State v. Cortez , 99 N.M. 727 ( 1983 )

OPINION

WALTERS, Chief Judge.

Convicted of two counts of distributing marijuana to a minor, one count of trafficking in cocaine with intent to distribute, and one count of receiving stolen property, defendant appeals and presents five issues which he claims require reversal. He has abandoned four other points raised in his docketing statement. State v. Marquez, 96 N.M. 746, 634 P.2d 1298 (Ct.App.1981). We reverse for a new trial.

The issues briefed by defendant are:

1. Was probable cause demonstrated for two warrants to search the house at 919 Encanto Circle?

2. Was the verdict regarding intent to distribute cocaine supported by substantial evidence?

3. Was the evidence of distribution of marijuana competent and substantial?

4. Was the charge and jury instruction regarding receiving stolen property so defective as to constitute fundamental error?

5. Was the trial court’s refusal to grant a mistrial, upon the State’s key witness’s statement that he heard defendant belonged to the “Mafia,” reversible error?

1. The search warrants.

A juvenile informant told the officer who signed the affidavit for search warrant that defendant lived at 509 (or 504) South Platinum, and that he had seen defendant answer the door at 919 Encanto Circle to admit two of the juvenile’s friends. One of the friends told the informant that he had seen “bags of pills and coke and all kinds of stuff” inside “that other house . . . [t]he one over at that circle.” On the basis of these and other statements of the juvenile, the officer alleged in an affidavit for a warrant to search 919 Encanto Circle for drugs and stolen goods, that the juvenile twice had traded jewelry he had stolen to the defendant for marijuana at the Platinum address, and that defendant “is know[n] to frequent the above described house in this affidavit.” A warrant was issued; during the search at 919 Encanto Circle the affiant saw items which appeared to correspond to the description of various goods reported to have been stolen in other burglaries. He sought and obtained a second warrant to search the Encanto Circle premises for those observed items. Defendant was ultimately charged with receiving stolen property which encompassed all of the jewelry seized in both searches of the Encanto Circle house.

Hearsay may provide evidence to furnish probable cause to believe that sufficient underlying circumstances exist to support affiant’s belief that the items sought to be seized will be found upon search “provided (1) there is a substantial basis for believing the source of the hearsay to be credible, and (2) there is a substantial basis for believing that there is a factual basis for the information furnished.” State v. Snedeker, 99 N.M. 286, 657 P.2d 613 (S.Ct.), (1982), citing N.M. R.Crim.P. 17(f), N.M.S.A.1978 (1980 Repl. Pamph.).

The factual basis for linkage of defendant to the premises at 919 Encanto Circle was the juvenile’s statement that he had once seen the defendant open the door at that address. The juvenile had informed the affiant that defendant lived at another address. Information about the items allegedly to be found within the premises to be searched was provided by double unaccredited hearsay from the juvenile’s friend. The affidavit attached a question-and-answer statement given by the juvenile to the affiant, in which the juvenile admitted committing several burglaries and bringing the stolen items to defendant’s home at the Platinum Street address on two separate occasions.

Snedeker, supra, indicates the reasonableness of a magistrate’s thought process which leads to a belief that stolen goods will be kept in a suspect’s home and, thus, to justify issuance of a warrant (that otherwise meets the probable cause standards) to search the suspect’s residence. The basis for issuance of the first warrant to search the Encanto Circle premises, however, is flawed in at least two respects: the officer had no grounds, according to the statements of his informant, to believe that defendant “frequented” the Encanto Circle address; the affidavit offers absolutely no underlying facts to support the reliability of the information furnished by the informant’s informant, or the credibility of that informant, that drugs or stolen goods would be found at that “other house . . . over at that circle.”

Snedeker, supra, examined the facts recited in an affidavit for search warrant and made two significant observations: that from the facts presented, (1) the magistrate had probable cause to believe that defendant lived in the house to be searched, and (2) the magistrate had probable cause to believe that defendant was in possession of stolen property that would be kept at defendant’s home. The sole nexus between this defendant and the premises searched was an allegation that the affiant knew defendant “who gives the address of 509 south platinum [sic] and is know[n] to frequent” the Encanto Circle house, and the informant’s attached statement relating that he had once seen defendant at that address. Who held knowledge that defendant “frequented” the premises was not disclosed, nor were any other underlying facts stated which would support either the allegation or the source of that information.

