State v. Donahoo ( 2022 )

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
No. A-1-CA-38456
STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
GWENDOLYN LEE DONAHOO,
Defendant-Appellee.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LINCOLN COUNTY
Daniel A. Bryant, District Judge
Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
Santa Fe, NM
Charles J. Gutierrez, Assistant Attorney General
Albuquerque, NM
for Appellant
Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender
Thomas J. Lewis, Assistant Appellate Defender
Santa Fe, NM
for Appellee
MEMORANDUM OPINION
YOHALEM, Judge.
{1} The State appeals the order of the district court vacating Defendant Gwendolyn
Lee Donahoo’s misdemeanor convictions in the magistrate court, and dismissing her de
novo appeal on speedy trial grounds. The district court concluded that Defendant’s
constitutional right to a speedy trial1 was violated by a twenty-month delay in bringing
her simple case to trial in the district court.
{2} We first reject the State’s invitation to disregard, as dictum, the holding of our
Supreme Court in State v. Cruz, that a defendant who appeals to the district court for a
trial de novo from an inferior court not of record has a constitutional right to a speedy
trial. 2021-NMSC-015, ¶¶ 48-49, 486 P.3d 1. We agree with the State, however, that
Defendant’s right to a speedy trial was not violated in this case. Defendant made no
showing of particularized prejudice, and the remaining factors do not weigh heavily in
Defendant’s favor. We, therefore, reverse and remand for trial.
BACKGROUND
{3} Defendant was convicted in the Lincoln County Magistrate Court of three
misdemeanors: driving while intoxicated, possession of an open container, and failure to
maintain a traffic lane. The three counts arose from an incident that occurred on
January 5, 2017. The magistrate court entered judgment on August 7, 2017, and
Defendant filed her notice of appeal in the district court on that same date. Defendant’s
notice of appeal included a request for a trial setting within six months.
{4} The State promptly fulfilled its initial disclosure obligations and, between August
18, 2017 and February 9, 2018, filed four requests for a trial setting. On April 26, 2018,
the district court set the case for trial on June 27, 2018, well within one year of the filing
of the notice of appeal. At a June 15, 2018 pretrial conference, the State indicated that it
was ready for trial. The June 27th trial date was vacated, however, so that the court
could try a higher priority case. No new trial date was scheduled.
{5} On July 5 and August 20, 2018, the State again filed requests for a trial setting.
On December 20, 2018, three additional public defenders entered their appearance for
Defendant. The entry of appearance included form notices of intent to call witnesses for
the defense, a discovery demand, and a speedy trial demand. Three months later, in
March 2019, the district court set a new trial date for May 8, 2019.
{6} A week before the trial date, on May 1, 2018, Defendant filed a memorandum
arguing that she had a right to a jury trial. At the same time, Defendant filed a motion to
dismiss on speedy trial grounds. Rather than proceeding with trial on May 8, 2019, the
district court scheduled a hearing on Defendant’s motions. At the hearing, Defendant
withdrew her motion for a jury trial and proceeded on her speedy trial motion alone. The
district court granted the motion to dismiss on speedy trial grounds on May 14, 2019.
1“The right of the accused to a speedy trial is guaranteed by both the Sixth Amendment of the United
States Constitution and Article II, Section 14 of the New Mexico Constitution.” State v. Spearman, 2012-
NMSC-023, ¶ 16, 283 P.3d 272.
{7} The State filed a motion to reconsider, renewing its claim that it was Defendant’s
burden to bring the case to trial, rather than the State’s. The district court denied the
State’s motion for reconsideration. The State then timely appealed to this Court.
DISCUSSION
I. This Court Is Bound by Our Supreme Court’s Holding in Cruz
{8} The State argued in its initial brief in this Court that a defendant who files an
appeal to district court from an inferior court not of record seeking a de novo trial has no
right to a speedy trial in the district court. The State claimed that a defendant in an
appeal to the district court should be treated as a convicted appellant who has the
burden to move the appeal forward to trial.
