State v. Chakerian , 2018 NMSC 19 ( 2018 )

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New Mexico Compilation
Commission, Santa Fe, NM
'00'04- 11:10:07 2018.04.11
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
Opinion Number: 2018-NMSC-019
Filing Date: February 22, 2018
Docket No. S-1-SC-35121
STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
Plaintiff-Petitioner,
v.
STEFAN CHAKERIAN,
Defendant-Respondent.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING ON CERTIORARI
Stan Whitaker, District Judge
Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
Martha Anne Kelly, Assistant Attorney General
John Kloss, Assistant Attorney General
Santa Fe, NM
for Petitioner
Dane Eric Hannum
Albuquerque, NM
for Respondent
OPINION
MAES, Justice.
{1} New Mexico law provides a motorist arrested for driving while under the influence
of intoxicating liquor (DWI) the right to an independent chemical test in addition to the test
administered by the police. See NMSA 1978, § 66-8-109(B) (1993). In this case we address
(1) whether the arresting officer denied Defendant Stefan Chakerian this right when the
officer provided Defendant with a telephone and telephone directory, but took no additional
steps to help Defendant arrange for the test; and (2) what role law enforcement officers have
after an arrestee expresses a desire for an additional test under Section 66-8-109(B). The
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Court of Appeals held that Section 66-8-109(B) requires law enforcement to “meaningfully
cooperate” with an arrestee who desires to obtain an additional chemical test, and reversed
Defendant’s DWI conviction. State v. Chakerian, 2015-NMCA-052, ¶ 19, 348 P.3d 1027.
{2} We hold that Section 66-8-109(B) requires law enforcement to advise an arrestee of
the arrestee’s right to be given an opportunity to arrange for a qualified person of the
arrestee’s own choosing to perform a chemical test in addition to any test performed at the
direction of the arresting officer. This section does not, however, confer any additional
obligation on law enforcement to facilitate the arrestee in actually arranging for the test.
Accordingly, we reverse the Court of Appeals and affirm the metropolitan court convictions
of DWI and speeding. Because the convictions are affirmed, we do not address the issue of
what the sanction should be when the State denies a driver the statutory right to an
independent test. We remand to the metropolitan court for further proceedings in accordance
with this opinion.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{3} Albuquerque Police Officer Mark Aragon pulled over Defendant Stefan Chakerian
around 2 a.m. for speeding on Central Avenue in Albuquerque. Officer Aragon approached
Defendant and, after he smelled alcohol on Defendant’s breath, began a DWI investigation.
After the investigation, Officer Aragon arrested Defendant for DWI and took him to the
Southeast Albuquerque Police Department (APD) substation in order to conduct a breath
alcohol test. Before beginning the breath test, Officer Aragon read the implied consent rule
to Defendant, which included Defendant’s right to an independent test performed by a
person of Defendant’s own choosing. At the substation, the Intoxilyzer 8000 machine
malfunctioned after the first breath test, and the test could not be completed. Officer Aragon
then drove Defendant to the downtown Prisoner Transport Center (PTC) to attempt another
breath test. At the PTC, Officer Aragon was able to obtain two breath samples from
Defendant, which indicated breath alcohol concentrations of .12 and .11, respectively. These
breath alcohol concentrations were recorded onto a breath card.
{4} After completing the test, Officer Aragon drove Defendant to the Metropolitan
Detention Center (MDC). At the MDC,1 Defendant told Officer Aragon that he wanted an
additional chemical test. Officer Aragon allowed Defendant access to a telephone, a phone
directory, and a pen while they waited for a routine medical screening of Defendant. Officer
Aragon testified that Defendant had access to a telephone and telephone directory for twenty
to thirty minutes; Defendant testified that he had this access for approximately ten to fifteen
minutes. When the time came for the medical screening, Defendant told Officer Aragon he
was finished with the telephone and telephone directory.
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The Court of Appeals opinion states Defendant requested an additional test and was
granted access to the telephone at the PTC. Chakerian, 2015-NMCA-052, ¶ 4. The record
reflects Defendant’s request took place at the MDC.
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{5} Defendant moved to suppress the admission of the breath card at trial in the
metropolitan court on the grounds that he was not afforded his right to an independent test
pursuant to Section 66-8-109(B). The trial judge denied the motion but stated, “I just don’t
see, the way things happened, that he was really afforded an opportunity to have a blood test
given to him.” The judge admitted the breath card and found Defendant guilty of DWI and
speeding.
{6} Defendant appealed to the district court. He argued that the trial judge found he was
not afforded his right to a reasonable opportunity for an independent test and, therefore, the
trial judge erred in admitting the breath card. The State argued that the trial judge made no
finding that Defendant was not given a reasonable opportunity for an independent test and
that the trial judge correctly denied Defendant’s motion to suppress the breath card.
