United States v. Kangha ( 2020 )

This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.
Before
MONAHAN, STEPHENS, and DEERWESTER
Appellate Military Judges
_________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Kondali A. KANGHA
Electrician’s Mate Fireman Recruit (E-1), U.S. Navy
Appellant
No. 201900202
Decided: 26 October 2020
Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary
Military Judges:
Jonathan T. Stephens (arraignment)
Aaron C. Rugh (trial)
Sentence adjudged 15 March 2019 by a general court-martial con-
vened at Naval Base San Diego, California, consisting of a military
judge sitting alone. Sentence approved by the convening authority:
confinement for 24 months and a bad-conduct discharge.
For Appellant:
Captain Mary Claire Finnen, USMC
For Appellee:
Lieutenant Jennifer Joseph, JAGC, USN
Lieutenant Commander Timothy C. Ceder, JAGC, USN
Chief Judge MONAHAN delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
Senior Judge STEPHENS and Judge DEERWESTER joined.
United States v. Kangha, NMCCA No. 201900202
Opinion of the Court
_________________________
This opinion does not serve as binding precedent, but
may be cited as persuasive authority under
NMCCA Rule of Appellate Procedure 30.2.
_________________________
MONAHAN, Chief Judge:
Appellant was convicted, consistent with his pleas, of two specifications of
attempted wrongful appropriation of a value more than $500, and four
specifications of wrongful appropriation of a value more than $500, under
Articles 80 and 121, respectively, of the Uniform Code of Military Justice
[UCMJ]. 1
Appellant raises one assignment of error [AOE]: the court-martial lacked
personal jurisdiction over him because he was discharged from active duty
before the court-martial convened, and the convening authority never re-
quested authority from the Secretary of the Navy to refer charges after
Appellant had retired. 2 We find no prejudicial error and affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Appellant’s Special Court-Martial
Previously, at a special court-martial, Appellant was convicted of attempt
to defraud, wrongful appropriation, and making checks without sufficient
funds. On 6 December 2016, he was sentenced to reduction to E-1, forfeiture
of $1,044 per month for two months, 60 days’ restriction, and 90 days’ hard
labor without confinement.
During this previous court-martial, Appellant unsuccessfully filed a Mo-
tion to Dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. The factual background for
that motion was as follows:
In or about November 2015, law enforcement notified Appellant’s com-
mand, Naval Medical Center San Diego [NMCSD] that he was suspected of
uttering checks from closed accounts. The next month, Appellant began
1 10 U.S.C. §§ 880, 921.
2 This AOE was raised pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431
(C.M.A. 1982).
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Opinion of the Court
Physical Evaluation Board [PEB] processing. On 8 March 2016, Appellant
signed a “Page 13” 3 from his command (issued “by direction” of the command-
ing officer), acknowledging that he was being placed on legal hold pending
the results of an investigation and possible legal proceedings.
The next day, Commanding Officer, NMCSD personally signed a letter
that notified the local Personnel Support Activity Detachment [PSD San
Diego] to place Appellant in a legal hold status due to pending court-martial
charges. In April 2016, NMCSD withdrew the original charges that had been
preferred against Appellant so as to add additional charges.
When Appellant’s end of active duty obligation of service [EAOS] passed
in May 2016, a representative of PSD San Diego emailed NMCSD to request
an update of Appellant’s current status. Appellant’s command confirmed his
continued legal hold status.
On 1 July 2016, Navy Personnel Command [NPC] released a message
that placed Appellant on the Temporary Disability Retired List [TDRL]. In
response to this message, PSD San Diego initiated the process of placing
Appellant on the TDRL, and did not contact NMCSD to de-conflict the legal
hold issue. On 11 July 2016, a petty officer from NMCSD’s Human Resource
Department instructed Appellant to complete certain paperwork in order to
“ensure a smooth transition from military service.” 4 Throughout July 2016,
Appellant completed his administrative check-out process with NMCSD.