{9} After the State’s initial brief was filed in this Court, our Supreme Court decided
Cruz. 2021-NMSC-015, ¶¶ 48-49. Cruz clarifies that “[a]fter an appeal is properly filed
[from an inferior court not of record to the district court] the defendant retains the right to
a speedy trial and the state retains the burden to bring the case to trial de novo in a
timely manner.” Id. ¶ 49.
{10} In its reply brief in this Court, the State acknowledged the intervening Supreme
Court decision in Cruz and withdrew its argument that the defendant, rather than the
state, is responsible for bringing the case to trial timely. The State continues to argue in
this Court, however, that a defendant who files a de novo appeal in the district court has
no right to a speedy trial under either the United States or the New Mexico Constitution.
The State characterizes the holding of Cruz—that a defendant in a de novo appeal to
the district court has a constitutional right to a speedy trial—as dictum and claims that
this Court is not bound by the Supreme Court’s holding but is “free to give whatever
persuasive value it sees fit to the dict[um] in Cruz that the speedy trial clause applies to
a defendant’s de novo appeal in district court.” We do not agree that our Supreme
Court’s holding in Cruz is dictum. The Court in Cruz was required to determine whether
the district court erred in dismissing the defendant’s appeal based on the defendant’s
failure to timely bring his case to trial. Cruz holds that a defendant had a constitutional
right to a speedy trial, and that, therefore, the state, and not the defendant, was
responsible for bringing the case to trial. Id. ¶¶ 48-49. On this basis, the Court
overturned the dismissal. Because the Court’s conclusion that the defendant had a
constitutional right to a speedy trial was essential to the full resolution of the case, we
are bound by Cruz’s holding. We accordingly proceed to address whether Defendant’s
right to a speedy trial under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and
Article II, Section 14 of the New Mexico Constitution was violated. See Spearman,
2012-NMSC-023, ¶ 16.
II. Standard of Review
{11} We consider the four factors set forth by the United States Supreme Court in
Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972), in our analysis of a speedy trial claim: “(1) the
length of delay in bringing the case to trial, (2) the reasons for the delay, (3) the
defendant’s assertion of the right to a speedy trial, and (4) the prejudice to the
defendant caused by the delay.” State v. Serros, 2016-NMSC-008, ¶ 5, 366 P.3d 1121.
“[W]e give deference to the district court’s factual findings, but we review the weighing
and the balancing of the Barker factors de novo.” Spearman, 2012-NMSC-023, ¶ 19
(alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). “Each of these factors is
weighed either in favor of or against the [s]tate or the defendant, and then balanced to
determine if a defendant’s right to a speedy trial was violated.” Id. ¶ 17. “No single
Barker factor is either a necessary or sufficient condition to the finding of a deprivation
of the right to a speedy trial. Rather, they are related factors and must be considered
together with such other circumstances as may be relevant.” State v. Taylor, 2015-
NMCA-012, ¶ 5, 343 P.3d 199 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, in
applying the Barker factors, we analyze each case in light of its own unique factual
circumstances, deferring to the district court’s findings of fact. Id.III. Speedy Trial Analysis
{12} The first step in our analysis is to determine whether the length of pretrial delay is
“presumptively prejudicial.” State v. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 23, 146 N.M. 499, 212
P.3d 387. When the length of delay is “presumptively prejudicial,” we must proceed to
consider all of the Barker factors. Id. ¶ 21. The district court found, and the State does
not dispute, that this is a case of simple complexity. State v. Plouse, 2003-NMCA-048, ¶
42, 133 N.M. 495, 64 P.3d 522 (noting that we give deference to the district court’s
finding in determining the level of complexity). In Garza, our Supreme Court adopted a
one-year benchmark for determining when a simple case becomes presumptively
prejudicial. See Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 48.
{13} The May 8, 2018 date set for Defendant’s trial to actually go forward was twenty
months and twenty days after the filing of Defendant’s notice of appeal to the district
court, well past the twelve-month benchmark for presumptive prejudice in this simple
case. Because there is presumptive prejudice, we proceed to analyze and weigh the
Barker factors.