{7} The district court affirmed the DWI conviction on the grounds that Defendant failed
to establish any prejudice regardless of whether he was given a reasonable opportunity to
obtain an independent test or not, citing State v. Gardner, 1998-NMCA-160, ¶ 13, 126 N.M.
125, 967 P.2d 465 (explaining the burden is on a defendant to “show prejudice from the
statutory violation[] before suppression of the test results or setting aside the conviction[]
[is] required”). Defendant appealed to the Court of Appeals. In a divided decision, the
majority concluded that the plain meaning of Section 66-8-109(B) “imposes a duty upon the
State, a duty that requires law enforcement to meaningfully cooperate with an arrestee’s
express desire to arrange for an independent blood test. The level of meaningful cooperation
required by law enforcement will depend upon the facts and circumstances in each particular
case.” Chakerian, 2015-NMCA-052, ¶ 19. The Court determined that Defendant was not
afforded his right of a reasonable opportunity to arrange for an independent chemical test
and reversed the district court’s affirmation of the metropolitan court judgment. Id. ¶¶ 23,
33. The Court remanded the case to the trial court to determine the sanctions for the
statutory violation. Id. ¶¶ 32-33.
{8} Dissenting from the majority, Judge Zamora argued that Section 66-8-109(B) does
not require police to assist an arrestee in arranging and effectuating an independent test.
“The way our statutory provision is currently written means being informed of this statutory
right, being given a reasonable opportunity to arrange for the independent testing, and
nothing more.” Chakerian, 2015-NMCA-052, ¶ 44 (Zamora, J., dissenting).
{9} The State petitioned this Court to review the Court of Appeals opinion, arguing that
the Court of Appeals erred by (1) interpreting Section 66-8-109(B)(1) to include an
affirmative duty on law enforcement to provide a “meaningful opportunity” for a DWI
suspect to procure an independent chemical test, and (2) allowing the State to be sanctioned
for failing to provide this meaningful opportunity. We granted certiorari pursuant to Rule
12-502 NMRA.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
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{10} In this case we must interpret the meaning of Section 66-8-109(B). Statutory
interpretation is a matter of law and is reviewed de novo. State v. Johnson, 2001-NMSC-
001, ¶ 5, 130 N.M. 6, 15 P.3d 1233. Our main goal when interpreting statutory language “is
to give effect to the Legislature’s intent.” State v. Almanzar, 2014-NMSC-001, ¶ 14, 316
P.3d 183 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To discern the Legislature’s intent,
the Court “look[s] first to the plain language of the statute, giving the words their ordinary
meaning, unless the Legislature indicates a different one was intended.” Id. (alteration in
original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “When a statute contains language
which is clear and unambiguous, we must give effect to that language and refrain from
further statutory interpretation.” Johnson, 2001-NMSC-001, ¶ 6 (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted).
III. DISCUSSION
{11} The State argues that the plain language of Section 66-8-109(B) only requires law
enforcement to advise the arrestee of the right to be given an “opportunity to arrange” for
an independent test but does not require law enforcement to make the opportunity
“meaningful.” The State relies on the principle that when the language of a statute is clear
and unambiguous, the judiciary must apply the statute as written and refrain from
interpreting it to include any additional requirements that the statute does not already set
forth. See Almanzar, 2014-NMSC-001, ¶ 14; State v. Hubble, 2009-NMSC-014, ¶ 10, 146
N.M. 70, 206 P.3d 579 (“We will not read into a statute language which is not there,
especially when it makes sense as it is written.”).
{12} Defendant asks this Court to affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals and its
conclusions that the opportunity for an independent test described in Section 66-8-109(B)
must be “meaningful” and the police must “meaningfully cooperate” with an arrestee’s
express desire to arrange for an independent chemical test. Defendant frames the right to an
additional test as a matter of due process to challenge the reliability of the State’s evidence.
{13} The Court of Appeals agreed with this view, concluding, “Section 66-8-109(B)
affords fundamental fairness and at the same time, constitutional due process.” Chakerian,
2015-NMCA-052, ¶ 18. Given this framing of the statutory right, the Court determined that
law enforcement must do something more than just provide an arrestee the opportunity to
arrange a test. “[T]he opportunity provided must be meaningful” and police must
“meaningfully cooperate” with an arrestee’s desire to obtain an additional test. Id. ¶¶ 19, 22.
The Court held, “[d]oing nothing more than providing access to a [telephone directory] and
telephone in the early morning hours fails to rise to the level of meaningful cooperation
required by Section 66-8-109(B).” Chakerian, 2015-NMCA-052, ¶ 20.
