People v. Wicks , 42 N.Y.S. 630 ( 1896 )

HARDIN, P. J.

In behalf of the appellant it is contended that the indictment on its face shows that the crime charged was not committed within the county of Ontario, and therefore that the .grand jury had no legal authority to inquire into the crime, because it is claimed the crime, if committed at all, was within the county of" Monroe. However, an inspection of the indictment reveals the language thereof, which alleges that at the town of Manchester a conspiracy and confederation was formed tp cheat Frances E. Stewart of her property, and that the accused did “then and there feloniously, fraudulently, and falsely pretend and represent to the said Frances E. Stewart that the said A. P. Wicks was acting for said Frances E. Stewart as real-estate broker and commission agent in the selling of her said property.” From the evidence it is very apparent that the representations made in a negotiation had between the complainant and the appellant took place in the town of Manchester, Ontario county. Undoubtedly, an indictment must show that the court in which it is found has jurisdiction of the offense. People v. Horton, 62 Hun, 610, 17 N. Y. Supp. 1. If we consider the crime as it is alleged in the indictment, or as it is disclosed by the evidence in the case, we.are warranted in saying that it was committed partly in the county of Ontario and partly in the comity of Monroe; and the case, therefore, falls within the provisions of section 134 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. That section provides that, if the crime “or the acts or effects thereof * * * occur in two or more counties, the jurisdiction is in either county.” We think, within the cases that have been decided under that section, it was properly held that the objection to the jurisdiction was not well taken. People v. Crotty, 9 N. Y. Supp. 937; People v. Dimick, 107 N. Y. 15, 14 N. E. 178. The validity of such statute seems to be approved by the principle laid down in Mack v. People, 82 N. Y. 235.

2. It is contended by the appellant that the indictment charges separate crimes,—First, a conspiracy; and, second, grand larceny. We cannot assent to such contention. The indictment undoubtedly •contains more allegations than were necessary to present a question of grand larceny. However, the allegations in respect to conspiracy, though perhaps not necessary, tended to apprise the defendant more fully of the proofs that he might be required to meet on traverse of the indictment.

In People v. Everest, 51 Hun, 26, 3 N. Y. Supp. 615, it was said:

“It Is not necessary for the people to prove all the allegations in the indictment, if those which are supported by the evidence constitute the crime charged therein."

In Bork v. People, 91 N. Y. 13, it was said:

“It was not necessary to prove that the defendant did all the specific acts charged in the indictment to justify a conviction. It was sufficient to prove that he did any one of the acts constituting the offense. Where an offense may be committed by doing any one of several things, the indictment may, in •a single count, group them together, and charge the defendant to have committed them all, and a conviction may be had on proof of the commission of any one of the things, without proof of the commission of the others,’’—citing People v. Davis, 50 N. Y. 95.