A. Length of Delay
{14} We first consider the length of the delay, this time as one of the four Barker
factors. See Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 652 (1992) (noting that, once a
defendant establishes a delay is presumptively prejudicial, “the court must then consider
as one factor among several, the extent to which the delay stretches beyond the bare
minimum needed to trigger judicial examination of the claim”). “A delay that scarcely
crosses the bare minimum needed to trigger judicial examination of the claim is of little
help to a defendant claiming a speedy trial violation. Conversely, an extraordinary
delay . . . weighs heavily in favor of a defendant’s speedy trial claim.” Serros, 2016-
NMSC-008, ¶ 26 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
{15} Our precedent suggests that a delay approaching or exceeding twice the length
of the presumptive period should be weighed heavily against the State. State v. Vigil-
Giron, 2014-NMCA-069, ¶¶ 19, 65, 327 P.3d 1129 (weighing heavily against the state a
delay twice the presumptive period); State v. Marquez, 2001-NMCA-062, ¶ 12, 130 N.M.
651, 29 P.3d 1052 (weighing a delay more than twice the presumptive period heavily
against the state). A delay less than two months short of twice the presumptive period
has been weighed heavily against the state. Taylor, 2015-NMCA-012, ¶ 9.
{16} The more than twenty-month delay in this simple case falls on the edge of the
time period found to weigh heavily against the State. A delay of eight months past the
twelve-month period is not quite twice the time period. We therefore weigh it against the
State.
B. Reasons for Delay
{17} “Closely related to length of delay is the reason the government assigns to justify
the delay,” with “different weights [being] assigned to different reasons for the delay.”
Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 25 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). There are
three types of delay that are attributable to the State: (1) deliberate attempts to delay
the trial to thwart the defense (which weighs heavily against the state); (2) negligent or
administrative delay (which weighs against the state, but not heavily); and (3) delay
justified by a valid reason (which is treated neutrally). Serros, 2016-NMSC-008, ¶ 29.
Delay caused by the court’s heavy docket is counted as administrative delay, and
weighs against the state, but not as heavily as delay caused deliberately or negligently
by the prosecution. Id. ¶ 29; State v. Tortolito, 1997-NMCA-128, ¶ 9, 124 N.M. 368, 950
P.2d 811 (holding that the district court’s backlog and docketing problems should be
weighed against the state). “As the length of delay increases, negligent or administrative
delay weighs more heavily against the [s]tate.” Serros, 2016-NMSC-008, ¶ 29. “Finally,
any delay caused by the defendant generally weighs against the defendant.” State v.
Deans, 2019-NMCA-015, ¶ 10, 435 P.3d 1280.
{18} During the delay from August 7, 2017 (the filing of the appeal) to June 15, 2018
(the pretrial hearing), the State filed four requests for a trial setting. This period of delay
appears to have been caused by a combination of the court’s docket and the turnover
rates in both the district attorney’s and public defender’s offices, which the court found
contributed to the delay. The court’s findings of fact on the causes of the delay are not
challenged, and we therefore accept them. Delay due to the court’s docket and to
turnover rates in the district attorney’s and public defender’s offices are alike treated by
our case law as administrative delays, which weigh against the State, but not heavily.
{19} Defendant’s case was set for trial within the presumptive period, on June 27,
2018, but the trial setting was vacated shortly before the trial to allow the district court to
try a higher priority case. This again is administrative delay, attributable to the State but
not heavily. Serros, 2016-NMSC-008, ¶ 29 (stating that we generally do not weigh
administrative and negligent delay heavily against the state.).
{20} After the first trial date was vacated, the State filed two additional requests for
trial settings, on July 5, 2018 and August 20, 2018. It is not clear from the record why,
when the original June 27, 2018 trial date was vacated by the district court, a new trial
date was not immediately scheduled, or why the court did not respond to the State’s
requests for a setting.
