Wells Fargo Advisors, L.L.C. v. Tucker , 195 F. Supp. 3d 543 ( 2016 )

OPINION & ORDER

VALERIE CAPRONI, United States-District Judge:

Respondents Reagan Tucker (“Tucker”), Benjamin Dooley (“Dooley”) and Marvin Glasgold (“Glasgold”) (collectively the “Respondents”) commenced an arbitration proceeding before the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) against their former employer, Wells Fargo Advisors, L.L.C. (“Wells Fargo”), raising class-wide and collective claims for unpaid overtime. In response, pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C.A. § 1 et seq. (“FAA”), Wells Fargo filed a Petition to Dismiss or in the Alternative Stay the Pending Arbitration and Compel Individual Arbitration in Accordance With the Binding Arbitration Agreements (“Petition”). For the following reasons, Wells Fargo’s Petition is DENIED.

BACKGROUND

I. Respondents’ Arbitration Action

Respondents are former Wells Fargo financial advisors who were employed at Wells Fargo branch offices in New York and Texas between July 2011 and August 2013. Petition ¶¶ 10-12. In connection with their employment, each Respondent signed a “New Financial Advisor Training Agreement” (the “Agreement”), pursuant to which each agreed to arbitrate “any controversy or dispute” with Wells Fargo. See Declaration of Kenneth J. Turnbull in Support of Petition (“Turnbull Deck”), Exs. AC.

Paragraph 14 of the Agreement provides in pertinent part:

you agree that any controversy or dispute, including but not limited to, claims of wrongful termination, breach of contract, discrimination, harassment, retaliation, infliction of emotional distress, tortious interference with business or contract, federal, state or local statute or ordinance and/or other theory, arising between you and Wells Fargo Advisors, shall be submitted for arbitration before FINRA. If the FINRA does not accept the controversy, dispute or claim, or any portion thereof, then the nonaccepted controversy, dispute or claim shall be submitted for arbitration before the American Arbitration Association pursuant to its Securities Arbitration Rules, effective May 1,1993.

On July 23, 2015, Respondents initiated identical putative class actions with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and the AAA, asserting, inter alia, claims for unpaid overtime under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) and the New York Labor Law (“NYLL”). See Turnbull Decl., Exs. D, E. In their statement of claim before the AAA, Respondents allege that Wells Fargo misclassified them as exempt employees under the FLSA and NYLL and failed to pay them overtime for hours, worked in excess of 40 hours per week. Trumbull Decl., Ex. E ¶¶ 3-4. Respondents seek to arbitrate their claims on a class-wide basis representing, first, a class of similarly-situated financial adviser “Trainees,” id. ¶ 1-2, and second, a class of similarly-situated “Apprentice Phase” financial advisers, id.

Because Rule 13204 of the FINRA Code of Arbitration Procedure for Industry Disputes prohibits class action claims from being arbitrated by FINRA, see Memorandum in Support of the Petition to Dismiss or in the Alternative Stay the Pending Arbitration and Compel Individual Arbitration in Accordance With the Binding Arbitration Agreements (“Mem.”) at 4; see also Cohen v. UBS Fin. Servs., Inc., 799 F.3d 174, 178 (2d Cir.2015), Respondents’ claims are now pending arbitration before the AAA.

DISCUSSION

I. Legal Standard

The Federal Arbitration Act “is an expression of a ‘strong federal policy favoring arbitration as an alternative means of dispute resolution.’ ” Ross v. Am. Express Co., 547 F.3d 137, 142 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Hartford Accident & Indent, Co. v. Swiss Reinsurance Am. Corp., 246 F.3d 219, 226 (2d Cir.2001)). As a result “any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration,” Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24-25, 103 S.Ct. 927, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983), and courts should “construe arbitration clauses as broadly as possible,” David L. Threlkeld & Co. v. Metallgesellschaft Ltd., 923 F.2d 245, 250 (2d Cir.), cert. dismissed, 501 U.S. 1267, 112 S.Ct. 17, 115 L.Ed.2d 1094 (1991) (citation omitted). “Of course, notwithstanding the policy favoring arbitration, ‘arbitration is a matter of contract and a party cannot 'be required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit.’” Klein v. ATP Flight Sch., LLP, No. 14-CV-1522(JFB)(GRB), 2014 WL 3013294, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. July 3, 2014) (quoting AT & T Techs., Inc. v. Commc’ns Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 648, 106 S.Ct. 1415, 89 L.Ed.2d 648 (1986)); see also Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, U.S., L.L.C. v. Nackel, 346 F.3d 360, 364 (2d Cir.2003) (Congress enacted the FAA “to make arbitration agreements as enforceable as other contracts, but not more so.” (quoting Opals on Ice Lingerie v. Bodylines Inc., 320 F.3d 362, 369 (2d Cir.2003) (emphasis in original)).

