening process was sufficient to remove Ford’s conflict of interest, a point which, as
    discussed above, is incorrect as a matter of law once the court finds that the new associate
    played a “substantial role” in the litigation on the other side.
    {24} Nevertheless, Gandy Dancer continues to insist that Ford did not play a substantial
    role in the BNSF litigation while working on the other side. Although the district court was
    not asked to hold an evidentiary hearing, it did entertain extensive argument of counsel as
    well as supplemental briefing, after which the court determined that Ford’s role representing
    Mercer was in fact substantial. See Mascarenas v. Jaramillo, 
    111 N.M. 410
    , 412, 
    806 P.2d 59
    , 61 (1991) (“Our duty is to interpret the findings made to determine whether they are
    sufficient to support the judgment entered thereon.”). While it is not our practice on an
    8
    extraordinary writ to entertain substantial evidence challenges, we believe it is important to
    explain the evidence that supported the district’s court’s “substantial role” determination,
    as it is foreseeable that similar situations may occur in the future.
    {25} As a preliminary matter, the district court found that Ford played a substantial role
    “in the prior representation of Mercer.” The court did not explicitly say whether the federal
    court matter and the state court matter were the same for purposes of the Rule 16-110(C)(2)
    analysis. The audio transcript of the hearing on the disqualification motion indicates that the
    court struggled with defining “the matter” for purposes of Rule 16-110(C)(2). In fact, the
    court ordered supplemental briefing on the issue.
    {26} “The matter” is not defined in Rule 16-110. However, we may look to other sections
    of the Rules of Professional Conduct for guidance. The commentary to Rule 16-109 cmt.
    2 states that “[t]he scope of ‘[the] matter’ for purposes of this rule depends on the facts of
    a particular situation or transaction.” Id. comm. Cmt. 2. Rule 16-111(E)(1) NMRA defines
    “[the] matter” as “any judicial or other proceeding . . . involving a specific party or parties.”
    Taken together, Rules 16-109 and 16-111 indicate a fact-specific, transactional approach to
    determining the scope of “[the] matter.” The district court in this case appears to have taken
    a similar transactional approach.
    {27} The district court’s memorandum decision quotes the federal judge’s reasoning in
    deciding to remand Gandy Dancer’s removal action to state court, wherein that court stated
    “that all claims filed in this controversy are derivative of and dependent on the results of the
    main [state court] claim, and arise out of the same transactions, occurrences and issues.”
    Therefore, the federal court appears to have determined that both the state court and the
    federal court proceedings arose out of the same “matter.” Reviewing the state district court’s
    findings in the light most favorable to its decision, we conclude that the finding that Ford
    played a substantial role “in the prior representation of Mercer” is the same as “the matter”
    for purposes of Rule 16-110(C)(2). See Lujan v. Pendaries Props., Inc., 
    96 N.M. 771
    , 774,
    
    635 P.2d 580
    , 583 (1981) (“On appeal, this Court will view the evidence in a light most
    favorable to support the findings and conclusions of the trial court.”).
    {28} Gandy Dancer continues to argue, as it did unsuccessfully in the district court below,
    that Ford’s previous involvement in the representation of Mercer at the Wagner Ford Law
    Firm was not “substantial” because her involvement was limited to briefing the issue of
    remanding the federal removal case back to state court. Gandy Dancer notes that Ford did
    not enter an appearance on behalf of Mercer in the state court action. In addition, Gandy
    Dancer asserts that Ford did not have decision-making authority, as she was not the lead
    attorney. Nevertheless, Gandy Dancer admits that Ford attended at least one meeting with
    Mercer and various Mercer attorneys, including the lead attorney for the state court action.
    {29} Gandy Dancer’s argument is no more persuasive to this Court than it was to the
    district court on this point. While it is impossible to determine exactly to what information
    Ford was privy without breaching attorney-client privilege between Mercer and Ford, one
    9
    of its former attorneys, it is clear that she had access to confidential communications and
    played a substantial role in both the federal and state court actions.1 Ford’s participation in
    both the state and federal cases was of a “degree or extent [that] denotes a material matter
    of clear and weighty importance.” Rule 16-100(L). The district court noted that Ford
    attended meetings with other counsel and Mercer’s principal concerning substantive and
    negotiating strategies on both state and federal issues and learned confidential information
    relevant to the pending matter in state court. The district court’s conclusion is adequately
    supported by Mercer’s billing records which show that Ford was involved in the case for an
    additional nine months after the remand from federal court. It also appears from the record
    that Ford’s legal research, including easement interpretation, was particularly important to
    both the federal and state cases.