{21} Then, on December 20, 2018, new defense attorneys entered an appearance on
behalf of Defendant and included a speedy trial demand in the entry of appearance. The
district court did not respond to these additional requests from both parties to set trial
until March 27, 2019, which was more than a year and a half since the first request to
set a trial date, and more than nine months since the district court had vacated the
previous trial date. The district court set a new trial date of May 8, 2019.
{22} At the May 8, 2019 hearing on Defendant’s motion to dismiss on speedy trial
grounds, the district court assumed responsibility for the delays, and expressed
frustration at the length of time an oversight by the court had allowed such a simple
case to linger without going to trial. There is no suggestion, however, that the court was
indifferent to its obligation to bring a simple case to trial. Although the district court
blamed itself for the failure to try a first offense driving while intoxicated case in less
than twenty months, we do not agree that this administrative delay, which the court
attributed partly to its own heavy docket and partly to the high turnover in the district
attorney’s office and the public defender’s office, should be weighed heavily against the
State, where there is no evidence of inexcusable indifference by either the prosecution
or the district court. Taylor, 2015-NMCA-012, ¶ 16 (inexcusable indifference by the state
can justify weighing administrative or negligent delay more heavily). We, therefore,
weigh this factor moderately, but not heavily, against the State.
C. Assertion of the Right
{23} In evaluating the third Barker factor, we look to the “frequency and force” of
Defendant’s objections to the delay. Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 32 (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). Even a single assertion by a defendant of the right to a
speedy trial is sufficient for this factor to weigh at least somewhat in the defendant’s
favor. See id. However, to determine how heavily this factor should weigh, we assess
the timing of a defendant’s assertions of the right to a speedy trial, the manner in which
the defendant asserted the right, and the actions taken by the defendant with regard to
the delay. See id. We afford “relatively little weight” to pro forma assertions. See State v.
Urban, 2004-NMSC-007, ¶ 16, 135 N.M. 279, 87 P.3d 1061.
{24} In this case, the district court incorrectly held that Defendant asserted her right to
a speedy trial only once, in her motion to dismiss on May 1, 2019, and accordingly
weighed this factor against Defendant. Our review of the record shows that Defendant
asserted her speedy right three times. The additional two times were in pro forma
assertions: in her notice of appeal to the district court, and in the entry of appearance
filed by her new counsel on December 20, 2018. Accordingly, we weigh Defendant’s
assertion of her speedy trial right slightly in her favor.
D. Prejudice
{25} We turn next to the last Barker factor, prejudice to Defendant caused by the
delay. “The ‘heart’ of the speedy trial right ‘is preventing prejudice to the accused.’”
State v. Lujan, 2015-NMCA-032, ¶ 20, 345 P.3d 1103 (quoting Garza, 2009-NMSC-038,
¶ 12). The right to a speedy trial seeks “to prevent oppressive pretrial
incarceration; . . . minimize anxiety and concern of the accused; . . . and . . . limit the
possibility that the defense will be impaired.” Serros, 2016-NMSC-008, ¶ 84 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted).
{26} Generally, the defendant has the burden to show “particularized prejudice.” Id. ¶
86 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). However, “if the length of delay and
the reasons for the delay weigh heavily in [the] defendant’s favor and [the] defendant
has asserted his right and not acquiesced to the delay, then the defendant need not
show prejudice for a court to conclude that the defendant’s right has been violated.” See
id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also State v. Ochoa, 2017-
NMSC-031, ¶ 55, 406 P.3d 505 (noting that prejudice can be presumed without
affirmative proof in some circumstances).
{27} When analyzing prejudice to the defendant, we focus on the three interests
identified by the United States Supreme Court as protected by the right to a speedy trial:
(1) preventing oppressive pretrial incarceration; (2) minimizing anxiety and concern and
of the accused; and (3) limiting the possibility that the defense will be impaired by the
delay. See Garza, 2009-NMSC-038, ¶ 35. “We examine these interests in light of the
specific facts and circumstances of each case.” Ochoa, 2017-NMSC-031, ¶ 48.