“[Disputes about ‘arbitrability’.... such as ‘whether the parties are bound by a given arbitration clause,’ or ‘whether an arbitration clause in a con-cededly binding contract applies to a particular type of controversy’ ” are presumptively “gateway” issues for the court to decide. BG Grp., PLC v. Republic of Argentina, — U.S. —, 134 S.Ct. 1198, 1206, 188 L.Ed.2d 220 (2014) (quoting Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 84, 123 S.Ct. 588, 154 L.Ed.2d 491 (2002)). The Supreme Court has clarified, however, that such “gateway” questions arise only in:

narrow circumstance where contracting parties would likely have expected a court to have decided the gateway matter, where they are not likely to have thought that they had agreed that an arbitrator would do so, and, consequently, where reference of the gateway dispute to the court avoids the risk of forcing parties to arbitrate a matter that they may well not have agreed to arbitrate.

Howsam, 537 U.S. at 83-84, 123 S.Ct. 588. Furthermore, the “presumption [that gate■way questions will be decided by courts] may be overcome if the parties have ‘clearly and unmistakably’ delegated to an arbitration] the authority to resolve issues of arbitrability.” Klein, 2014 WL 3013294, at *4 (quoting Howsam, 537 U.S. at 83, 123 S.Ct. 588).

As to the scope of an arbitration agreement, the court’s determination generally “depends on whether the agreement is a broad agreement or a narrow one.” Edwards v. Macy’s Inc., No. 14CV-8616(CM)(JLC), 2015 WL 4104718, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. June 30, 2015) (citing Mehler v. Terminix Int'l Co., 205 F.3d 44, 49 (2d Cir.2000)). “If the agreement is broad— that is, if it calls for arbitration of ‘any and all disputes’—there arises a presumption of arbitrability; and if the claim ‘implicates issues of contract construction or the parties’ rights and obligations under it,’ the issue of contract construction is perforce arbitrable.” Edwards, 2015 WL 4104718, at *10 (quoting Collins & Aikman Prods. Co. v. Bldg. Sys., Inc., 58 F.3d 16, 23 (2d Cir.1995)).

Here, the parties do not dispute that the arbitration clause included in Respondents’ Agreements is valid and binding. Nor do the parties dispute that Respondents’ underlying FLSA and NYLL claims fall squarely within the scope of the arbitration clause. The parties’ dispute focuses instead upon: (1) whether, under the terms of the applicable arbitration clause, Respondents are entitled to (or precluded from) arbitrating on a collective or class-wide basis, and, (2) who, as between the Court and the arbitrator, must make that determination in the first instance.

I. The Arbitrator Should Determine Whether Respondents May Proceed on a Collective or Class-wide Basis

While the Supreme Court and Second Circuit have yet to issue binding precedent, the weight of authority among district courts in this Circuit is that the arbitrator, rather than the Court, should decide questions regarding the availability of class arbitration. See, e.g., Rossi v. SCI Funeral Servs. of New York, Inc., No. 15CV473(ERK)(VMS), 2016 WL 524253, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 28, 2016) (“District courts in this circuit presented with this question have generally found that the issue of classwide arbitration is for an arbitrator to decide.” (citing cases)); see also Guida v. Home Sav. of Am., Inc., 793 F.Supp.2d 611, 615 (E.D.N.Y.2011). Although at least one court in this District has taken the opposite position, see Anwar v. Fairfield Greenwich, Ltd., 950 F.Supp.2d 633, 639 (S.D.N.Y.2013), the Court finds that, based on its review of the relevant precedent and for the reasons articulated by the majority of sister courts to have addressed the issue in this Circuit, the arbitrator must decide the availability of class-wide arbitration in this case.

