State v. Holt ( 2016 )

1 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Opinion Number:
3 Filing Date: February 25, 2016
4 NO. S-1-SC-35298
5
6 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
7 Plaintiff-Respondent,
8 v.
9 ANTHONY HOLT,
10 Defendant-Petitioner.
11 ORIGINAL PROCEEDING ON CERTIORARI
12 Fernando R. Macias, District Judge
13 Robert E. Tangora, L.L.C.
14 Robert E. Tangora
15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Petitioner
17 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
18 Jacqueline R. Medina, Assistant Attorney General
19 Santa Fe, NM
20 for Respondent
1 OPINION
2 NAKAMURA, Justice.
3 {1} Anthony Holt had partially removed a window screen from a residential
4 dwelling when he was detected by the homeowner and fled. In the process of
5 removing the screen, he placed his fingers behind the screen and inside the outer
6 boundary of the home. Holt was subsequently arrested and charged with breaking and
7 entering, in violation of NMSA 1978, Section 30-14-8 (1981). An “unauthorized
8 entry” is an essential element of this offense. Section 30-14-8(A). We must decide
9 whether Holt’s conduct constitutes an “entry.” It does. Accordingly, we affirm Holt’s
10 conviction. While we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals, we issue this
11 opinion to clarify the appropriate analysis for resolution of the issue presented.
12 I. BACKGROUND
13 {2} We view the evidence presented in the light most favorable to the verdict. State
14 v. Treadway, 2006-NMSC-008, ¶ 7, 139 N.M. 167, 130 P.3d 746. So viewed, on the
15 afternoon of December 19, 2010, Carolyn Stamper was home alone when she heard
16 the doorbell ring. She was not expecting company. Shortly after the unanticipated
17 ring, she heard some “wrestling at the front door.” She moved slowly towards the
18 door and peeped through the peephole in the front door. She saw no one.
19 {3} Stamper then heard a noise emanating from the living-room window which was
1 about seven feet away from her position. The sound was like “metal on metal” or a
2 cat “clawing at the screen.” She walked towards the window. The curtain was closed,
3 but not completely; there was a gap about four inches wide. The window was open,
4 raised from the bottom, also about four inches. Between the curtains, Stamper
5 observed a man, later identified as Holt, removing the screen from her window.
6 Stamper testified that Holt
7 had the screen halfway off the window, and he had his hand on each side
8 of the screen, and he was twisting it and turning it and looking down. He
9 was looking down at the bottom part of the screen. He was trying to get
10 the screen off. It wasn’t completely off, but it was bent out away from
11 the house and he was working the screen like this.
12 Upon further questioning, Stamper clarified that Holt’s fingers were over the screen
13 and the palms of his hands were at its edges. He had pulled the screen out of its track
14 “and bent it about maybe half way down.” It was crooked at the top where Holt had
15 “worked” it, but it was still in the groove at the bottom. As a result of Holt’s conduct,
16 the screen was “pretty well destroyed.”
17 {4} Because Holt’s attention was focused downward, he did not initially see
18 Stamper. At some point, however, he looked up and saw her. Their faces were only
19 about two and a half feet apart. When Holt saw Stamper watching him, his “eyes
20 bugged out.” He said “Oh, I’m sorry,” and then promptly fled.
2
1 {5} Holt was arrested and charged by an amended indictment with breaking and
2 entering. At trial, after the State rested, Holt moved for a directed verdict. He argued
3 that no entry had occurred because he was interrupted by Stamper and “never did get
4 inside.” The district court denied the motion, finding that the State had presented
5 sufficient evidence to proceed. Holt presented no evidence.
6 {6} The jury found Holt guilty of breaking and entering. He was sentenced to five
7 years and six months—eighteen months for the breaking-and-entering violation and
8 a four-year habitual-offender enhancement—followed by one year of parole.