“Frequent,” when used as a verb, means “to associate with, be in, or resort to often or habitually.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1976 ed.). The observance of defendant at the Encanto Circle location on one occasion, and the identification by the informant and the affiant of the Platinum premises as defendant’s residence, does not establish probable cause to believe that defendant lived at 919 Encanto Circle, or even that he “frequented” that address.

There was nothing in the affidavit to establish probable cause that there were stolen goods at 919 Encanto Circle. There was nothing in the affidavit to establish probable cause to believe that it was defendant’s home. There was double hearsay only from a reliable informant and from that informant’s informant, to suggest that drugs would be found within the premises. The information contained in the affidavit and its attachments was more tenuous than that produced in State v. Baca, 97 N.M. 379, 640 P.2d 485 (1982). Baca nevertheless held that the failure to detail sufficient underlying circumstances and reliable factual information in the affidavit prevented the magistrate from concluding that the criminal evidence sought would be found at the premises searched. As in Baca, supra, we hold that the search warrant for 919 Encanto Circle was not supported by sufficient information to establish probable cause, and thus the warrant was invalid and the search unlawful. Since the second warrant, issued a week later, was based on observations made during the first unlawful search, it too was improperly issued. See Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971). The penalty for seizing evidence in the course of unlawful searches is suppression of the evidence seized. Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963); see State v. Everitt, 80 N.M. 41, 450 P.2d 927 (Ct.App.1969).

The evidence seized from 919 Encanto Circle should have been suppressed.

2. Evidence of intent to distribute cocaine

Count III alleged that defendant possessed cocaine with intent to distribute it. Cocaine was seized at 919 Encanto Circle. That evidence cannot be introduced at a new trial, thus making it unnecessary for us to decide at this time whether there was or will be sufficient evidence to support defendant’s conviction on that count.

3. Competency of the minor’s testimony

Defendant’s conviction on two counts of distributing marijuana to a minor resulted from the juvenile’s testimony that defendant twice had traded marijuana to him for the stolen goods he had delivered to defendant. This case will be reversed for a new trial; we therefore review defendant’s contention that as a matter of law the minor’s testimony was not competent to prove the charges.

The argument is that (1) the substance traded was smoked by the witness and thus was consumed and unavailable as evidence, •and (2) that the minor “was not established to be qualified” to identify marijuana. Those issues were raised by pretrial motion; the court reserved a ruling to await development of the testimony at trial. After the witness had been fully examined on direct, and extensively cross-examined regarding his receipt of marijuana from defendant in exchange for the jewelry he had stolen, the defense moved for directed verdicts on the marijuana counts. The ground as stated was that the prosecution had not presented a “prima facie case of [the minor’s] knowledge, experience or expertise in being able to identify marijuana .. .. ” The court’s ruling expresses our view that the objection goes to the weight rather than to the admissibility of the witness’s testimony. We quote the record:

THE COURT: Apparently the real issue raised by the Motion that Counts 1 and 2 is whether or not the boy, . . ., who is the only one here to give us any evidence, was able to give us opinions, or not even opinion, simply to state flatly that he got marijuana. Now, that’s all you have in the case.

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That he had smoked marijuana and had had some experience with it.. . . He never expressed any explicit opinion, that he saw the stuff, knew what it was, he tested it and smelled it, tasted it or did anything else other than he went for marijuana and that’s what he got. All conclusionary.

The problem is that in the early days of the law development in all of this so-called esoteric substances that were prohibited. What we generally require is that you establish what the stuff was. Some definite establishing of what it was. Gradually they allowed lay persons with a little bit of experience [to] testify on an opinion basis what it was. But in recent years the stuff has become so common and generally used that today without any explicit testing or without dealing with opinion evidence at all, it is just like money. Anybody can say it was money; anybody could say it was coffee or tobacco and you don’t call them on it. It is not any longer in that realm of esoteric opinion, that requires experts. Now they let anybody testify. ... I think a simple statement, that’s what it was, like saying that the car was red. That’s an opinion, stated in the form statement of facts. He could say that was marijuana or he could have said it was a pack of Camels. Or he could have said it was a red automobile.

