Adam Nail v. Lens.com, Inc. ( 2024 )

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 3 Case No.: 2:24-cv-01149-JAD-EJY Adam Nail, 4 Plaintiff Order Granting Defendant’s Motion to 5 v. Dismiss in Part with Leave to Amend 6 Lens.com, et al., [ECF No. 46] 7 Defendants 8 9 Plaintiff Adam Nail sues Lens.com and ten “Doe” defendants on behalf of a putative 10 class, alleging that Lens.com deliberately conceals extra fees added to purchases made on its 11 website, violating the California Consumers Legal Remedies Act, California’s False Advertising 12 Law, and California’s Unfair Competition Law. Lens.com moves to dismiss under Federal Rule 13 of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), arguing that Nail’s claims are barred by a choice-of-law provision in 14 the Lens.com website’s terms of use, that Nail’s requests for equitable relief are inadequately 15 pled, and that Nail lacks Article III standing for injunctive relief. Because I find that Nail hasn’t 16 pled facts to support any of his equitable relief requests, I grant Lens.com’s motion to dismiss his 17 requests for injunctive relief, restitution, and disgorgement with leave to amend, but I deny the 18 motion in all other respects. 19 20 21 22 23 1 Background1 2 Nail purchased contact lenses from the Lens.com website twice: once in January 2021 3 and again in November 2022.2 He alleges that Lens.com surreptitiously adds an extra charge to 4 purchases made on its website.3 According to Nail, Lens.com deliberately hides this additional 5 fee to make the actual cost of a purchase 50–80% higher than the advertised price.4 6 A consumer who clicks on a Lens.com advertisement (on Google or another search 7 engine) will see the advertised price displayed on the Lens.com website as he views the product 8 page, enters information about his prescription, and checks his “shopping cart.”5 But a “taxes & 9 fees” charge then appears on the shipping-information page, beneath a “continue” button.6 Nail 10 asserts that this added charge is entirely a “processing fee,” but a consumer can only learn that by 11 requesting a “Full Receipt” from a Lens.com customer representative.7 Nail doesn’t specify 12 whether he was aware of the fee before completing his purchases, though he alleges that he and 13 other similarly situated Lens.com customers have been “misled and unfairly induced to pay 14 hidden fees” by this “bait and switch scheme.”8 15 So Nail filed this suit against Lens.com on behalf of himself and a putative class of 16 consumers, alleging violations of the California Consumers Legal Remedies Act (CLRA), 17 18 1 This is merely a summary of facts alleged in Nail’s complaint, ECF No. 1-1, and should not be construed as findings of fact. 19 2 ECF No. 1-1 at 22. 20 3 Id. at 3. 21 4 Id. at 2. 5 Id. at 5–6, ¶¶ 15–19. 22 6 Id. at 8, ¶ 22 (cleaned up). 23 7 Id. at 9–10, ¶ 24. 8 Id. at 14, ¶ 47. 1 California’s False Advertising Law (FAL), and California’s Unfair Competition Law (UCL) in 2 California state court.9 Lens.com removed the matter to the Central District of California and 3 then successfully moved to transfer it to this court.10 Lens.com now moves to dismiss Nail’s 4 complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (FRCP) 12(b)(6), arguing that he fails to state a 5 plausible claim because his California-law-based claims violate the choice-of-law provision in 6 Lens.com’s terms of use. It offers additional arguments for dismissal of Nail’s requests for 7 equitable relief, asserting that they are inadequately pled and that Nail lacks Article III standing 8 to seek injunctive relief.11 9 Discussion 10 Federal pleading standards require a complaint to include enough factual detail to “state a 11 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”12 The plaintiff must make direct or inferential factual 12 allegations about “all the material elements necessary to sustain recovery under some viable legal 13 theory,” and a complaint that fails to meet this standard must be dismissed.13 When evaluating a 14 Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the court must accept as true all well-pled allegations in the 15 complaint, recognizing that legal conclusions are not entitled to the assumption of truth.14 16 17 18 19 20 9 Id. at 2. 21 10 ECF No. 1; ECF No. 34. 11 ECF No. 46 at 22–24. 22 12 Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). 23 13 Id. 14 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678–79 (2009). 