    Disqualification is Required
    {30} As a preliminary matter, the Rules of Professional Conduct may form the basis for
    disqualification. See In re a Comm’n Investigation Into the 1997 Earnings of U.S. West
    Commc’ns, Inc., 1999-NMSC-016, ¶ 46, 
    127 N.M. 254
    , 
    980 P.2d 37
    ; Barnett,
    1998-NMCA-105, ¶¶ 15-16 (interpreting Rule 16-111(C) and Rule 16-109 NMRA as
    providing the basis for disqualification of an attorney). As explained supra, the district court
    erred in concluding that it could balance the equities, even after finding that Ford had played
    a substantial role “in the prior representation of Mercer.” The district court also erred in
    concluding that a screening process was an appropriate remedy for the Riley firm’s violation
    of Rule 16-110(C). Once the district court found that Ford had access to confidential
    information and had played a substantial role on the other side “in the prior representation
    of Mercer,” by its own terms Rule 16-110(C) mandated disqualification of the entire Riley
    firm. The district court had no discretion in the matter.
    {31} To summarize, Rule 16-110(C) states that a “firm may not knowingly represent a
    person in a matter in which that [firm’s] lawyer is disqualified under Paragraph A or B of
    Rule 16-109 . . . .” (Emphasis added.) The district court found that Ford had a conflict of
    interest under Rule 16-109(A). Therefore, in order to continue to represent Gandy Dancer
    after hiring Ford, the Riley firm would have needed to meet one of the two exceptions to
    Rule 16-110(C), which it could not do.
    {32}   The district court found that Ford had “information protected by Rules 16-106 and
    1
    The ABA has proposed amending Model Rule 1.6 to allow a lawyer to reveal
    confidential information “to detect and resolve conflicts of interest between lawyers in
    different firms, but only if the revealed information would not compromise the attorney-
    client privilege or otherwise prejudice the client.” (available at
    http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/ethics_2020/2012_hod_ann
    ual_meeting_105f.authcheckdam.pdf). We call on the New Mexico Code of Professional
    Conduct Committee to study whether similar amendments are needed to our rules.
    10
    16-109 . . . that is material to the matter,” thus foreclosing the first exception. See Rule 16-
    110(C)(1). As to the second exception, the district court found that Ford played a substantial
    role “in the prior representation of Mercer,” which we have interpreted to be the same as
    “the matter” under Rule 16-110(C)(2). Therefore, the second exception was also unavailable
    to the Riley firm.
    {33} Despite the Riley firm’s failure to meet the requirements of Rule 16-110, Gandy
    Dancer contends that the district court retains equitable discretion to refuse to disqualify the
    Riley firm, relying heavily on United Nuclear Corp. v. General Atomic Co., 
    96 N.M. 155
    ,
    
    629 P.2d 231
     (1980), in which this Court said that “a disqualification motion is of an
    equitable nature.” Id. at 244, 629 P.2d at 320. While this is generally true, Gandy Dancer
    stretches our holding in United Nuclear too far.
    {34} United Nuclear was one of the largest and most expensive lawsuits in the history of
    New Mexico. Id. at 161, 629 P.2d at 237. The litigation arose over a dispute between United
    Nuclear Corporation (United Nuclear) and General Atomic Company (General Atomic)
    regarding contracts to supply uranium. Id. Gulf Oil Corporation (Gulf) was a partner in
    General Atomic, which was on the other side of the litigation from United Nuclear. Id. In
    1961, United Nuclear’s counsel, the Bigbee Law Firm, began to represent United Nuclear
    in connection with its uranium activities in New Mexico, and the Bigbee firm continued to
    represent United Nuclear in the United Nuclear litigation. Id. at 242, 629 P.2d at 318.
    {35} In 1971, Gulf hired the Bigbee Law Firm to represent it regarding Gulf’s uranium
    operations in New Mexico; it continued to represent Gulf until the end of 1976, months after
    the United Nuclear litigation had begun. Id. at 242-43, 629 P.2d at 318-19. Gulf’s uranium
    production activities in New Mexico later became an issue in the United Nuclear litigation.
    Id. at 243, 629 P.2d at 319. General Atomic claimed a substantial relationship between the
    Bigbee Law Firm’s past representation of Gulf and its present representation of United
    Nuclear, thus creating a danger that confidential information given to the Bigbee Law Firm
    in its prior representation of Gulf might be used against Gulf’s interests in the present action.
    Id. This Court agreed with General Atomic’s characterization of a substantial relationship
    between the two, but declined to disqualify the Bigbee Law Firm. Id. at 246, 629 P.2d at
    322.
    {36} United Nuclear is easily distinguishable from this case. The decision in United
    Nuclear turned on the issue of Gulf’s waiver of the Bigbee Law Firm’s conflict of interest.