A. Section 66-8-109(B) does require law enforcement to cooperate with an arrestee
to obtain an additional chemical test
{14} Any person who operates a motor vehicle in New Mexico consents to chemical
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testing of the person’s breath, blood, or both if the person is arrested on suspicion of DWI.
See NMSA 1978, § 66-8-107(A) (1993). The choice of the initial test is “as determined by
a law enforcement officer.” Id.; see also Fugere v. State Taxation & Revenue Dep’t, Motor
Vehicle Div., 1995-NMCA-040, ¶ 25, 120 N.M. 29, 897 P.2d 216. Section 66-8-109(B)
provides a right to additional testing as follows:
The person tested shall be advised by the law enforcement officer of the
person’s right to be given an opportunity to arrange for a physician, licensed
professional or practical nurse or laboratory technician or technologist who
is employed by a hospital or physician of [the person’s] own choosing to
perform a chemical test in addition to any test performed at the direction of
a law enforcement officer.
The arresting law enforcement agency is required to pay for the additional test. Id. § 66-8-
109(E). Notably absent from the statute is any language regarding the consequences for
noncompliance.
{15} A majority of states have statutes similar to Section 66-8-109(B). See, e.g., Arizona,
Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 28-1388(C) (1999) (“The person tested shall be given a reasonable
opportunity to arrange for any physician, registered nurse or other qualified person of the
person’s own choosing to administer a test or tests in addition to any administered at the
direction of a law enforcement officer.”); Oregon, Ore. Rev. Stat. § 813.150 (2017) (“[A]
person shall be permitted upon request, at the person’s own expense, reasonable opportunity
to have any licensed physician and surgeon, licensed professional nurse or qualified
technician, chemist or other qualified person of the person’s own choosing administer a
chemical test or tests of the person’s breath or blood for the purpose of determining the
alcoholic content of the person’s blood . . . .”); see also Florida, Fla. Stat. Ann. §
316.1932(3) (West 2006); Idaho, Idaho Code § 18-8002(4)(e) (2014); Illinois, 625 Ill. Comp.
Stat. Ann. 5/11-501.2(a)(3) (West 2018); Nevada, Nev. Rev. Stat. § 484C.180(1) (2009);
Texas, Tex. Transp. Code Ann. § 724.019(a) (West 1995); Utah, Utah Code Ann. §
41-6a-520(4)(a) (West 2017).
{16} Of the jurisdictions that have addressed the issue, the majority have concluded that
police have no duty to assist the arrestee and no obligation to provide the arrestee
transportation to obtain an independent chemical test. See, e.g., Schulz v. Comm’r of Pub.
Safety, 760 N.W.2d 331, 334 (Minn. Ct. App. 2009) (“Other than providing a telephone, an
officer has no obligation to assist a driver to obtain an additional test.”); State v. Jasa, 901
N.W.2d 315, 326 (Neb. 2017) (holding police “are under no duty [under Neb. Rev. Stat. §
60-6,199 (1993)] to assist in obtaining such testing beyond allowing telephone calls to secure
the test” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); Schroeder v. State, Dep’t of Motor
Vehicles and Pub. Safety, 772 P.2d 1278, 1281 (Nev. 1989) (per curiam) (“The police must
not hinder an individual’s timely, reasonable attempts to obtain an independent examination,
but they need not assist him.”); State v. Tompkins, 795 N.W.2d 351, 355 (N.D. 2011) (“An
arresting officer has no duty to assist the accused in obtaining an independent blood-alcohol
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test [but] [i]f the accused makes a reasonable request for an independent test, however, law
enforcement must not interfere to the extent a reasonable opportunity to obtain the test is
denied.” (internal citations omitted)); see also State v. Hedges, 154 P.3d 1074, 1078 (Idaho
Ct. App. 2007); State v. Sidmore, 951 P.2d 558, 570 (Mont. 1997); State v. McNichols, 906
P.2d 329, 333 (Wash. 1995) (en banc); but see, Unruh v. State, 669 So. 2d 242, 243-44 (Fla.
1996) (holding “law enforcement must render reasonable assistance in helping a DUI
arrestee obtain an independent blood test upon request”); Commonwealth v. Long, 118
S.W.3d 178, 183 (Ky. Ct. App. 2003) (holding that Kentucky’s “[independent test] statute
requires some minimal police allowance and assistance”).
