Rogers v. Westfalia Associated Technologies, Inc. , 485 F. Supp. 2d 121 ( 2007 )

485 F. Supp. 2d 121 (2007)

Ronald ROGERS and Lisa A. Roles Rogers, Plaintiffs,
v.
WESTFALIA ASSOCIATED TECHNOLOGIES, INCORPORATED; Portec, Inc., Defendants.
Westfalia Associated Technologies, Incorporated, Third-Party Plaintiff,
v.
Portec, Inc. and Probec, Inc., Third-Party Defendants.
Probec, Inc., Third-Party Plaintiff,
v.
Mill Technology, Inc., Third-Party Defendant.^[1]

Nos. 1:01-CV-352 (lead)^[2], 1:02-CV-1023 (member) (GLS/RFT).

United States District Court, N.D. New York.

April 30, 2007.

Cade, Saunders Law Firm, William J. Cade, Esq., of counsel, Albany, NY, for Plaintiffs.

Eustace, Marquez Law Firm, John R. Marquez, Esq., of counsel, White Plains, NY, for Westfalia Associated Technologies, Inc.

Carter, Conboy Law Firm, Edward D. Laird, Jr., Esq., of counsel, Albany, NY, for Portec, Inc.

Pino and Associates, Rudolph V. Pino, Jr., Esq., of counsel, White Plains, NY, for Probec, Inc.

Degraff, Foy Law Firm, Terrence J. Devine, Esq., of counsel, Albany, NY, for Mill Technology, Inc.

MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER

SHARPE, District Judge.

I. Introduction

After falling nine feet to the ground while performing service on a stationary conveyor system, Ronald Rogers and hi wife, Lisa Rogers, allege that Westfalia Associated Technologies, Inc. and Portec Inc. negligently designed the conveyor belt system at the Agway Feed Mill located in Guilderland, New York.^[3] The remainder o the parties sue each other for contribution and indemnification.

After Westfalia Associated Technologies, Inc.; Probec, Inc.; Portec, Inc.; and Mill Technology, Inc. filed individual motions for summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, see Dkt. Nos. 111, 114, 115, 123, the court held a hearing on November 28, 2006. At that hearing, the parties presented oral arguments, and the court reserved decision. See Dkt. No. 137. As such, the motions for summary judgment made by Westfalia Associated Technologies, Inc,; Probec, Inc.; Portec, Inc.; and Mill Technology, Inc. are still pending. For the reasons that follow, all motions are granted.

II. Facts

The material undisputed facts are the following. Probec, Inc. designed and developed plans for a new conveyor system to replace the existing conveyor and bagging system at Agway Feed Mill in Guilderland, New York. See Westfalia SMF ¶ 5; Dkt. No. 111. After reviewing Probec's drawings, Westfalia,^[4] a manufacturer of straight conveyors, purchased curved conveyors for the Agway project from Portec, Inc., a manufacturer of curved conveyors. See id. ¶¶ 6-10. Westfalia provided the conveyor system, consisting of both straight and curved conveyors, to Agway pursuant to Probec's plans. See id. ¶¶ 11-12. Agway was fully aware of its option to purchase safety equipment, but declined to do so. See Williamson Depo. pp. 71-76; Dkt. No. 111, see also Rogers Depo. pp. 158-65; Dkt. No. 111. The conveyor system was installed at Agway by New England Mill Wrights, Inc. (NEM). See Westfalia SMF ¶ 15; Dkt. No. 111. Mill Technologies, Inc. contracted with NEM to install the bagging bins in the tower.^[5]See NEM SMF ¶ 34; Dkt. No. 120.

The conveyors had warning labels, explaining the dangers of climbing, sitting, walking, or riding on the conveyor. See id. ¶ 23. Aware of the existence of the warning stickers, Rogers, who had worked in the maintenance department at Agway since 1977, had previously spoken to Agway about his concerns regarding the lack of catwalks or fallout protection devices at elevated portions of the conveyor belt. See Westfalia SMF ¶¶ 4, 24-26; Dkt. No. 111.