1 A. The choice-of-law provision in Lens.com’s terms of use doesn’t apply to Nail’s 2 claims. 3 Lens.com argues that Nail has failed to state a plausible claim under Rule 12(b)(6) 4 because his claims, which are based in California law, are barred by the choice-of-law provision 5 in the Lens.com website’s terms of use.15 That choice-of-law provision consists of a single 6 sentence that reads: “These Terms and Conditions of Use shall be governed by and construed in 7 accordance with the laws of the State of Nevada.”16 Nail responds that this provision, by its own 8 plain language, narrowly applies to the terms of use themselves and does not bar these statutory 9 claims.17 10 1. The Lens.com choice-of-law provision does not bar Nail’s California 11 claims. 12 Lens.com relies on Tuxedo International Inc. v. Rosenberg to support his argument that 13 the choice-of-law provision bars Nail’s claims.18 In Tuxedo, the Nevada Supreme Court 14 established a three-step framework to determine whether tort-law claims fall within the scope of 15 a forum-selection and choice-of-law clause in the parties’ related contract.19 Lens.com applies 16 the Tuxedo framework to the choice-of-law provision in its terms of use, concluding that Nail’s 17 claims fall within the scope of the provision at each step.20 Nail responds that Tuxedo is 18 19 20 15 ECF No. 46 at 6. 21 16 ECF No. 46-3 at 14–15. 17 ECF No. 47 at 2. 22 18 ECF No. 46 at 9–20. 23 19 Tuxedo Int’l Inc. v. Rosenberg, 251 P.3d 690, 699–700 (Nev. 2011). 20 ECF No. 46 at 10. 1 inapplicable because his claims are entirely based in California consumer-protection law and 2 thus not “arguably related” to the Lens.com terms of use.21 3 Under Tuxedo, the court must first evaluate whether the parties intended for tort claims to 4 be governed by a choice-of-law clause in a related contract between them.22 This evaluation 5 “must involve a careful and thorough study of the clause itself.”23 If the clause itself doesn’t 6 yield a clear answer, then the court must consider whether the tort claims relate “to the 7 interpretation of the contract.”24 If the issue is still unresolved, the final inquiry is whether the 8 tort claims “involve the same operative facts as a parallel breach-of-contract claim.”25 But the 9 court should only proceed beyond the first step if the intent of the parties is ambiguous.26 10 Due to the simplicity of the Lens.com choice-of-law clause, the Tuxedo analysis here 11 begins and ends at step one. The plain meaning of this provision in the Lens.com website’s 12 terms of use, which states that the “Terms and Conditions of Use shall be governed by” Nevada 13 law,27 is that the terms of use themselves are governed by Nevada law. Lens.com points to broad 14 liability-limiting language elsewhere in the terms of use,28 but the choice-of-law provision is 15 self-contained and unambiguous. It does not reasonably indicate that tort claims arising from an 16 interaction with the Lens.com website must be brought under Nevada law. So I cannot conclude 17 that the choice-of-law provision bars Nail’s California claims here. 18 21 ECF No. 47 at 9. 19 22 Tuxedo Int’l Inc., 251 P.3d at 699. 20 23 Id. 21 24 Id. 25 Id. 22 26 Id. 23 27 ECF No. 46-3 at 14–15. 28 ECF No. 46 at 11–12. 1 2. The California Supreme Court’s opinion in Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Superior 2 Court is too distinguishable to follow here. 3 Lens.com also invokes Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Superior Court,29 in which the Supreme 4 Court of California found that the language in a choice-of-law clause providing that it “governs 5 the agreement” between the parties meant that the clause applied to all claims arising from or 6 related to that contract.30 Because the Lens.com terms of use employ similar “governed by” 7 language, Lens.com argues that Nedlloyd’s rationale should persuade this court to apply its 8 choice-of-law provision to “all causes of action arising from or relating to the [Lens.com] 9 website’s terms of use.”31 Nail responds that Nedlloyd is inapplicable because it involves claims 10 that clearly arose from the contract containing the choice-of-law clause, while his claims do not 11 arise from the Lens.com terms of use.32 12 The language of the two choice-of-law provisions is similar—the Nedlloyd provision 13 states that “[t]his agreement shall be governed and construed in accordance with Hong Kong 14 law,” and the Lens.com provision declares that the terms of use “shall be governed and construed 15 in accordance” with Nevada law. But the contracts in which they are contained play materially 16 different roles in the claims. In Nedlloyd, the choice-of-law clause was included in a “fully 17 negotiated”33 shareholders’ agreement between “two sophisticated, commercial entities.”34 The 18 plaintiff sued the defendant for breach of the “express and implied obligations of the 19 20 29 Id. at 13. 