Sometime that month, NMCSD transmitted an electronic separation
package to PSD San Diego. Appellant’s immediate chain of command, to
include his department head and director, signed the separation package
prior to its submission to PSD San Diego. One form in the separation package
included a signature block for Appellant’s “CO or Designee.” However, this
block was signed by someone other than Appellant’s commanding officer or
executive officer, and the record of trial does not indicate what position the
signatory held at NMCSD. Moreover, Appellant’s command master chief did
not sign his separation package and the command’s legal office was not
required to sign the separation package. PSD San Diego began processing
3 Dep’t of the Navy, Naval Personnel Form 1070/613, Administrative Remarks
(Aug. 2012) is commonly referred to as a “Page 13.” It is used to provide a chronologi-
cal record of significant miscellaneous information, which is not provided elsewhere
in the official military personnel file, or to provide more detailed information re-
quired to clarify entries in other military human resource documents. See Dep’t of the
Navy, Naval Military Personnel Manual art. 1070-320 (Ch-69, Oct. 21, 2019).
4 App. Ex. V, Encl. F at 1.
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Opinion of the Court
Appellant for transfer to the TDRL based on the message it had received
from NPC and the separation package it had received from NMCSD.
On 29 July 2016, NPC issued Appellant retirement orders that listed an
effective discharge date of 29 August 2016. Also on 29 July 2016, NMCSD
preferred and referred charges against Appellant for violations of Articles 80,
120, and 123a of the UCMJ. On 1 August 2016, a paralegal from NMCSD
emailed a representative from the NPC TDRL office to provide notification
that Appellant was on legal hold. The paralegal asked the NPC TDRL office
representative if Appellant’s TDRL would be canceled or put on hold. Some-
time prior to 28 August 2016, the paralegal spoke to the NPC TDRL office
representative, who provided confirmation that Appellant’s TDRL had been
canceled and that the cancellation message was pending release. On 29
August 2016, Appellant was arraigned at his special court-martial.
On 1 September 2016, PSD San Diego issued Appellant a Certificate of
Release or Discharge from Active Duty [DD-214], which purportedly dis-
charged Appellant on 29 August 2016. Appellant did not inform NMCSD that
he had been issued the DD-214 and he continued to work. Shortly after
receiving his DD-214, Appellant also received his final accounting of pay. On
7 September, NPC released the message that canceled Appellant’s TDRL. On
8 September 2018, the NMCSD Command Judge Advocate [CJA] emailed
NPC to raise the issue that NPC had failed to send 5 the message that can-
celed Appellant’s TDRL, and that PSD San Diego had erroneously discharged
Appellant despite his being placed on legal hold. In this email the CJA stated
unequivocally, “My primary issue is our desire to court[-]martial [Appel-
lant].” 6 On 14 September 2016, NPC Legal Counsel issued a memorandum
stating that Appellant’s DD-214 was issued in error and “was therefore
invalid.”
B. Appellant’s General Court-Martial
Following his December 2016 special court-martial, Appellant continued
to work at NMCSD and receive military pay and allowances. In or about
February 2017, while he remained on legal hold related to the misconduct
that resulted in his special court-martial, NMCSD requested NCIS investi-
gate allegations that Appellant had borrowed or attempted to borrow large
sums of money from several Sailors. The subsequent NCIS investigation
5 The CJA was apparently unaware that NPC had released the message cancel-
ing Appellant’s TDRL, albeit late, the previous day.
6 App. Ex. VI, Encl. 6 at 1.
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Opinion of the Court
yielded information that Appellant had borrowed or attempted to borrow
large sums of money from several Sailors under false pretenses, that Appel-
lant was using this money to gamble at a local casino, and that he was not
paying back those loans. Ultimately, the results of this investigation formed
the basis for new charges to be preferred, which were sent to a preliminary
hearing and ultimately referred to general court-martial.