On August 16, 1999, while assisting his co-worker, Paul Riscavage, in the replacement of a conveyor belt, Rogers used a latter to climb onto the elevated conveyor system.^[6]See Westfalia SMF ¶ 16; Dkt. No. 111. The conveyor belt was stationary, and Rogers was standing near a curved conveyor. See id. ¶ 19. He took a step backward, fell off the curved conveyor, and fell nine feet to the concrete floor below. See id. ¶¶ 20, 21. As a result of the fall, Rogers suffered amnesia and paralysis in his lower body. See Rogers SMF ¶ 15; Dkt. No. 124.

III. Discussion

A. Motion for Summary Judgment Standard

Summary judgment shall be granted "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986) (citing FED.R.CIV.P. 56(c)); Globecon Group, LLC v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 434 F.3d 165, 170 (2d Cir.2006) (citation omitted). All reasonable inferences must be drawn in favor of the nonmoving party. See Allen v. Coughlin, 64 F.3d 77, 79 (2d Cir.1995). The moving party "bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,' which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1986) (citation omitted); see also SEC. v. Kern, 425 F.3d 143, 147 (2d Cir.2005). "A ``genuine' dispute over a material fact only arises if the evidence would allow a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Dister v. Cont'l Group, Inc., 859 F.2d 1108, 1114 (2d Cir. 1988) (citation omitted). However, "[c]onclusory allegations, conjecture and speculation . . . are insufficient to create a genuine issue of fact." Kerzer v. Kingly Mfg., 156 F.3d 396, 400 (2d Cir.1998).

B. The Motions

All of the movants proffer the same legal argument. In essence, they maintain that they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law and dismissal of the complaint because there is no evidence of wrong on any of their parts, and in most of their cases, not even specific allegations of wrong. Moreover, Westfalia. Associated, Inc. and Portec, Inc. maintain that they owed no duty to Ronald Rogers and that, alternatively, any legal obligation owed by them was satisfied by their warning, posted prominently on the conveyor system. For the reasons that follow, the complaint and cross-complaints are dismissed in their entirety.

1. Westfalia Associated, Inc. and Portec, Inc.^[7]

Westfalia Associated, Inc., the manufacturer of the straight conveyor part, and Portec, Inc., the manufacturer of the curved conveyor part, argue that there is no evidence of any kind establishing their liability for Rogers' injuries. Moreover, claim that they owed no duty to Rogers beyond that which they satisfied by posting a conspicuous warning on the conveyor system. Finally, they argue that products were not defective in any way since they were produced according to Agway's specifications and worked properly and for their intended purpose.

In their complaint, the Rogers allege that Westfalia and Portec defectively designed and manufactured the conveyor system and breached their duty in the design, manufacture, and installation of the overhead conveyor system.^[8] Specifically, the Rogers allege that the conveyor system adequate warnings and safety equipment, such as scaffolding, staging, or ladders. Westfalia and Portec argue that they should not be held liable because they manufactured the conveyor component parts in accordance with Agway's design and specifications and that the designs and specifications did not reveal any inherent danger in the component parts or the assembled unit. See Leahy v. Mid-West Conveyor Co., 120 A.D.2d 16, 507 N.Y.S.2d 514 (3d Dep't 1986).^[9]

In New York, "[i]n a design defect case, there is almost no difference between a prima facie case in negligence and one in strict liability." Bah v. Nordson Corp., 00-CV-9060, 2005 WL 1813023, at *12, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15683, at *38-39 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 1, 2005). Thus, to prevail on a negligence or strict liability claim based on a design defect, a New York plaintiff must prove that: (1) the product as designed was not reasonably safe for its intended use; and (2) the defective design was a substantial factor in causing the plaintiffs injuries.^[10]See Voss v. Black & Decker Mfg. Co., 59 N.Y.2d 102, 106, 463 N.Y.S.2d 398, 450 N.E.2d 204 (1983). An actionable defect is one that arises from: (1) a mistake in the manufacturing process, (2) an improper design of the product, or (3) a failure by the manufacturer to provide adequate warnings regarding the use of the product. See id. at 106-107, 463 N.Y.S.2d 398, 450 N.E.2d 204.