{28} In this case, Defendant was not incarcerated during the pendency of the
proceedings and made no argument or showing that her defense was impaired by the
delay. Instead, Defendant argues that she suffered prejudice through loss of
employment opportunities, stress, and anxiety. To support a claim of prejudice based on
anxiety or stress, a defendant must specifically show that their anxiety, concern, and
disruption of life is greater than or different from the general anxiety and concern that
would likely befall any individual awaiting trial on criminal charges. See State v. Prieto-
Lozoya, 2021-NMCA-019, ¶ 48, 488 P.3d 715. Although alleging stress and anxiety,
Defendant made no showing that her anxiety or stress exceeded that which would
ordinarily be expected in any criminal prosecution, regardless of the length of time it
continued. The district court therefore properly found that there was no evidence of
prejudice based on undue anxiety or stress.
{29} Specific evidence of lost employment and lack of employment opportunity can be
sufficient to show the kind of particularized and undue prejudice that satisfies this fourth
factor of the Barker analysis. See, e.g., State v. Vigil-Giron, 2014-NMCA-069, ¶¶ 51-56
(holding that the defendant’s testimony that she submitted over 150 job applications, to
no avail, during the pendency of her trial, was sufficient to establish “forms of prejudice
that the speedy trial right is intended to curtail”); see also Spearman, 2012-NMSC-023,
¶ 38 (holding that evidence of the loss of three jobs during the pendency of the case
and inability to work in one’s licensed profession are together sufficient to establish the
kind of particularized prejudice that the speedy trial right is intended to curtail).
{30} In this case, Defendant failed to present evidence that she had actually lost or
been denied employment due to the prolonged pendency of the charges against her.
The district court found that Defendant, through counsel, proffered that “she lost the
possibility of employment and certification as a [l]icensed [a]lcohol and [d]rug [a]ddiction
[c]ounselor while this matter has been pending,” as well as “the possibility of
employment as a financial advisor.” Defendant’s proffer included no evidence that
Defendant was actually qualified for employment as a financial advisor or a drug
counselor, or that she had applied for a position and been turned down due to the
pendency of the charges against her. Even assuming (without deciding) that evidence
of prejudice could properly be introduced through a proffer, rather than testimony,
exhibits or an affidavit, the proffer establishes only the loss of a mere “possibility” of a
job in a particular field. Such speculation is not sufficient to establish the particularized
prejudice that the speedy trial right is intended to limit. See Jackson v. Ray, 390 F.3d
1254, 1264 (10th Cir. 2004) (stating that “[t]he burden of showing all types of prejudice
lies with the individual claiming the violation and the mere possibility of prejudice is not
sufficient” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); accord Ochoa, 2017-NMSC-
031, ¶ 53. We therefore do not agree with the district court’s conclusion that any
prejudice established by Defendant was the particularized, undue prejudice required by
the Barker analysis. We accordingly decline to weigh factor four against the State.
E. Balancing the Barker Factors
{31} We weigh the Barker factors as follows: factor one weighs moderately to heavily
against the State. Factor two weighs moderately against the State. Factor three weighs
only slightly in Defendant’s favor and against the State. Factor four does not weigh
against the State. These factors, weighed together, are not sufficient to establish that
Defendant’s right to a speedy trial was violated. Where a defendant fails to establish
particularized prejudice, as is the case here, the speedy trial factors will support
dismissal only where the first two factors weigh heavily against the state and the
defendant has not acquiesced in the delay. Although Defendant has not acquiesced in
the delay, the first two factors here do not weigh heavily against the State under our
speedy trial analysis, we therefore reverse the district court’s dismissal on speedy trial
grounds and remand for trial.
CONCLUSION
{32} We accordingly reverse and remand to the district court for proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
{33} IT IS SO ORDERED.
JANE B. YOHALEM, Judge
WE CONCUR:
KRISTINA BOGARDUS, Judge
MEGAN P. DUFFY, Judge