United States v. Manlambus ( 2020 )

This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.
Before
TANG, LAWRENCE, and STEPHENS
Appellate Military Judges
_________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Vanrowin F. MANLAMBUS
Hospital Corpsman Chief Petty Officer (E-7), U.S. Navy
Appellant
No. 201900080
Decided: 27 May 2020
Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary
Military Judges:
Shane Johnson (arraignment)
Stephen C. Reyes (trial)
Sentence adjudged 29 November 2018 by a general court-martial con-
vened at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii, consisting of of-
ficer members. Sentence approved by the convening authority: reduc-
tion to E-6 and a dishonorable discharge.
For Appellant:
Captain Valonne L. Ehrhardt, USMC
For Appellee:
Major Clayton L. Wiggins, USMC
Lieutenant Timothy C. Ceder, JAGC, USN
Judge STEPHENS delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Senior
Judge TANG and Judge LAWRENCE joined.
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
_________________________
This opinion does not serve as binding precedent but
may be cited as persuasive authority under
NMCCA Rule of Appellate Procedure 30.2.
_________________________
STEPHENS, Judge:
Appellant was found guilty, contrary to his pleas, of attempted sexual as-
sault of a child and attempted sexual abuse of a child [lewd act], in violation
of Article 80, Uniform Code of Military Justice [UCMJ]. 1
Appellant raises five assignments of error [AOE]. Each AOE is raised
pursuant to United States v. Grostefon 2 and we have renumbered them as
follows: (1) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient; (2) the military
judge erred when he prohibited Appellant from introducing hearsay testimo-
ny from his own recorded interview with special agents from the Naval
Criminal Investigative Service [NCIS]; (3) the NCIS special agents violated
Appellant’s constitutional rights when they failed to provide him a rights
advisement under Miranda v. Arizona; 3 (4) Appellant’s trial defense counsel
[TDC] was ineffective; and (5) NCIS special agents improperly collected
Appellant’s DNA and fingerprints prior to conviction. 4 We find no errors that
materially prejudiced Appellant’s substantial rights and find the findings and
sentence to be correct in law and fact. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant was stationed in Hawaii but was sent on temporary additional
duty [TAD] to Camp Foster in Okinawa, Japan. While TAD, he answered an
online public message post. The post read, “Okinawa Only HMU” 5 (hit me up)
and depicted a jacket studded with jewels and very short ripped women’s
1 10 U.S.C. § 880 (2012).
2 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982).
3 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
4 We have considered the fifth AOE and find it to be without merit. See United
States v. Matias, 25 M.J. 356, 363 (C.M.A. 1987), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 968 (1988).
5 Pros. Ex. 1 at 2; Pros. Ex. 2 at 1.
2
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
shorts. Appellant replied, “Are u m or f?” and received back, “F.” 6 He learned
she was also living on Camp Foster and that her name was “Marie.” Marie
claimed to be a 15-year-old student living with her single mother, but was
actually an NCIS special agent.
Over the course of their online chats, Appellant turned the conversation
to sexual activity. Despite being told up-front, and repeatedly, that Marie was
only 15, Appellant questioned her about her sexual experience and discussed
what sexual acts they could do together, including vaginal intercourse and
performing oral sex on each other. He also repeatedly requested pictures of
her breasts.
They made arrangements for Appellant to come to her mother’s apart-
ment while she was at work so they could have oral sex and intercourse.
Marie requested Appellant bring her “a treat,” either “a snickers or gummy
bears or both.” 7 Appellant got both. When he stepped off the elevator in
Marie’s apartment building and was looking for her door, NCIS special
agents were waiting for him and took him into custody. They also seized
Appellant’s cell phone and the treats he purchased for Marie.
Before interviewing Appellant, NCIS special agents provided him a rights
advisement under Article 31(b), UCMJ. Appellant waived his rights and
agreed to an interview. He admitted that he travelled to the apartment with
the intent to have sex with Marie. But he maintained that he believed she
lied about her age—all four times—and also lied about her identity. He said
he believed Marie was a dependent spouse and that when she mentioned her
“mom,” she was really referring to her husband. But a search of Appellant’s
cell phone showed Internet searches, during the time he was chatting with
Marie, for “how do you know if a minor is trying to bait you” and “pedobat-
ing—scam online predators.” 8 He also searched for the NCIS field office
aboard Camp Foster.