In considering whether the design of a product is defective, courts consider the following factors: "(1) the product's utility to the public as a whole, (2) its utility to the individual user, (3) the likelihood that the product will cause injury, (4) the availability of a safer design, (5) the possibility of designing and manufacturing the product so that it is safer but remains functional and reasonably priced, (6) the degree of awareness of the product's potential danger that can reasonably be attributed to the injured user, and (7) the manufacturer's ability to spread the cost of any safety-related design changes." Denny v. Ford Motor Co., 87 N.Y.2d 248, 257, 639 N.Y.S.2d 250, 662 N.E.2d 730 (1995).

"Where a court, after considering the relevant facts and risk-utility factors, determines that the plaintiff has failed to make out a prima facie case of a design defect, the claim should not be submitted to the jury." Scarangella v. Thomas Built Buses, Inc., 93 N.Y.2d 655, 659, 695 N.Y.S.2d 520, 717 N.E.2d 679 (1999). Only after determining that the plaintiff has established a prima facie case, the jury must "decide whether a product was not reasonably safe in light of all the evidence presented by both the plaintiff and defendant."^[11]Voss, 59 N.Y.2d at 110, 461 N.Y.S.2d 398, 450 N.E.2d 204.

Finally, when, as here, a plain& claims that the product is defective because it was installed without an optional safety feature, the product is not defective where:

(1) the buyer is thoroughly knowledgeable regarding the product and its use and is actually aware that the safety feature is available; (2) there exist normal circumstances of use in which the product is not unreasonably dangerous without the optional equipment; and (3) the buyer is in a position, given the range of uses of the product, to balance the benefits and the risks of not having the safety device in the specifically contemplated circumstances of the buyer's use of the product. In such a case, the buyer, not the manufacturer, is in the superior position to make the risk-utility assessment, and a well-considered decision by the buyer to dispense with the optional safety equipment will excuse the manufacturer from liability.

Scarangella, 93 N.Y.2d at 661, 695 N.Y.S.2d 520, 717 N.E.2d 679. In other words, when all of the circumstances are such, the manufacturer owed no legal duty to the end user of a product that was purchased by another party who assessed the risks associated with regular use of the product and decided not to purchase optional safety equipment. When this "no duty" rule applies, the buyer fully comprehended the risks associated with regular use of the product, contemplated the option of purchasing safety equipment, and made the affirmative decision not to purchase the safety equipment. "When the factors are not present, there is no justification for departure from the accepted rationale imposing strict liability upon the manufacturer because it is in the superior position to discover any design defects." Id.

Here, Westfalia claims that it approached Agway about purchasing safety equipment. Westfalia maintains that, as the employer and the purchaser of the conveyor system, Agway was the party in the best position to protect from this kind of accident. As such, Westfalia claims that because Agway failed to purchase the optional fall-out safety protection, it, not Westfalia, is the party at fault here. The court concurs with Westfalia's argument. Indeed, Agway was in the best position to make the risk-utility assessment because Agway had purchased identical products in the past and best understood the risks associated with the use of the conveyor component parts and the completed conveyor system. In accessing these things, and when presented with the opportunity to do so, Agway declined to purchase the optional fall-out safety protection. Therefore, Agway, not Westfalia or Portec, is the party most likely responsible here.

While the court is not unsympathetic with Ronald Rogers' severe and established injury, it is unfortunately unable to find the potential for liability on any of the named defendants' parts. As stated, Agway, not the named defendants, is the party most likely responsible here. Unfortunately, and for reasons outside of the court's and the parties' control, Agway is not a party to the instant lawsuit. However, to hold the named defendants liable in substitution for the appropriate party here would be unjust.

Moreover, even if Westfalia or Portec were appropriately named parties to this litigation, the Rogers are unable as a matter of law to assert a claim against either of them based upon any of their alleged theories of recovery.^[12] Although the Rogers allege numerous claims against Westfalia and Portec, the manufacturers of the conveyor parts, their basic theory of recovery is that the aforementioned parties failed to adequately warn of the risk associated with maintaining a raised conveyor system.

To make out a prima facie case for negligent failure to warn under New York law, "a plaintiff must show that (1) the manufacturer had a duty to warn;^[13] (2) the manufacturer breached^[14] such duty so that the product is rendered defective, i.e. reasonably certain to be dangerous; (3) the defect was the proximate cause of the plaintiffs injury; and (4) that the plaintiff suffered loss or damage." Bah, 2005 WL 1813023, at *13, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15683, at *42. A warning should clearly alert the user to avoid certain uses of the product which would appear to be normal and reasonable. See id. In making the adequacy determination, courts have weighed factors such as "the degree of danger and type of product involved." Bah, 2005 WL 1813023, at *13, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15683, at *43.