9 {7} Holt appealed to this Court. He argued that the district court incorrectly
10 construed the term “entry” in Section 30-14-8(A) and claimed that the evidence was
11 insufficient to sustain his conviction because he had attempted only to remove the
12 window screen and had not entered Stamper’s residence. The Court of Appeals
13 affirmed Holt’s conviction in a divided opinion. State v. Holt, 2015-NMCA-073, 352
14 P.3d 702, cert. granted, 2015-NMCERT-____ (No. 35,298, June 19, 2015). We
15 granted Holt’s petition for a writ of certiorari—exercising our jurisdiction under
16 Article VI, Section 3 of the New Mexico Constitution and NMSA 1978, Section
17 34–5–14(B) (1972)—to decide whether Holt entered Stamper’s residence, for
18 purposes of New Mexico’s breaking and entering statute, by placing his fingers
3
1 behind a window screen and beyond the outer boundary of Stamper’s home.
2 II. DISCUSSION
3 {8} Holt contends that only penetration of an interior protected space, not the
4 outermost plane of a structure, constitutes an “entry” for purposes of the breaking-
5 and-entering statute. The space between a screen and window, he argues, is not
6 interior space. Thus, he claims that his conduct did not constitute an “entry” for
7 purposes of Section 30-14-8(A). Based on his interpretation of the statute, Holt
8 argues that there was insufficient evidence presented to support the conviction. The
9 State responds that the Legislature did indeed intend penetration of a window screen
10 to constitute an “entry” under Section 30-14-8(A) because a window screen forms the
11 outer barrier of a structure and people reasonably rely on window screens to protect
12 their possessory rights. Accordingly, the State contends that the evidence was
13 sufficient to support the conviction.
14 A. Standard of Review
15 {9} Whether Holt’s conduct constituted an “entry” for purposes of Section 30-14-
16 8(A) is a question of statutory construction this Court reviews de novo. State v. Nick
17 R., 2009-NMSC-050, ¶ 11, 147 N.M. 182, 218 P.3d 868 (citation omitted).
18 B. Definition of “entry” in Section 30-14-8(A)
4
1 {10} The primary goal in construing a statute is to “ascertain and give effect to the
2 intent of the Legislature.” State v. Tafoya, 2010-NMSC-019, ¶ 10, 148 N.M. 391, 237
3 P.3d 693 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
4 {11} Section 30-14-8(A) provides as follows:
5 Breaking and entering consists of the unauthorized entry of any vehicle,
6 watercraft, aircraft, dwelling or other structure, movable or immovable,
7 where entry is obtained by fraud or deception, or by the breaking or
8 dismantling of any part of the vehicle, watercraft, aircraft, dwelling or
9 other structure, or by the breaking or dismantling of any device used to
10 secure the vehicle, watercraft, aircraft, dwelling or other structure.
11 {12} It is well-settled that words in a statute take their ordinary meaning absent
12 legislative intent to the contrary. State ex rel. Maloney v. Sierra, 1970-NMSC-144,
13 ¶ 42, 82 N.M. 125, 477 P.2d 301. The term “entry” is not defined in Section 30-14-8.
14 The first question we must decide, then, is whether the ordinary meaning of “entry”
15 resolves the statutory interpretation question before us. As described below, ascribing
16 the term “entry” its ordinary meaning does not dispose of this case.
17 {13} According to one commonly used dictionary, “entry” is “[t]he action of coming
18 or going in.” V The Oxford English Dictionary 308 (2d ed. 1991). Another dictionary
19 defines “entry” as “[t]he act or an instance of entering.” The American Heritage
20 Dictionary of the English Language 596 (5th ed. 2011). A leading legal dictionary
21 defines “entry” as “[t]he act, right, or privilege of entering real property.” Entry,
5
1 Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). All of these definitions give rise to
2 additional and redundant definitional questions: if “entry” is going “in,” what is “in”?
3 To state that “entry” is “entering” is no help at all. Additionally, how does one define
4 the boundaries of the space entered? Assuming we can discern what entering is, and
5 “entry” is entering real property, where does the real property begin or end?
