Youngs v. . Youngs , 1871 N.Y. LEXIS 132 ( 1871 )

Section 5, 2 R.S., 57, provides that every will that shall be made by a testator, in express terms, of all his real estate or in any other terms denoting his intent to devise all his real property, shall be construed to pass all the real estate which he was entitled to devise at the time of his death. This changes the common law rule, that a will operates only upon real estate owned by the testator at the time of making the same, the title to which he retained to the time of his decease, and substitutes therefor a more reasonable rule, that when it appears from the will that it was the intention of the testator to dispose of all the real estate owned by him at the time of his death, his will should be effectual for that purpose. The residuary clause expressly disposes of all the testator's real estate not before specifically disposed of. This brings the case within the statute rule. Again, in ascertaining the intention of the testator, the introductory clause of the will may be considered. (Earl v.Grim, 1 Johns. Chan., 494.) In this case, the testator in that clause, after referring to the uncertainty of human life, says: "And desirous of making a suitable disposition of such worldly property, and estate as I shall leave behind me, have thought proper to make," c., his last will and testament. This clearly indicates the intention of the testator to make the will speak at the time of his death and to dispose thereby of such property as he might at that time own, whether real or personal. Upon either ground, the disposition of such real estate as he acquired after making the will is devised thereby by virtue of the statute, the same as that owned by him at the time. Lynes v. Townsend (33, N Y, 558) is not in conflict with this position. The only point determined in that case was, that an expression in the clause appointing executors, that he appointed them for the full and final settlement of his estate, whether real or personal, did not indicate an intention that the will should operate upon after-acquired real estate. The testator devised to John Young, an estate for his life in certain specified real estate, and from and after his death, he gave the same in fee to his children. He gave a like estate to Gideon Young, and gave the same in fee after his death to his children. Both John and Gideon died in the lifetime of the testator, leaving no surviving issue. The question is, whether the heirs of the testator take this land on the ground that it was not disposed of by the will, or whether the devises take the same under the residuary clause of the will. This must be determined by the intention of the testator, manifested by the will. The position of the counsel of the appellant, that the heirs take all the real estate of the testator that he has not devised to others, is correct. This results from the law declaring them entitled thereto, in default of such disposition. The residuary clause is as follows: "All the rest, residue and remainder of my property and estate, real and personal, whatsoever and wheresoever situate and not herein and hereby specifically devised or bequeathed, I give, devise and bequeath" to the persons named therein. The counsel for the appellant insist that the lands devised to John and Gideon are not embraced in this clause, for the reason that the testator must have presumed that he had already disposed of the fee therein. To sustain this position the counsel cite James v.James (4 Paige 115); Van Kleeck v. The Dutch Church (6 Paige 600); same case (20 Wend., 458); Greene v. Dennis (6 Conn., 292). The point determined in James v. James gives no support to the counsel's position. That point was, that when a testator devised to his wife a house and lot in lieu of dower, and she declined so to accept it, but took her dower in the real estate of the testator, the house and lot passed to the devisees under the residuary clause, and did not descend to the heirs of the testator. What was said in regard to a specific devise of real estate, which from any cause did not take effect, was obiter. In Van Kleeck v. The Dutch Church, it was held that land devised to a corporation, which did not take effect, from want of capacity to take, did not pass under the residuary clause, but descended to the heirs. The decree in this case was affirmed upon appeal by the Court for the Correction of Errors. (20 Wend., 458.) The ground upon which the case was decided was that it appeared from the will, that the testator presumed that he had, by the will, disposed of the entire fee, leaving nothing remaining for further disposition, and therefore could not have intended to dispose of any interest in such land by the residuary clause. The opinions show that if the disposition made, had been upon a contingency that might have left an interest undisposed of, such contingent interest would have passed under the residuary clause. The case of Greene v. Dennis was analogous to Van Kleeck v. The Dutch Church, and was decided upon the same ground. These cases, if correctly decided, do not determine the present. Here there was a remainder in the lands given to John and Gideon, contingent upon the death of either, leaving no surviving descendants, and this remainder was not disposed of by the will unless under the residuary clause. The residuary clause gives all the real estate not otherwise disposed of, and thus brings this contingent remainder directly within the language of that clause. The presumption is, that the testator understood this, and intended what the language used by him plainly imports. This conclusion is fully sustained by authority. (Bowers v.Smith, 10 Paige, 193; Redfield on Wills, part 2d 444; 1 Jarmin on Wills 590, 591; Doe v. Weatherby, 11 East, 322; Wheeler v. Walroone, Aleyn R., 285.)

The remaining question is, whether, by the will, the personal estate is discharged from the payment of the debts in favor of the legatees, unless the real estate charged with such payment shall prove insufficient for that purpose. By the will the testator gives his personal estate to legatees named therein, and charges the payment of his debts upon certain specified real estate, and, if that shall prove insufficient, charges his other real estate with such payment; thus manifesting his intention to make his real estate the primary fund for the payment, and to exonerate the personal estate in favor of the legatees thereof. The law will carry this intention into effect, as between the legatees of the personal and the devisees of the real estate. (Williams on Executors, 1542, and cases cited.)

The judgment appealed from must be affirmed.

All concurring,

Judgment affirmed.