Additional facts are discussed below.
6 Id.
7 Pros. Ex. 1 at 46; Pros. Ex. 2 at 91.
8 Pros. Ex. 5 at 1-2.
3
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
II. DISCUSSION
A. The Evidence is Legally and Factually Sufficient
We review Appellant’s convictions for legal and factual sufficiency de no-
The test for factual sufficiency is whether “after weighing the evidence in
vo. 9
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses [this Court is] convinced of [A]ppellant’s guilt beyond a reason-
able doubt.” 10 In conducting this unique appellate function, we take “a fresh,
impartial look at the evidence,” applying “neither a presumption of innocence
nor a presumption of guilt” to “make [our] own independent determination as
to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element beyond a
reasonable doubt.” 11 When conducting this review, we are “limited to the
evidence presented at trial.” 12 Proof beyond a reasonable doubt does not
mean, however, that the evidence must be free from conflict. 13
When testing for legal sufficiency, we look at “whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable factfind-
er could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt.” 14
To convict Appellant under Article 80, UCMJ, 15 the Government must
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that: (1) Appellant made a certain overt act;
(2) this amounted to more than mere preparation; (3) it apparently tended to
effect the commission of a crime; and (4) the act was done with specific intent
to commit another offense under the UCMJ. Here, the underlying sexual
9 Art. 66, UCMJ; United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002).
10United States v. Rosario, 76 M.J. 114, 117 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (citation, internal
quotation marks, and emphasis omitted).
11 Washington, 57 M.J. at 399.
12United States v. Pease, 75 M.J. 180, 184 (C.A.A.F. 2016) (quoting United States
v. Beatty, 64 M.J. 456, 458 (C.A.A.F. 2007)).
13 United States v. Goode, 54 M.J. 836, 841 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2001).
14United States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324 (C.M.A. 1987) (citing Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); see also United States v. Robinson, 77 M.J. 294, 297-98
(C.A.A.F. 2018).
15 10 U.S.C. § 880 (2012).
4
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
offenses were sexual assault of a child [sexual intercourse and oral sex] 16 and
sexual abuse of a child [various lewd acts]. 17
The case against Appellant was strong. His own words and actions were
used to convict him. His travel to the apartment, along with his chats, were
sufficient for the underlying overt act required for the convictions.
Appellant testified during the trial. He admitted he travelled to the
apartment to have sex, but maintained he believed Marie was lying about her
age and identity as part of an online fantasy experience. He testified that
when he received pictures of “Marie”—actually pictures of a female law
enforcement agent who was then 21 years old 18—he believed she was an
adult dependent spouse instead of a 15-year-old girl. 19
However, this was belied by the fact that Appellant searched the Internet
for information on how to know if a minor was trying to “bait” him. He also
repeatedly asked Marie to provide specifically posed photographs, and a “live”
photograph in one messaging application, to prove she was a real person. He
testified that he was “concerned of being exploited” or “extorted.” 20 Yet,
despite these concerns, Appellant never attempted to even temporarily
suspend the “fantasy” chat with Marie and explain that he was amenable to
adulterous sex with her if she was a dependent spouse or adult, but not if she
were, in fact, a 15-year-old girl. He also repeatedly recognized the risk of any
eventual sexual relationship and worried that Marie might be affiliated with
law enforcement. Appellant explained on cross-examination that this was
solely predicated on his fear of getting in trouble for adultery. Appellant
certainly is not required to prove his innocence, but his view of the plain facts
and evidence is simply not credible.
16 10 U.S.C. § 920b (2012).