    Essentially, United Nuclear is a laches decision. General Atomic (acting for Gulf) waited
    almost twenty months after litigation began to raise the conflict of interest issue. Id. at 244,
    629 P.2d at 320. During that time the Bigbee Law Firm continued to represent United
    Nuclear without objection from General Atomic, including representing United Nuclear in
    various forums such as this Court and the United States Supreme Court. Id. This Court
    questioned the good faith of the motion to disqualify, noting that it was raised only after a
    series of adverse actions and decisions in General Atomic’s state and federal cases against
    United Nuclear. Id. The Court held that a motion to disqualify should be filed at the onset
    11
    of litigation or promptly once facts upon which the motion is based have become known.
    Id. at 245-46, 629 P.2d at 321-22; accord also In re Conservatorship & Guardianship of
    Pulver, 
    117 N.M. 329
    , 332, 
    871 P.2d 985
    , 988 (Ct. App. 1994) (same).
    {37} In contrast to United Nuclear, the district court in the present case found that Mercer
    filed a timely and good faith motion to disqualify, taking only a matter of days after
    discovering the conflict, to first warn Riley of the conflict, and then to file its motion for
    disqualification. Any reliance on United Nuclear in the present case is misplaced, and in
    no event should that prior opinion be read as somehow vesting our courts with the equitable
    power to ignore the clear mandate of our Rules of Professional Conduct.
    {38} In Chappell v. Cosgrove, 1996-NMSC-020, 
    121 N.M. 636
    , 
    916 P.2d 836
    , we also
    recognized that in certain circumstances a district court can balance the equities in ruling on
    a motion to disqualify. Curiously, Gandy Dancer does not cite Chappell while Mercer cites
    Chappell in support of a different proposition. Chappell concerned the application of Rule
    16-307 NMRA regarding lawyers acting as witnesses. Id. ¶ 12 A close reading of Chappell
    supports our interpretation of Rule 16-110(C). Rule 16-307, like Rule 16-110(C), is
    mandatory, stating: “A lawyer shall not act as advocate at a trial in which the lawyer is likely
    to be a necessary witness.” Rule 16-307, (emphasis added). We concluded in Chappell that
    the challenged attorney should not be disqualified because he was not a “necessary witness”
    within the meaning of Rule 16-307. 1996-NMSC-020, ¶ 12. Had the Court found the
    lawyer to be a “necessary witness,” the lawyer would have been disqualified under the plain
    meaning of Rule 16-307. See id. ¶¶ 12-14. In this case, the district court found, and we
    agree, that Ford played a substantial role in the matter while representing Mercer. Therefore,
    Rule 16-110(C) required the disqualification of Ford’s new employer, the Riley firm.
    {39} Judges do retain some discretion in ruling on motions to disqualify. See N.M. R.
    Prof’l Conduct Scope. (“[V]iolation of a rule does not necessarily warrant any other non-
    disciplinary remedy, such as disqualification of a lawyer in pending litigation.”).
    Nevertheless, the judge’s equitable discretion cannot trump the plain language of a rule,
    especially when that rule concerns the duty of loyalty. See Sanders v. Rosenberg, 
    119 N.M. 811
    , 813, 
    896 P.2d 491
    , 493 (Ct. App. 1995) (“[a]lthough [a] district court has wide latitude
    in determining whether to disqualify counsel from participating in a given case, its discretion
    in such cases is not unlimited . . .”), (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)), rev’d
    on other grounds, 1997-NMSC-002, 
    122 N.M. 692
    , 
    930 P.2d 1144
    . In failing to disqualify
    the Riley firm, the district court misapplied the plain language of Rule 16-110(C) mandating
    disqualification. Mercer would have been forced to go through a trial on the merits with the
    potential of a breach of client confidences. That potential breach is simply unacceptable.
    {40} As mentioned earlier, other states have adopted imputation rules similar to our Rule
    16-110(C). Our holding in this case is consistent with the holdings of other state courts
    interpreting similar rules. For example, in Eberle Design, Inc. v. Reno, which interprets
    Arizona’s similar imputation rule, Ariz. Ethics R. 1.10(d), the federal district court stated
    that if the newly-hired attorney did play a substantial role in the matter, screening would not
    12
    be available, and the firm could avoid disqualification only if it obtained consent from the
    affected former client. Eberle Design, Inc. v. Reno A & E, 
    354 F. Supp. 2d 1093
    , 1096 (D.
    Ariz. 2005). The court concluded that Ariz. Ethics R. 1.10(d) “results in disqualification of
    the new firm only when the joining lawyer acquired material and confidential information
    about the former client and played a substantial role in the former client’s case.” Eberle
    Design, 354 F. Supp. 2d at 1097. We believe the same interpretation should apply to Rule
    16-110(C).