{17} The only New Mexico case that has addressed Section 66-8-109(B) follows the
majority of jurisdictions’ interpretation but does not provide an answer to the issue of the
role of law enforcement. In State v. Jones, 1998-NMCA-076, ¶ 22, 24, 125 N.M. 556, 964
P.2d 117, the Court of Appeals held that Section 66-8-109(B) entitles arrestees to a
reasonable opportunity to contact a person of their choosing to draw and analyze their blood.
This includes the right to be given access to a telephone to contact the person of their
choosing to perform the chemical test. Jones, 1998-NMCA-076, ¶ 25. The Court held “our
statute does not guarantee the arrestee an additional test will be performed, but only that the
arrestee will be given a reasonable opportunity to arrange for an additional test.” Id. ¶ 24.
{18} The only explicit duties that Section 66-8-109 places on law enforcement following
the arrest of a person on suspicion of DWI are (1) that the arresting officer advise the
arrestee of his or her right to an opportunity to arrange for an additional test, see § 66-8-
109(B), and (2) if the arrestee exercises this right, that the agency represented by the
arresting officer pay the cost of the additional test, see § 66-8-109(E). Accordingly, based
on the plain language of Section 66-8-109, law enforcement is required to provide a
reasonable opportunity for an arrestee to arrange for an additional chemical test by a
qualified professional in addition to any test performed at the direction of law enforcement,
and to pay for that test if the arrestee chooses to have it. We next address whether Defendant
was afforded a reasonable opportunity in this case.
B. Officer Aragon did not deny Defendant a reasonable opportunity to contact a
person of his choosing for a chemical test
{19} Defendant expressed a desire for an additional test; Officer Aragon provided
Defendant with access to a telephone and a telephone directory for approximately fifteen to
twenty minutes. On cross-examination, when Officer Aragon was asked whether he saw
Defendant make any calls, he testified that
[Defendant] didn’t make a call. He wrote some numbers down. He wrote
some numbers down out of the phone book. I didn’t ask him what the phone
numbers were or what they’re—I saw him write down some numbers.
{20} Officer Aragon further testified that when asked, Defendant said he was “finished.”
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And when Defendant was asked why he did not press the matter of obtaining the second test,
he said that he believed it was already too late. Defendant stated, “So much time had elapsed
I didn’t think it would matter.” Defendant also testified, “The officer was not being very
helpful in this regard. It was basically . . . ‘You have the right to do this, and that’s all I’m
going to tell you.’” Defendant testified that he wanted a second test but didn’t know where
to look in the directory and there were no listings under “phlebotomists.”
{21} This indicates Defendant was generally aware of his right to an additional test and
understood that he could arrange for a chemical test from a person of his choosing. The
statute provides only that a qualified person may perform the chemical test. It does not limit
the arrestee’s ability to contact someone other than the person who will actually perform the
test, such as a friend or family member, to ask for help making arrangements for the test.
{22} Officer Aragon gave Defendant approximately fifteen minutes with a phone and
phone book to seek an additional test. During the fifteen minutes, Defendant chose not to
make any phone calls. Officer Aragon did not obstruct the Defendant from calling anyone.
Based on the totality of the circumstances, Officer Aragon’s actions here were sufficient to
afford Defendant a reasonable opportunity to obtain an independent chemical test. We hold
that the Court of Appeals erred in interpreting Section 66-8-109(B) to impose a duty upon
law enforcement to “meaningfully cooperate” with a DWI suspect to procure an independent
chemical test. At a minimum, the arrestee must be provided with the means to contact a
person of the arrestee’s choosing in order to arrange for a chemical test. Accordingly, we
hold that the State did not deny Defendant his statutory right of a reasonable opportunity to
arrange for an independent chemical test by a person of Defendant’s own choosing.
{23} Because we conclude that law enforcement officers are not required to go beyond the
explicit mandates of Section 66-8-109(B) and Defendant was not denied his statutory right,
we need not address the second issue raised by the State concerning whether the Court of
Appeals erred in interpreting Section 66-8-109(B) to allow the State to be sanctioned for
failing to provide a meaningful opportunity.
IV. CONCLUSION
{24} We reverse the Court of Appeals and conclude that Defendant was afforded his
statutory right to an opportunity to arrange for an independent chemical test. Section 66-8-
109(B) imposes the duty on law enforcement to advise an arrestee of the right to an
additional test and to provide the arrestee the means to arrange for a qualified person to
conduct a chemical test. Police may not unnecessarily hinder or interfere with an arrestee’s
attempt to exercise the right to an additional test. Accordingly, we affirm Defendant’s
convictions and remand for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
{25} IT IS SO ORDERED.
____________________________________
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PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice
WE CONCUR:
___________________________________
JUDITH K. NAKAMURA, Chief Justice
___________________________________
EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice
___________________________________
CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice
___________________________________
BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice
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