At that general court-martial, which is now before us on appeal, Appel-
lant once again filed a Motion to Dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction,
based on the same set of facts that formed the basis of his unsuccessful
challenge of personal jurisdiction at his special court-martial. However,
before the military judge presiding over his general court-martial issued a
ruling on Appellant’s motion, Appellant entered into a pretrial agreement
with the convening authority. In accordance with the pretrial agreement,
Appellant and the Government signed a stipulation of fact. 7 In the stipula-
tion, Appellant admitted to the various wrongful appropriation and attempt-
ed wrongful appropriation offenses that were referred to general court-
martial. The dates of these offenses spanned from on or about September
2015 to on or about February 2017. Appellant further stipulated that he was
“on active duty during all events relating to the offenses” to which he was
pleading guilty. However, the stipulation also stated, “I previously filed a
motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction in this court-martial,
though I am entering this plea with the understanding that my jurisdiction
issue is not waived and may be reviewed on appeal.” 8
During the providence inquiry, the military judge elicited the following
facts from Appellant: that on 8 March 2016, NMCSD provided him with a
Page 13 informing him that he had been placed on legal hold prior to his
EAOS of 14 May 2016; that on 1 July 2016, NPC released a message stating
that he should be placed on the TDRL; that on 29 July 2016, he received
official orders from NPC that listed his effective retirement date as 29 August
2016; that on 1 September 2016, he received a DD-214 from PSD; that on 7
September 2016, NPC released another message that cancelled Appellant’s
transfer to the TDRL; that on 12 September 2016, he received retirement pay
in the amount of about $97.80; that since the September 2016 cancellation of
his orders to the TDRL, he had received active duty pay; that he had been
performing military duties since that time; that Appellant agreed he was on
active duty on the date of his guilty plea and sentencing hearing; and that he
7 Pros. Ex. 1.
8 Id. at 1.
5
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Opinion of the Court
had not been legally discharged or released from active duty since the cancel-
lation of his orders to the TDRL. 9 Although the military judge never issued a
ruling on Appellant’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, after
eliciting these facts from Appellant that established jurisdiction, he subse-
quently accepted Appellant’s pleas of guilty and imposed a sentence against
him.
II. DISCUSSION
A. The General Court-Martial had Personal Jurisdiction over Appel-
lant
1. Standard of review and the law
We review questions of jurisdiction de novo. 10
Article 2, UCMJ, confers court-martial jurisdiction over a fairly wide
range of individuals, to include “[m]embers of a regular component of the
armed forces, including those awaiting discharge after expiration of their
terms of enlistment . . . .” 11
A discharge terminates personal jurisdiction after there is “(1) a delivery
of a valid discharge certificate; (2) a final accounting of pay; and (3) the
undergoing of a ‘clearing’ process as required under appropriate service
regulations to separate the member from military service.” 12
With regard to the first requirement, no delivery can be effective if it is
contrary to expressed command intent. 13
2. The delivery of Appellant’s discharge certificate was not effective because he
had previously been placed on legal hold and his command did not intend for
him to be discharged
Because Appellant received a final accounting of pay and underwent the
NMCSD and PSD San Diego clearing process for separation/retirement, only
9 Rawle at 262-63.
10 United States v. Ali, 71 M.J. 256, 261 (C.A.A.F. 2012).
11 UCMJ art. 2(a)(1).
12 United States v. Nettles, 74 M.J. 289, 290 (C.A.A.F. 2015) (quoting United
States v. Harmon, 63 M.J. 98, 101 (C.A.A.F. 2006)).
13 Nettles, 74 M.J. at 291.
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Opinion of the Court
the first requirement, “delivery” is at issue. 14 Although PSD San Diego
delivered a DD-214 to Appellant prior to his special court-martial, we con-
clude in personam jurisdiction was not lost prior to the special court-martial
and continued through the general court-martial that is the subject of this
appeal because the purported discharge was invalid. Specifically, the DD-214
was not issued consistent with applicable Service regulations because its
issuance was directly contrary to the NMCSD Commanding Officer’s intent.
On 3 March 2016, Appellant’s command notified PSD San Diego of his
commanding officer’s intention to place him on legal hold. On 8 March 2016,
Appellant signed a Page 13, acknowledging that he had been placed on legal
hold. The next day, Appellant’s commanding officer personally signed a letter
to PSD San Diego to provide notice of Appellant being placed in a legal hold
status due to pending court-martial charges. NMCSD never rescinded the
Page 13. Indeed a paralegal from the NMCSD legal office contacted the NPC
TDRL office on 1 August 2016, just two days after NPC issued Appellant
retirement orders to inform NPC directly that Appellant was on legal hold.