There are two situations in which failure to warn claims are barred as a matter of law: "(1) where the injured party was fully aware of the hazard through general knowledge, observation or common sense; and (2) where the danger at issue falls within the limited class of hazards. [that] need not be warned of as a matter of law because they are patently dangerous or pose open and obvious risks." Id. at *14, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15683, at *44. In both of these scenarios, the duty to warn is effectively vitiated by the factual circumstances. Here, both of these exceptions apply. First, Rogers was fully aware of the dangers involved in maintaining the raised conveyor system. In fact, Rogers had performed maintenance on the raised conveyor system numerous times prior to his fall, and he discussed the installation of safety equipment with Agway management, suggesting to them that the very part of the conveyor system where he ultimately fell was inherently dangerous. Second, the danger at issue, namely, the danger of falling nine feet to the ground while performing service on a raised conveyor system, falls within the limited class of hazards that are open and obvious and need not be warned of as a matter of law. Any reasonable person, when performing maintenance on a platform raised nine feet in the air, would recognize that an inherent danger exists. In this case, Rogers himself acknowledged the patent danger when he discussed the purchase of safety equipment with Agway management.

Under these circumstances, Westfalia and Portec had no legal duty to warn Rogers of the danger involved in maintaining the raised conveyor system. Even so, any potential limited duty owed by Westfalia or Portec had previously been satisfied when Westfalia advised Agway of the option of purchasing safety products. Moreover, they placed a clear and concise warning on the parts themselves.^[15] Based on these undisputed facts, and based upon Rogers' own awareness of the risk involved in performing maintenance on a raised conveyor system.^[16] Westfalia and Portec owed no duty to Rogers. In the alternative, they satisfied any potential legal duty and cannot be held liable here. Accordingly, Rogers' claims against Westfalia and Portec are dismissed in their entirety.

2. Mill Tech, Inc. and Probec, Inc.

Mill Tech, Inc.^[17] and Probec, Inc. have been joined in this lawsuit based on theories of contribution and/or indemnification.^[18] The parties suing Mill Tech and Probec do not assert specific allegations of wrong. Moreover, because the claims supporting the counter-claims and crossclaims for contribution and/or indemnification are dismissed, the claims contingent upon them also cannot survive. Accordingly, the cross-claims and counter-claims against Mill Tech and Probec are dismissed.^[19]

IV. Conclusion

Upon careful consideration of the parties' submissions, their oral arguments, and the relevant law, the court concludes that there is no basis in law or fact for Rogers' claims against defendants, Westfalia and Portec. As such, the counter-claims and cross-claims against Mill Tech and Probec for contribution and/or indemnification also cannot survive. Accordingly, the motions for summary judgment are GRANTED, and the complaint, counter-claims, and cross-claims are DISMISSED in their entirety.

WHEREFORE, for the foregoing reasons, it is hereby

ORDERED that defendants' motions for summary judgment are GRANTED; and it is further

ORDERED that the Rogers' complaint is DISMISSED; and it is further

ORDERED that the counter-claims and cross-claims are DISMISSED; and it is further

ORDERED that the Clerk provide a copy of this Decision and Order to the parties.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

NOTES

[1] On November 28, 2006, Probec, Inc., Westfalia Associates Technologies, Inc., and Mill Technologies, Inc. agreed to dismiss their claims for relief against New England Millwrights, Inc. See Dkt. Nos. 138, 139. Accordingly, by stipulation of dismissal, New England Millwrights, Inc. is no longer a party to this lawsuit.

[2] This is the lead docket number. There were originally two cases (case numbers 1:01-cv-352 and 1:02-cv-1023), and they were consolidated on May 28, 2003. See Dkt. No. 34.

[3] Ronald and Lisa Rogers assert the following causes of action against Westfalia Associated Technologies, Inc. and Portec, Inc.: (1) Negligence; (2) Negligent design; (3) Negligent manufacture; (4) Failure to Warn; (5) Breach of Warranty; (6) Strict Products Liability; and (7) Loss of consortium.