21 30 Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v. Superior Court, 834 P.2d 115 (Cal. 1992) (cleaned up). 31 ECF No. 46 at 13. 22 32 ECF No. 47 at 12. 23 33 Nedlloyd Lines B.V., 834 P.2d at 1155. 34 Id. at 1150. 1 shareholders’ agreement,” including claims for breach of contract and breach of the implied 2 covenant of good faith and fair dealing. 35 But Nail pleads only statutory tort claims. His 3 complaint never references the Lens.com terms of use nor invokes any contractual relationship 4 between the parties.36 So while the Nedlloyd claims unambiguously arose from the contract 5 containing the choice-of-law clause; the same cannot be said of Nail’s consumer-protection suit. 6 So I find that Nedlloyd is materially distinguishable and decline to apply its ruling or rationale 7 here. 8 B. Nail’s claims do not fail the reasonable-consumer test. 9 Claims brought under the CLRA, UCL, and FAL are governed by the reasonable- 10 consumer test.37 Essentially, plaintiffs suing under these California statutes must show that 11 “members of the public are likely to be deceived” by the advertisement at issue.38 Under the 12 reasonable-consumer test, advertising is considered misleading if “a significant portion of the 13 general consuming public or of targeted consumers, acting reasonably in the circumstances, 14 could be misled.”39 Advertisements must be evaluated “from the vantage of a reasonable 15 consumer,”40 and the “touchstone” of the test is whether the advertisement at issue has a 16 “meaningful capacity to deceive customers.”41 17 18 19 35 Id. 36 See ECF No. 1-1. 20 37 Williams v. Gerber Prod. Co., 552 F.3d 934, 938 (9th Cir. 2008) 21 38 Id. (quoting Freeman v. Time, Inc., 68 F.3d 285, 289 (9th Cir. 1995)). 22 39 Ebner v. Fresh, Inc., 838 F.3d 958, 965 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Lavie v. Procter & Gamble Co., 129 Cal. Rptr. 2d 486, 495 (Cal. App. 2003)). 23 40 Williams, 552 F.3d at 938 (quoting Lavie, 129 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 494). 41 McGinity v. Procter & Gamble Co., 69 F.4th 1093, 1097 (9th Cir. 2023). 1 The parties agree that Nail’s claims are all governed by the reasonable-consumer test but 2 disagree whether they meet the requirements of that test.42 Lens.com contends that Nail’s claims 3 fail the reasonable-consumer test because the processing fee is disclosed before checkout and a 4 reasonable consumer would notice a change in the total price before completing a purchase.43 5 Nail responds that the vague disclosure of “taxes & fees” in the fifth step of the order process 6 isn’t enough to put a reasonable Lens.com customer on notice of the processing fee.44 7 The Eastern District of California’s decision in Watson v. Crumbl LLC45 is persuasive 8 and helps illustrate the proper application of the reasonable-consumer test to Nail’s complaint. 9 The Watson plaintiffs sued gourmet-cookie retailer Crumbl for adding a service fee to purchases, 10 alleging violations of the CLRA, FAL, and UCL, among other claims.46 Crumbl app users could 11 only discover the service fee by clicking on a “?” icon next to the “Taxes & Fees” line on the 12 payment screen.47 The district court held that the fee had not been clearly disclosed and that a 13 reasonable consumer could be misled by the “Taxes & Fees” line item.48 It also noted that courts 14 rarely dispose of claims based on the reasonable-consumer test at the motion-to-dismiss stage.49 15 Nail has pled sufficient facts to survive a reasonable-consumer test dismissal at this 16 nascent stage in this litigation. He has alleged that Lens.com, like Crumbl, displays the added 17 18 42 ECF No. 46 at 21; ECF No. 47 at 17. 19 43 ECF No. 46 at 26. 20 44 ECF No. 47 at 18–21 (cleaned up). 21 45 Watson v. Crumbl LLC, 2024 WL 3010880 (E.D. Cal. June 10, 2024). 46 Id. at *2. 22 47 Id. at *1. 23 48 Id. at *6–7. 49 Id. at *6. 