17 The lewd acts were Appellant saying, (1) “Which one do you like better? Giving
or receiving?” in reference to oral sex, (2) “Doggy or missionary?” (3) “I was thinking
maybe you would like some receiving and doggy,” (4) I dont wanna cum in you you
k[n]ow, Lol,” “Pull out is the way,” (5) “When im about to come, you would suck me
till I cum…would like to have that feeling,” and (4) “Ill try to make you come while
licking you. That would be nic[e].” Pros. Ex. 2 at 15, 34, 38, 39, 71, and 72, respective-
ly; 10 U.S.C. § 920b(c) (2012).
18 Record at 287-88.
19 Id. at 499-500.
20 Id. at 512.
5
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
Appellant also argues he was entrapped. For the Government to entrap
someone, it must first engage in some kind of inducement. 21 Inducement
requires more than the Government simply providing the “opportunity or
facilities to commit the crime” but must rise to the level of “conduct that
creates a substantial risk that an undisposed person or otherwise law-abiding
citizen would commit the offense.” 22 But the Government may still obtain a
conviction if it proves that an accused is predisposed to such conduct, which
can be shown when a “person accepts a criminal offer without being offered
extraordinary inducements.” 23
Appellant faced no extraordinary inducements from the Government. He
introduced the topic of sex after Marie told him she was only 15 years old.
Appellant repeatedly drove the conversation with specific sexual activities he
wanted to do with Marie. His own actions and words demonstrated his
predisposition.
We find the evidence for the convictions to be factually sufficient and in
reviewing the evidence “in the light most favorable to the prosecution” 24 we
also find that a reasonable factfinder could have found all the essential
elements beyond a reasonable doubt. The convictions are both factually and
legally sufficient.
B. The Military Judge Did Not Abuse His Discretion by Preventing
Appellant from Offering Hearsay Testimony
“We review a military judge’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for
abuse of discretion.” 25 A military judge abuses his discretion when his find-
ings of fact were “clearly erroneous or if his decision is influenced by an
21 United States v. Howell, 36 M.J. 354, 359-60 (C.A.A.F. 1993).
22United States v. Hall, 56 M.J. 432, 436 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citations and quotation
marks omitted).
23United States v. Bell, 38 M.J. 358, 360 (C.M.A. 1993) (quoting United States v.
Evans, 924 F.2d 714, 718 (7th Cir. 1991)).
24 Rosario, 76 M.J. 117 (quoting United States v. Gutierrez, 73 M.J. 172, 175
(C.A.A.F. 2014)).
25 United States v. Brewer, 61 M.J. 425, 428 (C.A.A.F. 2005).
6
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
erroneous view of the law.” 26 “The abuse of discretion standard calls for more
than a mere difference of opinion.” 27
At trial, part of Appellant’s strategy was to present himself as someone
without consciousness of guilt and with nothing to hide. He highlighted his
cooperation with law enforcement, specifically that he consented to a search
of his cell phone and his barracks room. He also wanted to highlight that he
waived his Article 31(b), UCMJ, rights, did not request an attorney, and
voluntarily agreed to be interviewed by NCIS special agents.
Appellant testified on direct examination that he was advised of his rights
when he was brought to the NCIS office. His TDC then asked him, “Did you
understand at that time you could have asked for a lawyer?” 28 The Govern-
ment objected to this question. Appellant conceded to the military judge the
statements were hearsay, though he did not concede the objection. 29 The
military judge sustained the Government’s objections to that question and
the potential question of “Did you waive your Article 31(b) rights?” The
military judge also did not allow Appellant to discuss how he “fully cooperat-
ed” with NCIS, 30 though this had already been specifically elicited from one of
the NCIS special agents on cross-examination. 31 But the military judge did
allow Appellant to offer evidence that he consented to a search of his phone
and his room. 32
Military Rule of Evidence [Mil. R. Evid.] 801(c) defines hearsay as “a
statement that the declarant does not make while testifying at the current
trial or hearing” and is offered “in evidence to prove the truth of the matter
26 United States v. Dooley, 61 M.J. 258, 263 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted).
27 United States v. Wicks, 73 M.J. 93, 98 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted).
28 Record at 514.
29 We do not consider this to be a waiver under United States v. Davis, 79 M.J.
329, 331 (C.A.A.F. 2020). We also do not consider this concession to be ineffective
assistance of counsel under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) due to the
lack of any prejudice.