The court's jurisdiction for the Rogers' complaint is based upon diversity of citizenship pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. The Rogers seek 10 million dollars on the first six causes of action and 1 million dollars on the seventh cause of action, together with interest and costs.

[4] Westfalia's contract was with Probec alone. See Westfalia SMF ¶ 12; Dkt. No. 111.

[5] Pointing to the permit application, Probec adds that the town of Guilderland considered Mill Technology, Inc. to be the "architect or engineer" on the Agway project. See Probec SMF ¶ 8; Dkt. No. 128.

[6] Although Rogers had used a ladder to access the conveyor belt many times prior to the accident, he had never been formally trained by Agway to perform maintenance work on conveyors. See Westfalia SMF ¶ 17, Dkt. No. 111.

[7] Portec argues that its summary judgment motion should be granted because the Rogers' opposition papers focus solely on Westfalia's motion for summary judgment and fail to dispute or mention Portec's arguments. Portec also argues that it was not provided with designs or specifications of the overall conveyor system because it merely provided parts to Westfalia in accordance with a purchase order. As such, Portec claims it is entitled to summary judgment.

[8] Generally, New York law requires that a plaintiff in a negligence action establish that: (1) the defendant owed it a cognizable duty of care; (2) the defendant breached such duty; and (3) the plaintiff suffered damages as a proximate result of this breach. See Solomon v. City of New York, 66 N.Y.2d 1026, 1027, 499 N.Y.S.2d 392, 489 N.E.2d 1294 (1985). "The essence of [a negligent manufacturing] claim is that a product did not perform as intended because it was misconstructed." David v. Makita U.S.A., Inc., 233 A.D.2d 145, 145, 649 N.Y.S.2d 149 (1st Dep't 1996).

[9] The Leahy court found that where the defendant manufactured parts in accordance with specific designs and specifications provided to it by a third party, the defendant could not be expected to "anticipate safety features appropriate for the entire conveyor system." Leahy v. Mid-West Conveyor Co., 120 A.D.2d 16, 18, 507 N.Y.S.2d 514 (3d Dep't 1986). Westfalia maintains that all it did was manufacture straight conveyors, and Agway was in the best position to decide whether to purchase optional safety devices.

[10] In addition, a plaintiff must establish "(1) that at the time of the occurrence, the product was being used for the purpose and in the manner normally intended; (2) that if the injured party himself was the user of the product, he would not by the exercise of reasonable care have both discovered the defect and perceived its danger; and (3) that by the exercise of reasonable care, the person damaged would not otherwise have averted his damages." Voss v. Black & Decker Mfg. Co., 59 N.Y.2d 102, 106, 463 N.Y.S.2d 398, 450 N.E.2d 204 (1983).

[11] The plaintiff, of course, is under an obligation to present evidence that the product, as designed, was not reasonably safe because there was a substantial likelihood of harm and it was feasible to design the product in a safer manner. The defendant manufacturer, on the other hand, may present evidence in opposition seeking to show that the product is a safe product — that is, one whose utility outweighs its risks when the product has been designed so that the risks are reduced to the greatest extent possible while retaining the product's inherent usefulness at an acceptable cost. The question for the jury, then, is whether after weighing the evidence and balancing the product's risks against its utility and cost, it can be concluded that the product as designed is not reasonably safe.

Voss, 59 N.Y.2d at 110, 463 N.Y.S.2d 398, 450 N.E.2d 204.

[12] The only other potential claim not discussed within the body of the opinion is Rogers' claim against defendants for breach of warranty. A breach of warranty claim "does not involve a risk-benefit analysis but instead requires an inquiry only into whether the product in question was fit for the ordinary purposes for which it is used." Bah v. Nordson Corp., 00-CV-9060, 2005 WL 1813023, at *12, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS' 15683, at *39 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 1, 2005). "Recovery may in turn be had upon a showing that the product was not minimally safe for its expected purpose — without regard to the feasibility of alternative designs or the manufacturer's reasonableness in marketing it in that unsafe condition." Id. "Thus, while there is clearly a high degree of overlap between the breach of implied warranty and strict liability/negligence causes of action for design defect, it is possible to be liable for breach of implied warranty even though a claim of strict liability has not been satisfactorily established." Id. Here, again, the party in the best position to protect against the risk associated with maintaining the raised conveyor system was Agway, not either of the named defendants. Accordingly, and because the product, namely, the conveyor parts manufactured by the defendants, was fit for its ordinary purpose for which is was used, the breach of warranty claim is dismissed.