1 fee just once during the checkout process and labels that charge as “taxes & fees.”50 He explains 2 that consumers can learn that these taxes and fees are a “processing fee” only by requesting a 3 “Full Receipt” from a Lens.com customer representative.51 So I also deny Lens.com’s motion to 4 dismiss based on the reasonable-consumer test. 5 C. Nail hasn’t pled facts to support his requests for equitable relief. 6 1. Nail hasn’t shown that he is at risk of future injury, so he hasn’t established 7 Article III standing for injunctive relief. 8 Lens.com moves to dismiss Nail’s requests for injunctive relief, arguing that he hasn’t 9 shown any risk of future harm to warrant such relief.52 “Unless the named plaintiffs are 10 themselves entitled to seek injunctive relief, they may not represent a class seeking that relief.”53 11 So a plaintiff must separately establish standing for each form of relief that he seeks,54 and “[t]o 12 seek injunctive relief, a plaintiff must show that he is under threat of suffering ‘injury in fact’ 13 that is concrete and particularized; the threat must be actual and imminent, not conjectural or 14 hypothetical; it must be fairly traceable to the challenged action of the defendant; and it must be 15 likely that a favorable judicial decision will prevent or redress the injury.”55 Past harm alone is 16 insufficient to meet Article III standing requirements for injunctive relief, though it can be 17 evidence of a threat of future injury.56 18 19 50 ECF No. 1-1 at 2 (cleaned up). 20 51 Id. at 9–10, ¶ 24. 21 52 ECF No. 46 at 23–24. 53 Hodgers-Durgin v. de la Vina, 199 F.3d 1037, 1045 (9th Cir. 1999). 22 54 Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Env’t Serv. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 185 (2000). 23 55 Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 493 (2009). 56 O’Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 488, 495–96 (1974). 1 The Ninth Circuit’s decision in Davidson v. Kimberly-Clark Corp. illustrates when a 2 consumer-fraud plaintiff may have standing to seek injunctive relief.57 In that case, a consumer 3 bought wipes labeled as flushable but later learned that they were not actually suitable for 4 flushing down toilets.58 The Davidson court held that “a previously deceived consumer may 5 have standing to seek an injunction against false advertising or labeling, even though the 6 consumer now knows or suspects that the advertising was false at the time of the original 7 purchase.”59 Even though the consumer had not purchased the wipes again,60 the Ninth Circuit 8 reasoned that her “inability to rely on the validity of the information advertised” by the defendant 9 satisfied the injury requirement of Article III standing.61 10 Unlike the Davidson consumer, Nail hasn’t plausibly alleged future harm. In fact, his 11 complaint says nothing about any risk of any future injury.62 Nail’s past harm isn’t enough to 12 establish Article III standing to seek injunctive relief, so I dismiss his request for injunctive relief 13 with leave to amend it if he can plausibly allege true facts showing a risk of future harm. 14 2. Nail’s request for restitution is dismissed because he hasn’t shown that he lacks 15 an adequate legal remedy. 16 In his prayer for relief, Nail seeks restitution in addition to damages and any other “just 17 and proper” relief.63 Lens.com asserts that Nail’s request for restitution must be dismissed 18 19 57 Davidson v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 889 F.3d 956 (9th Cir. 2018). 20 58 Id. at 962. 21 59 Id. at 969. 60 Id. 22 61 Id. at 971. 23 62 See ECF No. 1-1. 63 Id. at 18. 1 because his complaint doesn’t allege that legal remedies could not make him whole, citing the 2 Ninth Circuit case Sonner v. Premier Nutrition Corporation.64 Nail retorts that Sonner doesn’t 3 preclude him from requesting restitution as alternative relief as permitted by FRCP 8.65 4 The Sonner court held that a federal plaintiff must “establish that she lacks an adequate 5 remedy at law before securing equitable restitution for past harm under the UCL and CLRA.”66 6 In Sonner, the Ninth Circuit considered an appeal by the named plaintiff of a putative class 7 action concerning a dietary supplement beverage memorably named “Joint Juice.”67 A district 8 court dismissed the suit because it sought only equitable relief without establishing that legal 9 remedies were inadequate.68 The Ninth Circuit affirmed the lower court’s ruling, finding that 10 plaintiffs suing under the UCL and CLRA must establish that they lack adequate remedies at law 11 before receiving equitable restitution for past harm.69 12 But FRCP 8(d)(2) allows plaintiffs to “set out 2 or more statements of a claim or defense 13 alternatively or hypothetically.”70 While there is no binding precedent delineating the 14 relationship between that rule and Sonner, another judge in this district persuasively addressed 15 the issue in Smallman v. MGM Resorts International.71 In Smallman, consumers affected by a 16 data breach of MGM Resorts International’s network filed a class action complaint asserting, 17 18 64 ECF No. 46 at 22–23. 