    {41} In Litigation Management., Inc. v. Bourgeois, 
    915 N.E.2d 342
     (Ohio Ct. App. 2009),
    the Ohio Court of Appeals held that an associate attorney whose law firm represented
    employees in an action brought by their former employer, who was personally disqualified
    from representing the employees due to her involvement in a substantially related matter
    while working for a different law firm that represented the former employer, had substantial
    responsibility in the earlier matter. Id. at 348-49. Therefore, under Ohio’s imputation rule,
    the attorney’s new law firm was also disqualified from representing the employees. Id. The
    court also found, as in this case, that the disqualified attorney’s legal research was especially
    important to the earlier matter so as to contribute to her substantial role in the case. Id. at
    348.
    {42} The remedy chosen by the district court in this matter—referring the Riley firm to
    the New Mexico Disciplinary Board while continuing its representation of Gandy
    Dancer—was simply inadequate. While Mercer certainly retains the option of filing a
    disciplinary complaint, the disciplinary process is separate from any individual court
    proceeding. Disciplinary action is usually taken against an attorney’s license and operates
    under a different procedural system. See Rule 17-206 NMRA (specifying types of
    discipline, including disbarment and suspension). Any potential disciplinary action taken
    against the Riley firm would be separate from actions taken by the district court in the BNSF
    case. The Disciplinary Board cannot undo the potential harm to Mercer in having to try a
    case, knowing that opposing counsel may be privy to confidential client information.
    {43} The Rules of Professional Conduct lay out a clear and detailed process for law firms
    that wish to hire an associate. Such firms have an obligation to contact opposing counsel to
    ascertain whether the prospective associate possesses confidential information material to
    a particular case or whether the associate played a substantial role in a particular case. If the
    answer to either of these questions is yes, the hiring law firm should ask the former client
    for a waiver of the conflict pursuant to the applicable Rules of Professional Conduct. See
    Rules 16-109(A); 16-109(B)(2); 16-110(D). If it cannot obtain a waiver, the law firm
    proceeds at its own peril.
    {44} We recognize that sometimes it may be difficult for a court to determine whether an
    attorney played a substantial role in the representation of a former client without invading
    the attorney-client privilege. Since the district court was able to adequately address these
    issues in this case, we decline to fully address how courts should approach these situations.
    Nevertheless, possible options may include the appointment of a special master to gather
    13
    evidence on the matter while restricting what the special master may disclose to the court
    to protect attorney-client privilege, or ordering the challenged law firm to hire contract
    counsel.2
    {45} We also acknowledge that our ruling may result in limiting the lateral movement of
    attorneys between law firms. Indeed, our rule recognizes that “[i]f the concept of imputation
    were applied with unqualified rigor, the result would be radical curtailment of the
    opportunity of lawyers to move from one practice setting to another and of the opportunity
    of clients to change counsel.” Rule 16-109 comm. cmt 4. Nevertheless, “[t]he [legal]
    profession has a responsibility to assure that its regulations are conceived in the public
    interest and not in furtherance of parochial or self-interested concerns of the bar.” N.M. R.
    of Prof’l Conduct pmbl. In enforcing the prohibition contained in Rule 16-110(C), the Court
    is acting to preserve the public trust in the role of a lawyer. To allow an attorney to change
    sides in litigation would be contrary to the public’s expectation of undivided loyalty. See
    Almanza, 1996-NMCA-013, ¶ 4 (“The client is entitled to the undivided loyalty of the
    attorney.”). It is also contrary to the spirit of our Rules of Professional Conduct and
    traditional notions of fairness.
    CONCLUSION
    {46} For the foregoing reasons, this Court issued a writ of superintending control ordering
    the district court to disqualify the Riley firm from further representation of its client in this
    case.
    {47}    IT IS SO ORDERED.
    ____________________________________
    RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice
    WE CONCUR:
    ____________________________________
    PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Chief Justice
    ____________________________________
    EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice
    ____________________________________
    PAUL J. KENNEDY, Justice
    2
    We call on the New Mexico Code of Professional Conduct Committee to study the
    best method for a district court to determine whether or not an attorney has played a
    substantial role in a matter without compromising attorney-client privilege.
    14
    ____________________________________
    CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge
    Sitting by Designation
    Topic Index for Mercer v. Reynolds, No. 33,830
    APPEAL AND ERROR
    Standard of Review
    ATTORNEYS
    Conflict of Interest
    Disciplinary Action
    Professional Responsibility
    REMEDIES
    Writ of Superintending Control
    15