[13] "A manufacturer has a duty to warn against latent dangers resulting from foreseeable uses of its product of which it knew or should have known, including the danger of unintended uses . . . provided these uses are reasonably foreseeable." Bah, 2005 WL 1813023, at *13, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15683, at *42-43.

[14] The duty to warn is breached "either by the complete absence of warnings as to a particular hazard or the inclusion of warnings which are insufficient." Id. at *13, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 15683, at *43.

[15] Westfalia and Portec cite the ANSI, the conveyor industry standards, in support of their assertion that the industry does not require a manufacturer of conveyors to provide height related safety measures as part of a conveyor system. While this fact is certainly persuasive, it is not dispositive. "While-compliance with industry standards is certainly not dispositive of a design defect claim grounded in strict products liability, and would also be insufficient to support summary judgment, such evidence should be admissible at trial. Compliance with industry standards may be relevant to the question of whether a product was reasonably safe as designed, and with respect to the feasibility of alternative designs." Church Insurance Co. v. Trippe Mfg. Co., 04-CV-6141, 2005 WL 2649332, at *2, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 23764, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 17, 2005).

[16] Westfalia and Portec argue that they are not liable because Rogers assumed the risk of his injuries when he elected to perform maintenance work on the conveyor belt without height protection. While this argument is duly-noted, it is simply another argument that these parties owed no duty to Rogers. New York's comparative negligence statute provides for contributory negligence and assumption of the risk. See N.Y.C.P.L.R. § 1411. Assumption of the risk is either express or implied. "Express assumption of the risk . . . [is] defined as an ``agreement in advance that defendant need not use reasonable care for the benefit of plaintiff and would not be liable for the consequence of conduct that would otherwise be negligent.'" Integrated Waste Services, Inc. v. Akzo Nobel Salt, Inc., 113 F.3d 296, 298 (2d Cir.1997). Implied assumption of the risk may exist when a plaintiff voluntarily encounters a risk emanating from a defendant's conduct with a full understanding of the possible harm to himself and unreasonably consents to the risk under the circumstances. See id.

While the parties may be correct in asserting that Rogers was Partly negligent for his own injuries, the court need not consider this issue since it concludes that defendants owed no duty to Rogers in the first place.

[17] Mill Tech argues that Probec has constructively abandoned its claim against Mill Tech because Kent Williamson, Probec's owner, stated that no "aspect of the design provided by Mill Tech was defective or inadequate in any way." See Dkt. No. 111, Ex. E.

[18] The parties argue that they may not be held liable for contribution because they owed no duty to the plaintiff. Indeed, the existence of some form of tort liability is a prerequisite to a contribution claim. See Trump Vill. Section 3, Inc. v. N.Y.S. Housing Finance Agency, 307 A.D.2d 891, 896, 764 N.Y.S.2d 17 (N.Y.App.Div.2003). Likewise, in order to pursue a claim for indemnification against any of the third-party defendants, there must be either a written contract or a relationship between the parties to justify liability. "In New York, indemnification claims must be grounded in contract [-] either express or implied." Carr v. Weinig, AG, 5: 01-CV-1514, 2006 WL 2355867, at *4, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 57227, at *11 (N.D.N.Y. Aug. 14, 2006) (Munson, J.). Accordingly, because none of the parties can show a legal duty, independent of a contract, owed by Mill Tech, the claims for contribution and indemnification against Mill Tech are dismissed

[19] In support of its contention that there is no evidence of wrong on their parts, Mill Tech cites various expert reports filed on behalf of the Rogers and Probec, Inc. Stephen Derbey is Rogers' expert, and James H. Somerset is Westfalia's expert. The gist of their testimony is that the industry standard does not require the installation of fallout safety protection. Mill Tech cites the expert reports as evidence that it is not even mentioned by any of the experts as participating in the actionable conduct.