30 Id. at 521.
31 Id. at 382-83.
32 Id.
7
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
asserted in the statement.” 33 Without an exception under the Military Rules
of Evidence or other applicable federal statute, hearsay is not admissible. 34
In this instance, despite Appellant’s TDC concession that the questions
called for hearsay, they did not. Appellant testifying that he waived his rights
under Article 31(b) would merely be a statement describing a previous verbal
act. No issue arises as to whether his out-of-court statement is true or not.
The significance is merely that the verbal act was accomplished by virtue of
the words being said. For the question of whether at the time of his interview
Appellant knew he had the right to ask for a lawyer, this answer is also not
hearsay. It does not call for an out-of-court statement from Appellant. The
military judge abused his discretion by addressing the objection in the con-
text of hearsay and ruling that the questions would elicit hearsay. The
evidence would have been inadmissible on another grounds, but the military
judge did not evaluate the evidence using the proper legal framework.
Nonconstitutional errors from an evidentiary ruling are reviewed “by
weighing: ‘(1) the strength of the Government’s case, (2) the strength of the
[D]efense case, (3) the materiality of the evidence in question, and (4) the
quality of the evidence in question.’ ” 35 The Government’s case was strong and
relied on Appellant’s own words and actions. His defense that he was law-
abiding and cooperative with NCIS was of marginal value in explaining his
words and actions. Even though the military judge sustained objections to
these two questions, Appellant was still able to present evidence that he
cooperated with NCIS. It was apparent that he consented to a search of his
cell phone and his barracks room. Also, the members knew that, in the
opinion of the NCIS special agent who interviewed him, Appellant was
“cooperative.” 36 With that, we can find no prejudice to Appellant.
Finally, Appellant asserts this alleged error prohibited the members from
viewing the video of his NCIS interview. But this interview was never even
offered at trial by either the Government or Appellant.
33 Mil. R. Evid. 801(c).
34 Mil. R. Evid. 802.
35 United States v. Bowen, 76 M.J. 83, 89 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (quoting United States
v. Kerr, 51 M.J. 401, 405 (C.A.A.F. 1999)).
36 Record at 382-83.
8
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
C. Appellant’s Constitutional Rights Were Not Violated When He Did
Not Receive a Rights Warning Under Miranda v. Arizona
After NCIS special agents apprehended Appellant, they interviewed him.
Appellant was advised of his rights under Article 31(b), UCMJ. 37 These
include a suspect’s right to be informed of the nature of the accusation, to be
advised that he does not have to make any statements concerning the accusa-
tion, and that his statement may be used as evidence against him at a court-
martial. The unique culture of the military can lead to “subtle,” and some-
times not-so-subtle, “pressures which exist in military society” 38 on a service
member to answer questions from a superior, or even a civilian in military
law enforcement, such as an NCIS special agent. 39 Article 31(b) may be the
most widely-litigated Article in the UCMJ. There is no doubt Appellant
received an Article 31(b) rights advisement. But Appellant now argues he
was also entitled to “Miranda rights” from the landmark Supreme Court case
of Miranda v. Arizona. 40
We review claims of constitutional error de novo. 41 Because this alleged
error was never objected to at trial, it is forfeited. 42 Forfeited constitutional
errors are reviewed for plain error. 43 A plain error is one that is “plain, or
clear, or obvious” and “resulted in material prejudice to substantial rights.” 44
If constitutional error is found, the Government “bears the burden of estab-
37 10 U.S.C. § 831(b) (2012).
38 United States v. Jones, 73 M.J. 357, 360 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (quoting United States
v. Duga, 10 M.J. 206, 209 (C.M.A. 1981)).
39 United States v. Oakley, 33 M.J. 27, 31 (C.A.A.F. 1991) (citing United States v.
Penn, 39 C.M.R. 194 (U.S.C.M.A. 1969)).