6 {14} We cannot rely on the ordinary usage of the term “entry” to resolve the instant
7 issue of statutory interpretation. The majority opinion of the Court of Appeals appears
8 to have understood this and appropriately concluded that it was necessary to look to
9 the purpose of the breaking-and-entering statute to fashion a functional definition of
10 the term “entry.” Holt, 2015-NMCA-073, ¶ 9. The majority opinion framed the issue
11 as “whether the space between a window screen and an open window is protected
12 space under the statute.” Id. This framing of the issue is problematic. It suggests that
13 the space between the screen and the window is a separate and independent
14 dimension of space apart from the further interior space that comprises Stamper’s
15 residence. The issue is more straightforward: did Holt’s conduct constitute entry into
16 Stamper’s residence? To resolve this question we must determine where the
17 boundaries of the home begin and end, and the purposes underlying the breaking-and-
18 entering statute are our guide. See State v. Rivera, 2004-NMSC-001, ¶ 12, 134 N.M.
61 768, 82 P.3d 939 (“Application of the plain meaning rule often does not end the
2 analysis when construing a statute. Rather, the rule is a tool used by courts during the
3 course of seeking and effectuating the legislative intent underlying the statute.”
4 (citation omitted)); State ex rel. Helman v. Gallegos, 1994-NMSC-023, ¶ 23, 117
5 N.M. 346, 871 P.2d 1352 (“[Where] one or more provisions giv[e] rise to genuine
6 uncertainty as to what the legislature was trying to accomplish . . . it is part of the
7 essence of judicial responsibility to search for and effectuate the legislative
8 intent—the purpose or object—underlying the statute.”).
9 {15} “New Mexico’s breaking-and-entering statute is itself grounded in common
10 law burglary.” State v. Rubio, 1999-NMCA-018, ¶ 13, 126 N.M. 579, 973 P.2d 25611 (“‘New Mexico’s breaking and entering statute is a type of statutory burglary.’”
12 (quoting UJI 14-1410 NMRA committee commentary)). As such, we look to our
13 treatment of the burglary statute to discern the purposes behind the enactment of the
14 breaking-and-entering statute.
15 {16} Our burglary statute protects the “right to exclude,” a right that “has been
16 described as perhaps the most fundamental of all property interests.” State v. Office
17 of Pub. Def. ex rel. Muqqddin, 2012-NMSC-029, ¶ 41, 285 P.3d 622 (internal
18 quotation marks and citation omitted). The right to exclude “implies some notion of
7
1 a privacy interest.” Id. ¶ 42 (citation omitted). “It is the invasion of privacy and the
2 victim’s feeling of being personally violated that is the harm caused by the modern
3 burglar, and the evil that our society is attempting to deter through modern burglary
4 statutes.” Id. (citation omitted). “The privacy interest that our modern burglary statute
5 protects is related to, though broader than, the security of habitation.” Id. ¶ 43. That
6 privacy interest extends to all enclosed, private, prohibited spaces. See id. ¶¶ 44-45.
7 Thus, an “entry,” for purposes of the breaking-and-entering statute, occurs whenever
8 there is an invasion into an enclosed, private, prohibited space. See Section 30-14-
9 8(A). But still we must ask how do we define the boundaries of these spaces.
10 {17} As we explained in Muqqddin, “[i]t is the nature of the enclosure that creates
11 the expectation of privacy. Enclosure puts the public on notice.” 2012-NMSC-029,
12 ¶ 45. To define the boundaries of enclosures, we embraced the following test: “‘[t]he
13 proper question is whether the nature of a structure’s composition is such that a
14 reasonable person would expect some protection from unauthorized intrusions.’” Id.
15 (alteration in original) (quoting People v. Nible, 247 Cal. Rptr. 396, 399 (Ct. App.
16 1988), holding modified by People v. Valencia, 46 P.3d 920, 924-27 (Cal. 2002)).