The evidence reveals to us that some of the false representations were made, and some of the steps leading up to the full consummation of the crime were taken, in Ontario county, and it is quite manifest that, had not such representations and steps been taken in rhe town of Manchester, the crime, as finally consummated, would not have been committed. The initiation of the scheme, as shown by the evidence to have been in Ontario county, was by means of representations which moved the complainant to the execution of the deed and to the obtaining of the search, and secured her confidence, which led her to cause to be executed her deed, and to intrust the same to her husband, as her agent, to consummate the agreement which had been brought into existence by means of such false and fraudulent representations. The evidence very clearly indicates that the appellant, in effect, assured Mrs. Stewart that he was in good faith acting as a broker and aid in procuring a purchaser for her of her property, and that in furtherance of that assurance he introduced to her Frank J. Stinson, and gave her to understand that Stinson in good faith desired to buy her property, and move to Shortsville. The evidence also warranted the jury in finding that such representations were not true, and that Stinson was not a prospective purchaser, and that he was taken to Mrs. Stewart by the defendant under a fictitious name, and that the relations existing between Wicks, the appellant, and Stinson were not as represented at the time the interview took place with Mrs. Stewart. Subsequent representations were made by the appellant and Stinson to the husband of the complainant in the city of Rochester, which, upon the evidence, the jury were warranted in finding were false and delusive. The mortgage which was offered as a substitute for the $1,900 in cash seems to have been made with the connivance of the appellant and Peckens, for the purpose of being used to turn over to the complainant. It was made in the name of Prank J. Stinson, whose real name was Prank Johnson, and the evidence warranted the jury in finding that the mortgage was the property of Wicks and Peckens; and also in finding that Wicks, the appellant, instead of acting for the complainant, was himself an interested party to consummate the scheme of substituting the mortgage for the $1,900 cash that has been promised to the complainant. We think the allegations of the indictment were sufficiently clear and explicit to charge the crime of grand larceny in the first degree, and that the same was committed by the aid of false pretenses and fraudulent representations, and that the evidence of the conspiracy might have been received to establish the crime, if the indictment had not contained all the specific allegations relating to the conspiracy. People v. McKane, 143 N. Y. 455, 38 N. E. 950. That same case seems-to be an authority for saying that, where there is a conspiracy to* commit a crime, and the crime committed is a felony, the conspiracy merges in the felony, so as to prevent a prosecution for the conspiracy itself. See People v. McKane, 28 N. Y. Supp. 397. It is apparent that for the reason that the indictment contained more specific and elaborate statement of the facts than was necessary the appellant could not successfully demur thereto upon the ground that it charges more than one crime. Nor can we yield to the contention of the appellant that the representations alleged in the indictment, and established by the evidence, were mere expressions-of opinion.

In People v. Dimick, 107 N. Y. 30, 14 N. E. 184, it was said, viz.:

“Whether the representations alleged in the indictment were such as were calculated or capable to deceive was a question o£ fact for the jury. It could not be ruled as matter of law upon the face of the indictment that the representations could not and ought not to have deceived any one.”

Appellant calls our attention to People v. Blanchard, 90 N. Y. 314. That case is an authority for saying that under an indictment charging the “obtaining goods by means of false representations, it is not necessary that the prosecution should prove all the false representations alleged in the indictment. Where representations set forth in the indictment are proved, the sense in which they were used, and what was designed to be and was understood from them, are questions for the jury.” That case is also an authority for saying that “false pretenses may not be founded upon an assertion of an existing intention, although it did not in fact exist. There must be a false representation • as to an existing fact.” We fail to see. how that case aids the contention of the appellant, as the trial court properly submitted to the jury to determine what representations were made, and what was the intention of the party at the time of making them, and whether they were in fact true or false; and it must be assumed that the jury have properly found upon the evidence that the misrepresentations were made for the purpose of deceiving, and that the complainant was deceived by the representations which the jury were warranted in finding were false. The representation in that case which was held to be insufficient related to not an existing fact, but one yet to arise, and the party was deceived, “not by a false pretense, but by a broken and fraudulent promise.” The case differs very essentially from the case in hand.

It has been repeatedly held that it is enough to state in an indictment a pretense which is capable of deceiving the complainant, and that it is for the jury to determine the materiality of the statement and the influence that it had upon the complainant. Thomas v. People, 34 N. Y. 351; Smith v. People, 47 N. Y. 303; White v. Loudon, 90 Hun, 218, 28 N. Y. Supp. 619, and 36 N. Y. Supp. 1135.

3. We are of the opinion that the court did not err in denying defendant's motion to dismiss the indictment, or in refusing to direct an acquittal of the defendant upon his motion made in that regard. On the contrary, we think the evidence produced at the trial abundantly established the crime charged in the indictment.

4. After the trial judge had delivered an extensive charge to the jury, in which he submitted to them in a very liberal manner the opportunity to find upon all the evidence whether the defendant was guilty or innocent, he was requested to charge, viz.:

“Upon the evidence in this case, no evidence of what transpired in Shorts-ville can tie received or acted upon by the jury in arriving at a verdict of guilty or not guilty.”