The Jury is entitled to listen to it and judge whether or not what they heard he was judging correctly. I agree with you, it is a changing law, but it has changed drastically over the last half dozen years. Six years ago I would have granted your motion but I won’t anymore [sic].

The admissibility of identifying evidence of a controlled substance from a user or addict, and the weight or sufficiency of such testimony, are discussed in two annotations at 75 A.L.R.3rd 717 (1977) and 95 A.L.R.3rd 978 (1979). The jurisdictions which have considered these questions are not uniform. We are satisfied, however, that under the evidence in this case, and the fact that the minor’s identification of the substance was not once challenged on cross-examination, the court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the jury to assess the weight of the minor’s testimony. See N.M. R.Evid. 701, N.M.S.A.1978; State v. Luna, 92 N.M. 680, 594 P.2d 340 (Ct.App.1979).

4. The stolen property conviction.

Defendant complains of a defective indictment and an erroneous instruction given to the jury on the charge of receiving stolen property. Neither complaint was raised by motion or objection in the trial court. In the absence of fundamental error, see State v. Lott, 73 N.M. 280, 387 P.2d 855 (1963), and State v. Hamilton, 89 N.M. 746, 557 P.2d 1095 (1976), we decline to address alleged errors not called to the attention of the trial court. Maldonado v. Haney, 94 N.M. 335, 610 P.2d 222 (Ct.App.1980).

5. Prosecutorial misconduct

This point is raised and argued, but the defendant’s briefs fail to cite a single case in support of the argument.

Defendant contends he was entitled to a mistrial because of an invited prejudicial remark made by the State’s principal witness. The minor witness had testified that he had lied at the preliminary hearing because he “was scared” of being hurt if he “witnessed] against” the defendant. The prosecutor channeled the questions that followed, even after being cautioned by the court to be sure of the answers being elicited, to the point of asking, “[W]hat reasons did you have for feeling afraid when you testified . . .?” The witness responded: “I heard that he was in the Mafia.” Upon motion for mistrial the court denied the motion and gave a curative instruction, noting at the same time its awareness that the instruction only “theoretically” cured the improper answer.

The series of questions asked by the prosecutor related to who visited the witness before he testified at the preliminary hearing, and with whom the visitor had had lunch just before he visited the witness. Those questions sequentially followed the witness’s statement that he had lied because he “was scared.” The prosecutor ultimately obtained the answer which the trial court admonished the jury to disregard.

Normally a trial court’s withdrawal of objectionable evidence from the jury’s consideration has been held to cure its prejudicial effect. State v. McFerran, 80 N.M. 622, 459 P.2d 148 (Ct.App.1969); but see State v. Rowell, 77 N.M. 124, 419 P.2d 966 (1966). When the objectionable evidence appears to have been intentionally solicited, however, toward the end of prejudicing the jury against the defendant, prosecutorial misconduct is examined against the harmless error rule to determine whether a new trial should be allowed. State v. Day, 91 N.M. 570, 577 P.2d 878 (Ct.App.1978).

There were convictions in this case that were not dependent for proof upon the evidence that should have been suppressed. For purposeful misconduct to be considered harmless, there must be such overwhelming evidence of guilt that no reasonable probability exists that the effect of the misconduct contributed to the jury’s verdict. See State v. Gonzales, 93 N.M. 445, 601 P.2d 78 (Ct.App.1979) (effect of improperly admitted evidence). We are unable to conclude that the improperly elicited response from the State’s witness did not influence the jury’s convictions of defendant on the counts unrelated to the suppressed evidence.

Defendant’s convictions are set aside; the evidence taken from 919 Encanto Circle is ordered suppressed; the matter is remanded for a new trial.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

WOOD, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part. LOPEZ, J., concurs.