40 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
41 United States v. Busch, 75 M.J. 87, 91 (C.A.A.F. 2016) (citing United States v.
Castillo, 74 M.J. 160, 165 (C.A.A.F. 2015)).
42United States v. Vazquez, 72 M.J. 13, 17 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (citing United States v.
Harcrow, 66 M.J. 154, 158 (C.A.A.F. 2008)).
43 United States v. Barrazamartinez, 58 M.J. 173, 175 (C.A.A.F. 2003) (citing
United States v. Powell 49 M.J. 460 (C.A.A.F. 1998)).
44 United States v. Pabelona, 76 M.J. 9, 11 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted).
9
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
lishing that any constitutional error is harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt.” 45
The Supreme Court’s 5-4 decision in Miranda created a new right not
previously found in the Fifth Amendment and applied it to the states. 46
Ernesto Miranda confessed to Arizona police that he kidnapped and raped an
18-year-old woman. But his confession was made without an attorney pre-
sent. Because of this, the Court overturned his conviction and held that
statements obtained during custodial interrogations were inadmissible
unless, prior to questioning, a person in custody was “informed in clear and
unequivocal terms that he has the right to remain silent” 47 and he was given
an “explanation that anything said can and will be used against the individu-
al in court.” 48 Just two years after Miranda, Congress enacted 18 U.S.C.
§ 3501 as part of a large omnibus crime bill, 49 to restore an individual test of
“voluntariness” to confessions. 50 The U.S. Department of Justice, beginning
in the mid-1990s, “steadfastly refused to enforce the provision” before assert-
ing “without explanation, that the provision [was] unconstitutional.” 51 The
statute was considered by the Supreme Court in Dickerson v. United States. 52
A divided Court held that Miranda prevailed over Congressional authority
largely because Miranda was “embedded in routine police practice” and had
become “part of our national culture.” 53
45United States v. Simmons, 59 M.J. 485, 489 (C.A.A.F. 2004) (citing Chapman v.
California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967)).
46See, e.g., Miranda, 384 U.S. at 491-99; Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318
(1994); Minnick v. Mississippi, 498 U.S. 146 (1990); Arizona v. Roberson, 486 U.S.
675 (1988); Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981).
47 Miranda, 384 U.S. at 467-68.
48 Id. at 469.
49Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Pub. L. 90-351, 82 Stat.
197 (codified at 34 U.S.C. § 10101 et seq.).
Pub. L. No. 90-351, Title II, § 7-1(a), 82 Stat. 210 (June 19, 1968) (codified at 18
50
U.S.C. § 3501).
51United States v. Dickerson, 166 F.3d 667, 671 (4th Cir. 1999), rev’d, Dickerson
v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000).
52 530 U.S. 428.
53 Id. at 443.
10
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
None of this legal, social, or political upheaval impacted military justice.
Article 31(b) warnings predated Miranda 54 and was a statute rather than a
judicial creation. Article 31(b) warnings actually offer more protections for an
accused than do the Miranda warnings. 55 Any Miranda warnings Appellant
would have received would have been superfluous. Miranda warnings are
also only for those who are in “custodial interrogation.” 56 When he was
interviewed by NCIS and made his statements, Appellant was not then in
custody and was free to go at any time. Finally, generally speaking, Miranda
warnings are for civilian courts and Article 31(b) warnings are for courts-
martial. 57 And, most notably, the Government did not even offer Appellant’s
statements to NCIS as evidence at trial, and they were not admitted. We find
no error. 58
D. Appellant’s Trial Defense Counsel Was Not Ineffective
This court reviews claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. 59
When reviewing such claims, we follow the two-part test outlined in Strick-
land v. Washington. 60 “In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance
of counsel, an appellant must demonstrate both (1) that his counsel’s perfor-
mance was deficient, and (2) that this deficiency resulted in prejudice.” 61
54 Article 31 was ratified as part of the new Uniform Code of Military Justice in
1950, replacing the Articles for the Government of the Navy and the Army’s Articles
of War. The form of the right to remain silent during an investigation, or to have a
rights advisement, reaches back to the 1948 legislation amending the Articles of War,
popularly known as the Elston Act. Selective Service Act of 1948, Pub. L. No. 80-759
§§ 201-46, 62 Stat. 604, 627-44 (1948), and even further to Article of War 24 enacted
in 1916. Act of August 29, 1916, Pub. L. No. 64-242, § 3, 39 Stat. 654.