He declined to so charge, and the defendant took an exception, and now urges upon us that the refusal to charge was error. We think otherwise. We have probably sufficiently expressed our views upon the subject of what transpired at Shortsville to indicate that the trial judge made no mistake in referring to those acts and representations in allowing the jury to determine what was the intent of the defendant when beginning the transaction which culminated in the crime charged.

Again, the defendant requested the court to charge, viz.:

“That, in order to convict the defendant, the jury must find from the evidence that at the time of the transaction at Rochester with Samuel Stewart, on the 19th day of September, 1805, the defendant did something more than Do express an opinion of the value of the Saratoga avenue property, or his ability to secure the loan of $2,000.”

In dealing with that request, the court said:

“I decline so to charge, but state the jury is to find the transactions at Rochester as given from the evidence; and, if that is a part of the transaction, as charged in the indictment, they are to consider it in rendering a verdict.”

The defendant took an exception. We fail to see any error presented by the exception.

Again, the appellant’s counsel requested the court to charge:

“That the said Stewart was negligent in either not inspecting the property,’ or ascertaining its value, or the amount of the incumbrances, he having an opportunity so to do, and if he was not prevented from so doing by artifice the defendant cannot be convicted of larceny.”

The court declined to so charge, and am. exception was taken. Considering the body of the charge delivered by the trial judge, we think no error was committed in refusing the specific request made. The court did charge that the statement made by the defendant to Stewart at the city of Rochester on the 19th day of October, 1895, made in the following words: “I consider that a first-class mortgage,” must be considered by the jury as an expression of opinion only, and not as an existing fact; which undoubtedly is quite as favorable as the defendant was entitled to receive. Thereupon he asked the court to charge:

“That being the law, it must be considered by them as an expression of opinion only, and that they must acquit this defendant.”

In response to that request the court refused, and am exception was taken. We think no error was presented by the exception. It was not in the proper province of the court to instruct the jury to acquit, although they considered the expression used, which has just been quoted, as a mere expression of opinion.

The appellant requested the court to charge:

“That the allegation in the indictment that the defendant represented to Stewart that the said mortgage was a first lien on a certain house and lot in the city of Rochester, and that the house and lot was very valuable, and was worth more than the amount of said mortgage, is disproved by the testimony of Stewart.”

In response thereto the court said, “I leave that as a question of fact for the jury to determine.” Thereupon an exception was taken. At folio 168, Stewart testified that Wicks motioned him to go outside of the room, and that he did so, and that then Wicks advised him that it would be better to take the mortgage. And the witness added:

“He said that it was better than money. He said that in case Mr. Stinson didn’t redeem it, he would have to forfeit that extra $100. So 1 acted on his advice. * * * He said he was well acquainted with the property, and every building on it. It was worth at least $3,000.”

Robert Stewart was called as a witness, and he testified to having a conversation with Wicks on the 23d of October, and the witness says:

“I asked him about the mortgage, and he said it was a first mortgage. I asked him if it was a first mortgage or a first-class mortgage. He said it was a first mortgage.”

He was cross-examined upon the subject, and to some extent qualified his evidence given in chief. We are of the opinion that when the court responded to the request made by saying, “I leave that as a question of fact for the jury to determine,” no error was committed.

5. During the charge the court instructed the jury that it was necessary and incumbent upon them—

“To say, before this defendant can be convicted of the crime which is charged here, you must find that it was done with an intent to defraud; or, in other -words, the meaning of Intent’ is a question of fact for you to determine. If you find this was done with this intent, and in the way and manner as charged and claimed by the prosecution, and as I have stated here, then you are t° find a verdict of guilty. But if you find this transaction was not done with an intent to so deprive or defraud the Stewarts in the way which is claimed by the defense, and as stated by them, then you are to find a verdict of not guilty. So the question of 'intent' becomes a prime factor in coming^ to a conclusion on the evidence in regard to the Stewart transaction, and is the only question which you are to determine.”