19 65 ECF No. 47 at 22. 20 66 Sonner v. Premier Nutrition Corp., 971 F.3d 834, 841 (9th Cir. 2020). 21 67 Id. at 837. 68 Id. at 838. 22 69 Id. at 844. 23 70 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(2). 71 Smallman v. MGM Resorts Int’l, 638 F. Supp. 3d 1175 (D. Nev. 2022). 1 among a myriad of other claims, violation of the UCL and the CLRA.72 MGM moved to dismiss 2 the plaintiffs’ request for equitable relief, arguing that it was barred because adequate legal 3 remedies were available. The plaintiffs argued that they could seek equitable relief in the 4 alternative under FRCP (8)(d)(2). The Smallman court concluded that FRCP 8(d)(2) doesn’t 5 eliminate the Sonner requirement that plaintiffs suing for equitable relief under the UCL and 6 CLRA must show that they lack legal remedies.73 So despite their general ability to plead in the 7 alternative, plaintiffs must nevertheless “allege that there is no adequate remedy at law for their 8 [equitable remedy requests] to proceed.”74 9 I agree with the Smallman court’s reasoning that FRCP 8(d)(2) doesn’t invalidate the 10 Sonner requirement. And Nail has not alleged that legal damages would be inadequate.75 In 11 fact, he’s seeking damages in addition to restitution.76 Nail’s restitution request thus runs afoul 12 of Sonner, so I dismiss his restitution request with leave to amend if he can establish that legal 13 remedies would be inadequate. 14 3. Lens.com’s unopposed argument to strike Nail’s request for disgorgement is 15 granted. 16 As its final challenge, Lens.com notes Nail’s “vague references to disgorgement” in the 17 complaint and insists that any equitable claim for disgorgement and any related unjust- 18 enrichment claims under the UCL must be dismissed.77 Nail does not respond to this 19 20 72 Id. at 1186. 21 73 Id. at 1197. 74 Id. at 1197–98. 22 75 See ECF No. 1-1. 23 76 Id. at 17–18. 77 ECF No. 46 at 24. 1 argument.78 Nail doesn’t include disgorgement in his prayer for relief,79 but he does allege that 2 he is entitled to disgorgement under two of his causes of action.80 This court’s Local Rule 7-2(d) 3 provides that “[t]he failure of an opposing party to file points and authorities in response to any 4 motion, except a motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 or a motion for attorney’s fees, constitutes a 5 consent to the granting of the motion.”81 I apply this rule, deem the plaintiff’s failure to respond 6 to Lens.com’s argument as consent to granting it, and dismiss Nail’s disgorgement requests. 7 4. The court grants Nail limited leave to amend his complaint. 8 FRCP 15(a) advises that “leave [to amend] shall be freely given when justice so 9 requires.”82 District courts consider the following factors to determine if leave to amend should 10 be granted: (1) bad faith, (2) undue delay, (3) prejudice to the opposing party, (4) whether the 11 plaintiff has previously amended the complaint, and (5) futility of amendment.83 But 12 absent “apparent or declared” futility, a factually supported showing of prejudice, or a heavy 13 influence of the other factors, there is a strong presumption in favor of permitting amendment.84 14 I do not find those circumstances here, so I grant Nail leave to amend his complaint to 15 supplement the facts supporting his requests for equitable relief as explained supra. 16 17 18 19 78 See ECF No. 47. 20 79 ECF No. 1-1 at 17–18. 21 80 Id. at 16, ¶ 58; id. at 17, ¶ 66. 81 Local Rule 7-2(d). 22 82 Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). 23 83 Johnson v. Buckley, 356 F.3d 1067, 1077 (9th Cir. 2004). 84 Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). Conclusion 2 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Lens.com’s motion to dismiss [ECF No. 46] is 3] GRANTED IN PART. Nail’s requests for injunctive relief, restitution, and disgorgement are dismissed with leave to amend by October 31, 2024. 5 PDR US. District Jutge JenniterA. Dorsey 7 October 11, 2024 8 9 10 1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 14