55 See, e.g., United States v. Baird, 851 F.2d 376, 383 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (“The pro-
tections of Article 31(b) are broader than Miranda warnings in that a suspect must
receive warnings even if the suspect is not in custody.”).
56 Miranda, 384 U.S. at 467-68.
57 United States v. Newell, 578 F.2d 827, 832-33 (9th Cir. 1978) (Article 31(b)
“do[es] not purport to apply to federal court proceedings.”)
58In addition, we find that any possible failure to object to a lack of a Miranda
warning by Appellant’s TDC was not ineffective assistance of counsel.
59 United States v. Mazza, 67 M.J. 470, 474 (C.A.A.F. 2009).
60 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
61United States v. Green, 68 M.J. 360, 361-62 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing Strickland,
466 U.S. at 687; Mazza, 67 M.J. at 474).
11
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
Appellant makes three separate allegations of ineffective assistance of
counsel. Two involve a Defense expert assistant in forensic psychology who
conducted a forensic examination of Appellant, to include a polygraph exami-
nation. Appellant argues his TDC was ineffective when he failed to offer the
expert assistant’s opinion that Appellant’s interview with the NCIS special
agents was coercive. He also argues his TDC was ineffective when he failed to
offer the results of the polygraph examination. Finally, Appellant argues his
TDC was ineffective when he did not attempt to elicit testimony from one of
the NCIS special agents who, soon after apprehending Appellant, told him he
did not believe he was a “bad person,” and also told Appellant’s co-workers he
did not believe Appellant was a “pedophile” but merely an “opportunist.” 62
We need not determine “whether counsel’s performance was deficient . . .
[i]f it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of
sufficient prejudice.” 63 “When a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel is
premised on trial defense counsel’s failure to move the court to take some
action, “an appellant must show that there is a reasonable probability that
such a[n] [action] would have been meritorious.” 64 “A reasonable probability
is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” 65 “Failure
to raise a meritless argument does not constitute ineffective assistance.” 66
These actions, if they had been taken, would not have been meritorious, nor
was their absence prejudicial to Appellant.
1. The failure to introduce the expert’s opinion that the NCIS interview
was “coercive” was not prejudicial.
Appellant argues his TDC was ineffective because he failed to offer the
expert assistant’s opinion that the NCIS special agents coerced Appellant
during his interview. Even if that were the case—and Appellant never
explains what the special agents did to “coerce” him—the evidence of his
misconduct was in his online messages to Marie, his possession of the treats
she requested, and his appearance at the designated place and time. Even if
62 Appellant’s Br. at 23.
63 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.
64 United States v. McConnell, 55 M.J. 479, 482 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (quoting United
States v. Napoleon, 46 M.J. 279, 284 (C.A.A.F. 1997)).
65 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
66 Napoleon, 46 M.J. at 284 (quoting Boag v. Raines, 769 F.2d 1341, 1344 (9th
Cir. 1985)).
12
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
Appellant’s strategy at trial was to rebut some of his statements during the
interview by arguing coercion or “false confession,” this required Appellant’s
statements to be admitted into evidence by the military judge. They were not
in this case. A TDC cannot be ineffective for failing to rebut evidence that
was never offered by the Government in the first place. We find no possible
prejudice to Appellant.
2. The failure to introduce the polygraph report was not prejudicial
Appellant’s expert assistant conducted a polygraph examination. Under
Military Rule of Evidence 707, polygraph examinations are generally inad-
missible for the simple reason that they are unreliable as indicators of
whether someone is telling the truth. Scientifically speaking, for a finder-of-
fact ascertaining the veracity of a statement, a polygraph machine may as
well be an office copier. Worse still, results from a polygraph examination can
be dangerously misleading if given the imprimatur of scientific accuracy.