That language was followed by an explicit instruction in words as follows:

“The evidence in regard to the other transactions—the transactions with Mrs. Elliott, Mrs. Thompson, Mr. Brown, Captain ICitts, and several other transactions—is only competent evidence as showing the intent of the parties in the transaction which you are to determine; or, in other words, the evidence received of those other transactions is only competent evidence as to the intent of the Stewart transaction, and from which the same motive may be imputed to all the transactions was shown, including the Stewart transaction. Now, in considering these other transactions, they are to have no weight upon you, or upon your verdict, excepting, if you find that this transaction was done in the same general way that the other transactions were, then it is competent for you to find from that the fact as to the intent of the party in the Stewart transactions.”

A large volume of evidence was received upon the trial tending to connect the persons named in the indictment with Peckens and others in several transactions relating to real estate prior to the transaction in question. In receiving some of that evidence the court assumed that a confederation was shown between the defendant and Peckens and some other persons named, and overruled objections that were made to the statements, declarations, and acts of some of the parties.

In People v. Bassford, 3 N. Y. Cr. R. 220, it was held that:

“To show common interest and purpose of defendant and other persons indicted with him, it is competent to prove participation of defendant upon other occasions with these persons, in the business in which the crime was committed. Whenever common purpose or conspiracy by the defendants is shown, then acts and declarations of any one of them relating to the alleged offense, though in the absence of the others, is admissible, and the acts of one in the same common purpose become those of all.”

In the course of the opinion delivered in Kelley v. People, 55 N. Y. 575, Allen, J., said:

“There was abundant evidence to justify the conclusion that the parties were all acting with a common purpose and a common design, and, although there may have been no previous combination or confederacy to commit this particular offense, the conduct and actions of the several parties, and the parts they severally performed in the actual perpetration of the crime, was sufficient to make the acts and declarations of each, from the commencement to the consummation of the offense, evidence against the others.”

In People v. McKane, 143 N. Y. 470, 38 N. E. 954, it was said:

“When a conspiracy is shown, or evidence on the subject given sufficient for the jury, then the acts and declarations of the conspirators in furtherance of its purpose and object are competent; and in a case like this it is not necessary, in order to make such proof competent, that the conspiracy should be charged in the indictment.”

Considerable of the evidence offered by the people, to which numerous exceptions were taken within the rules already alluded to, we deem proper, and we deem properly received upon the question of the intent of the defendant in the transaction mentioned in the indictment. The trial judge very clearly limited the evidence of other transactions to the question of the intent of the defendant in the transaction under consideration.

In People v. Dimick, 107 N. Y. 32, 14 N. E. 185, it was said:

“The proof as to the other crimes may have been inclusive, but the people had the right to give it, and have it submitted to the jury, with proper instructions, for their consideration.”

The case in hand seems to appropriately call for the application of the rule laid down in the case of People v. Dimick, supra. Near the close of the opinion in that case it was said of the exceptions to rulings upon the evidence, viz.:

“They are so numerous that it is wholly impracticable to give them particular attention here. We have carefully -examined and considered them all, and do not believe that any of them point out any error prejudicial to the defendant ' He appears to have had a fair trial, and the evidence of the jury seems to be abundantly sustained by the evidence. Section 542, Code Or. Proc., provides that ‘after hearing the appeal, the court must give judgment, without regard to technical errors or defects, or to exceptions which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties’; and section 684 provides that ‘neither a departure from' the form or mode prescribed by this Code, in respect to any pleadings or proceeding's, nor an error or mistake therein, renders it invalid, unless it have actually prejudiced the defendant, or tend to his prejudice, in respect to a substantial right.’ These are mandates of the lawmaking power, and the courts should, with reason and discretion, give them full force and effect. Giving them the observance due in this case, we find no exception in the record showing that the defendant has been prejudiced in respect to any substantial right.”

If the foregoing views are approved, the conviction, judgment, and orders appealed from should be affirmed, and the judgment entered in accordance with sections 547 and 548 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

Conviction, judgment, and orders affirmed, and judgment to be entered, certified, and remitted pursuant to sections 547 and 548 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. All' concur.