Moreover, on 8 September 2016, only a week after Appellant had received his
DD-214, the NMCSD CJA emailed NPC to raise the issue that NPC had
failed to send the message that canceled Appellant’s TDRL, and that PSD
San Diego had erroneously discharged Appellant despite his being placed on
legal hold. In this email the CJA stated unequivocally, “My primary issue is
our desire to court[-]martial [Appellant].” 15
Certainly, NMCSD’s handling of the issues surrounding the preservation
of personal jurisdiction was not flawless. The command failed to inform the
NPC TDRL office in March 2016 that Appellant was being placed on legal
hold as it should have pursuant to Service regulation. 16 If it had done so,
Appellant’s PEB process would have been abated pending the outcome of his
special court-martial case. Furthermore, a petty officer from the NMCSD
14 See id. at 290-91.
15 App. Ex. VI, Encl. 6 at 1.
16 The Service regulation that governed at the time provided in pertinent part
“Processing for punitive discharge and processing for administrative discharge for
misconduct takes precedence over processing for disability. For cases already being
considered at the PEB, once the PEB is formally notified that punitive action has
been initiated, disability case processing is immediately suspended pending the
outcome of the punitive action. . . .” Dep’t of the Navy, Secretary of the Navy Instr.
1850.4E, Department of the Navy Disability Evaluation Manual, encl. 1, para. 1002.b
(Apr. 30, 2002).
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Opinion of the Court
Human Resource Department instructed Appellant to complete his separa-
tion paperwork, which was initialed by Appellant’s intermediate chain of
command, to include his department head and director. However, we con-
clude that these actions were taken contrary to the intent of the commanding
officer, who did not sign Appellant’s separation package and did not other-
wise rescind Appellant’s legal hold. Any doubt on the issue of command
intent is resolved in favor of the Government due to the subsequent actions
taken by the NMCSD legal office to put NPC on notice that Appellant was on
legal hold and to request that his placement on the TDRL be held in abey-
ance pending the results of the disciplinary action being taken against him.
Therefore, it is clear to us that personal jurisdiction over Appellant was not
terminated prior to his special court-martial.
Moreover, the conclusion that Appellant remained on active duty and sub-
ject to the UCMJ is strengthened by the period of time after his special court-
martial through the date of his general court-martial that is the subject of
this appeal. During this time, while still on legal hold, Appellant continued to
perform military duties and to receive military pay. The military judge who
accepted Appellant’s pleas of guilty confirmed these facts with him as part of
the providence inquiry. Thus, we readily find that at all times relevant to the
case before us, Appellant was subject to personal jurisdiction pursuant to
Article 2(a)(1), UCMJ. 17
17In the alternative, we find that at all relevant times with regard to Appellant’s
general court-martial, personal jurisdiction was preserved pursuant to Article 2(c),
UCMJ, which provides:
Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a person serving
with an armed force who—
(1) submitted voluntarily to military authority;
(2) met the mental competence and minimum age qualifications of
sections 504 and 505 of [Title 10 United States Code] at the time of
voluntary submission to military authority;
(3) received pay or allowances; and
(4) performed military duties;
is subject to [the UCMJ] until such person’s active service has been
terminated in accordance with law or regulations promulgated by the
Secretary concerned.
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Opinion of the Court
B. Errors in the Record of Trial
Appellant is entitled to have court-martial records that correctly reflect
the result of this proceeding. 18 Although not raised as AOEs, we noticed three
issues in the record of trial that are worthy of corrective action.
1. The convening authority’s action and results of trial incorrectly state that
DNA collection is required
Both the convening authority’s action and the results of trial state that
collection of Appellant’s DNA is required by Dep’t of Defense Instr. 5505.14,
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Collection Requirements for Criminal Investi-
gations, Law Enforcement, Corrections, and Commanders (Dec. 22, 2015)
(Change 1, Mar. 9, 2017) [DoDI 5505.14]. Appellant was convicted of two
specifications of attempted wrongful appropriation of a value more than $500
and four specifications of wrongful appropriation of a value more than $500.