In some circumstances, this kind of evidence may be admitted, such as
when “the facts and circumstances of a polygraph examination procedure
[are] offered to explain the reason or motivation for a confession.” 67 For
example, an accused may reference how the Government’s administered
polygraph examination indicated “deception,” which led the accused to make
a false confession. That is because it provides context for the confession and
the accused’s motivation for making the statements at issue, by directly
attacking the accuracy of the polygraph. The purpose behind the Rule is to
keep a fact-finder from relying on a polygraph for the truth of its result
instead of the evidence presented.
Here, it appears Appellant wanted to offer the results of his polygraph to
show “no deception” for (1) whether he had sexual contact with any other
minors, (2) whether he was being deceptive about any other illicit sexual
behavior he was asked about during the exam, and (3) whether he committed
“any other sex crimes.” 68 The second and third question are of no relevance.
The first question may be probative of Appellant’s lack of predisposition in
advancing his entrapment defense. But even if it were, the admission of the
polygraph results to bolster his own testimony is still impermissible because
it presupposes and advances the reliability of the results of the polygraph
examination.
67 United States v. Kohlbek, 78 M.J. 326, 329 (C.A.A.F. 2019).
68 Appellant’s Br. at 23.
13
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
In United States v. Wheeler, 69 we held the military judge abused his dis-
cretion by prohibiting appellant from introducing evidence concerning the
results of multiple polygraph examinations. They were used as an “investiga-
tory tool” 70 leading to, what appellant claimed, was a false confession. Be-
cause “the appellant’s understanding and perception of those polygraph
examinations [were] important factual matters related to his confession” 71 we
held that that he had the right to represent evidence attacking the voluntari-
ness of his statements.
We not only find Appellant’s TDC was not ineffective to fail to move for its
admission, but we also find that even if it had been (wrongly) admitted, it
would have had little to no relevance or impact on the members. The issue
was whether he had attempted to sexually assault and sexually abuse a
specific purported child, not whether he sexually abused other children.
3. The failure to cross-examine a Government witness about his opinion of
Appellant was not prejudicial
One of the NCIS special agents is alleged to have told Appellant’s cowork-
ers that he did not think Appellant was a “pedophile” but was rather “an
opportunist.” The same special agent told Appellant he did not believe he was
a “bad person.” Appellant asserts his counsel was ineffective for not eliciting
this testimony. We disagree.
There was no basis for the military judge to allow the special agent to an-
swer these questions if the basis was to offer character evidence on behalf of
Appellant. Law enforcement agents say a lot of things to suspects and wit-
nesses. Most of the time, agents are trying to get a suspect or a witness to
disclose information—such as in the famous “Christian burial case.” 72 Even if
this evidence qualified as “good military character” evidence—and it clearly
was not—it would have been inadmissible under Military Rule of Evidence
404(a)(2)(vii), which prohibits use of such evidence for attempts to commit an
offense under Article 120, UCMJ. And even if this were offered for general
good character and not specifically good military character, the witness would
still have lacked the necessary foundation due to the special agent having not
had sufficient opportunity to observe Appellant and form any kind of relevant
69 66 M.J. 590 (N-M. Ct. Crim App. 2008).
70 Id. at 595.
71 Id.
72 Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 (1977); Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 (1984).
14
United States v. Manlambus, NMCCA No. 201900080
Opinion of the Court
opinion of him. And for that reason, the omission of this evidence, even if
improper, would not undermine our confidence in the outcome, so there is no
prejudice from its omission. Even if this was actually the special agent’s
genuine opinion of Appellant—which is highly unlikely—it would have
carried little to no weight with any of the members due to its non-existent
foundation.
III. CONCLUSION
After careful consideration of the record and briefs of appellate counsel,
we have determined the approved findings and sentence are correct in law
and fact and find no error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substantial
rights occurred. Arts. 59, 66, UCMJ. Accordingly, the findings and sentence
as approved by the convening authority are AFFIRMED
Senior Judge TANG and Judge LAWRENCE concur.
FOR THE COURT:
RODGER A. DREW, JR.
Clerk of Court
15