17 {18} Based on the foregoing, we determine that putting one’s fingers behind a
18 window screen affixed to a residential dwelling is an intrusion into an enclosed,
8
1 private, prohibited space and constitutes an “entry” for the purposes of New Mexico’s
2 breaking-and-entering statute. Section 30-14-8(A). It is reasonable for the citizens of
3 New Mexico to expect that their window screens afford them protection from
4 unauthorized intrusions. As the Nible Court explained, a window screen “is not to be
5 considered as a mere protection against flies, but rather as a permanent part of the
6 dwelling,” and, as such, “a reasonable person would believe a window screen
7 provides some protection against unauthorized intrusions.” 247 Cal. Rptr. at 399
8 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
9 {19} The law has long been settled in New Mexico that “entry,” for purposes of the
10 burglary statute, occurs where there is “[a]ny penetration, however slight, of the
11 interior space . . . .” State v. Tixier, 1976-NMCA-054, ¶ 12, 89 N.M. 297, 551 P.2d
12 987. In Tixier, the Court of Appeals held that a one-half inch penetration into a
13 building by an unidentified instrument was sufficient to constitute an entry. See id.14 In State v. Sorrelhorse, 2011-NMCA-095, ¶¶ 4, 8, 150 N.M. 536, 263 P.3d 313, the
15 defendant forcibly entered an apartment; however, the entry consisted of nothing
16 more than the defendant’s foot going in “a little way.” As noted, our breaking-and-
17 entering statute is intertwined with our burglary statute. The Uniform Jury Instruction
18 for breaking and entering directs that, where “entry is in issue,” the court is to instruct
9
1 the jury that “the least intrusion constitutes an entry.” UJI 14-1410 & n.2. To the
2 extent Sorrelhorse and Tixier suggest that the least intrusion must be into some
3 “interior space,” that space simply refers to the area beyond the boundary that a
4 reasonable person would expect to afford them protection from unauthorized
5 intrusions. See Sorrelhorse, 2011-NMCA-095, ¶ 7; Tixier, 1976-NMCA-054, ¶ 12;
6 cf. Nible, 247 Cal. Rptr. at 399 (“[W]hen a screen which forms the outer barrier of a
7 protected structure is penetrated, an entry has been made for purposes of the burglary
8 statute.”).
9 C. Sufficiency of the Evidence
10 {20} “In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must view the evidence in the
11 light most favorable to the guilty verdict, indulging all reasonable inferences and
12 resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the verdict.” State v. Cunningham,
13 2000-NMSC-009, ¶ 26, 128 N.M. 711, 998 P.2d 176 (citations omitted). In that light,
14 the Court determines whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
15 elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
16 citation omitted). “[T]he [j]ury instructions become the law of the case against which
17 the sufficiency of the evidence is to be measured.” State v. Arrendondo, 2012-NMSC-
18 013, ¶ 18, 278 P.3d 517 (second alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and
10
1 citation omitted).
2 {21} To convict Holt of the breaking-and-entering charge, the jury was instructed
3 that it had to find beyond a reasonable doubt that “1. The defendant entered
4 [Stamper’s address] without permission; the least intrusion constitutes an entry; 2.
5 The entry was obtained by the dismantling of a window screen; 3. This happened in
6 New Mexico on or about the 19th day of December, 2010.”
7 {22} The only element for which Holt contends there was insufficient evidence is
8 the entry instruction. Stamper testified that she was two and a half feet from Holt
9 when she saw him removing the screen from her window. She testified that Holt’s
10 fingers were over the screen, i.e., beyond the boundary created by the window screen.
11 Holt concedes that Stamper so testified. Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to
12 support the conviction.
13 III. CONCLUSION
14 {23} Holt placed his fingers behind Stamper’s window screen. The screen marked
15 the outer boundary of Stamper’s home. Thus, Holt entered Stamper’s residence for
16 purposes of Section 30-14-8(A). Accordingly, we affirm.
17 {24} IT IS SO ORDERED.
11
1 ______________________________
2 JUDITH K. NAKAMURA, Justice
3 WE CONCUR:
4 ___________________________________
5 BARBARA J. VIGIL, Chief Justice
6 ___________________________________
7 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice
8 ___________________________________
9 EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice
10 ___________________________________
11 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice
12