The maximum punishment for each specification includes confinement for six
months. However, the offense of wrongful appropriation of a value more than
$500 would not constitute a felony under the United States Code because the
maximum punishment for that offense does not permit a sentence of con-
finement for more than one year be imposed. The same analysis applies to
the offense of attempted wrongful appropriation of a value of more than $500.
Consequentially, neither offense is reflected on enclosure (3) to DoDI
5505.14’s list of “UCMJ Offenses Requiring DNA Sample Submission.”
Despite the fact that Appellant was convicted of several of these offenses,
because none of them would constitute a felony under the United States
Code, DoDI 5505.14 does not require Appellant’s DNA to be collected. There-
fore, in our decretal paragraph we will order correction of the convening
authority’s action and results of trial to clarify that DNA collection is not
required.
2. The convening authority’s action does not reflect the modification to the
charge sheet with regard to the offenses of wrongful appropriation and at-
tempted wrongful appropriation
The convening authority’s action reflects that Appellant pleaded guilty
and was found guilty of the offenses of attempted wrongful appropriation and
wrongful appropriation, by exceptions and substitutions as the lesser includ-
ed offenses of attempted larceny and larceny, respectively. This language
tracks with Appellant’s pretrial agreement. However, prior to the entry of
18 United States v. Crumpley, 49 M.J. 538, 539 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 1998).
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Opinion of the Court
Appellant’s guilty pleas, the military judge recommended that a simpler
approach would be for the charge sheet to be amended to reflect the offenses
of attempted wrongful appropriation and wrongful appropriation rather than
doing so by exceptions and substitutions. The parties agreed with the mili-
tary judge’s recommendation and the charge sheet was amended accordingly.
Therefore, in our decretal paragraph we will order correction of the convening
authority’s action to reflect that Appellant entered pleas of guilty to and was
found guilty of offenses of attempted wrongful appropriation and wrongful
appropriation, without utilizing exceptions and substitutions.
3. The convening authority’s action purports to suspend vice disapprove
confinement in excess of six months as required by the pre-trial agreement
Appellant’s pretrial agreement provided, “any confinement in excess of six
months including contingent confinement will be disapproved.” However, as a
result of an apparent scrivener’s error, the convening authority’s action
purports to suspend as opposed to disapprove adjudged confinement in excess
of six months. Accordingly, in our decretal paragraph we will order correction
of the convening authority’s action to ensure that Appellant receives the full
benefit of his agreement.
III. CONCLUSION
After careful consideration of the entire record of trial, and the briefs from
both parties, we have determined the approved findings and sentence are
correct in law and fact and find no error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s
substantial rights occurred. 19 However, we order correction of the convening
authority’s action and results of trial in this case as discussed above to ensure
Appellant receives records that correctly reflect his proceedings.
The findings and sentence as approved by the convening authority are
AFFIRMED. 20
19 UCMJ arts. 59, 66.
20 In affirming the findings and sentence, we note that the only clemency re-
quested by trial defense counsel on behalf of Appellant was commutation of his
sentence to confinement to time served. Because the adjudged sentence included a
bad conduct discharge, this requested relief was not possible by operation of law and,
thus, outside the convening authority’s authority. See Art. 60(c), UCMJ. In a case
where trial defense counsel could have requested clemency that was within the
authority of the convening authority, but instead requested clemency that was not
possible by operation of law, we have remanded for new post-trial processing with
10
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Opinion of the Court
Senior Judge STEPHENS and Judge DEERWESTER concur.
FOR THE COURT:
RODGER A. DREW, JR.
Clerk of Court
conflict-free counsel. See United States v. Marquardt, No. 201600265, 2017 CCA
Lexis 95 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. Feb. 14, 2017) (unpub. op.). However, because Appel-
lant was already an E-1, was past his EAOS, and did not receive any adjudged fines,
the convening authority was without authority to grant any clemency. Therefore,
under the unique circumstances of this case we discern no prejudice and no need to
remand for new post-trial processing.
11