In Green Tree Financial Corp. v. Bazzle, 539 U.S. 444, 452-53, 123 S.Ct. 2402, 156 L.Ed.2d 414 (2003), the Supreme Court concluded, in a four-Justice plurality opinion, that it was for the arbitrator to decide, in the first instance, whether a broad arbitration clause encompassing “[a]ll disputes” contemplated class arbitration when the clause was silent with respect to the availability of class procedures. In distinguishing the availability of class arbitration from “gateway” issues that must be decided by district courts, the plurality noted that, with respect to class arbitrability:

[T]he relevant question here is what kind of arbitration proceeding the parties agreed to. ... Arbitrators are well situated to answer that question. Given these considerations, along with the arbitration contracts’ sweeping language concerning the scope of the questions committed to arbitration, this matter of contract interpretation should be for the arbitrator, not the courts, to decide.

Id. (emphasis omitted). Justice Stevens did not join the plurality opinion, but commented in a separate opinion that “[arguably the interpretation of the parties agreement should have been made in the first instance by the arbitrator, rather than the court.” Id. at 455, 123 S.Ct. 2402 (Stevens, J. concurring in the judgment and dissenting in part).

The plurality opinion in Bazzle has since been qualified, but not rejected, by the Supreme Court in Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp., 559 U.S. 662, 130 S.Ct. 1758, 176 L.Ed.2d 605 (2010), AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 131 S.Ct. 1740, 179 L.Ed.2d 742 (2011), and Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter, — U.S.—, 133 S.Ct. 2064, 186 L.Ed.2d 113 (2013). In Stoltr-Nielsen, the Supreme Court held that the arbitrators exceeded their authority by requiring an unwilling party to participate in class-wide arbitration when the applicable arbitration clause was silent on the issue. 559 U.S. at 676-77, 130 S.Ct. 1758. In so holding, the Court opined that “a party may not be compelled under the FAA to submit to class arbitration unless there is a contractual basis for concluding that the party agreed to do so,” id. at 684, 130 S.Ct. 1758 (emphasis in original), in part because class arbitration fundamentally changes the nature of arbitration, id. at 685, 130 S.Ct. 1758. The Stolt-Nielsen Court pointed out that “only [a] plurality” in Bazzle had held that the question of class arbitration was for the arbitrator to decide. Id. at 680, 130 S.Ct. 1758. The Court did not, however, revisit the issue of who, as between the court and the arbitrator, should determine the availability of class arbitration in the first instance, “because the parties’ supplemental agreement expressly assigned this issue to the arbitration panel ....” Id.

In AT&T Mobility LLC, the Supreme Court invalidated,' as preempted by the FAA, a California Supreme Court decision that “classified] most collective-arbitration waivers in consumer contracts as unconscionable.” 563 U.S. at 340, 352, 131 S.Ct. 1740. In so holding, the Court noted that “[arbitration is poorly suited to the higher stakes of class litigation,” id. at 350, 131 S.Ct. 1740, finding it “unlikely” that, in passing the FAA, Congress intended to entrust arbitrators “with ensuring that third parties’ due process rights are satisfied” in connection with class litigation, id. at 349-50, 131 S.Ct. 1740.

Finally, in Oxford Health Plans LLC, the Supreme Court affirmed an arbitrator’s decision to permit class arbitration where the parties agreed to submit the issue to an arbitrator but noted that it “would face a different issue if [the petitioner] had argued below that the availability of class arbitration is a ... ‘question of arbitrability ” for the courts to decide. 133 S.Ct. at 2069 n. 2, 2071. Noting that the Supreme Court’s decision in “Stolt-Nielsen [had] flagged that [class arbitration] might be a question of arbitrability,” the Court nonetheless made clear that it “has not yet decided whether the availability of class arbitration is a question of arbitrability” for the court to resolve. Id. at 2069 n. 2.

In the wake of Stolt-Nielsen, AT&T, and Oxford,'the Third, Fourth and Sixth Circuits¹ and at least one district court in this Circuit have held that class arbitration is a gateway issue that the court must decide. See Dell Webb Communities, Inc. v. Carlson, 817 F.3d 867, 877 (4th Cir.2016); Opalinski v. Robert Half Intern., Inc., 761 F.3d 326, 332 (3d Cir.2014); Huffman v. Hilltop Co., LLC, 747 F.3d 391, 398-99 (6th Cir.2014); Anwar v. Fairfield Greenwich, Ltd., 950 F.Supp.2d 633, 636 (S.D.N.Y.2013).² Meanwhile, the Fifth Circuit has affirmed its earlier holding in Pedeor Mgmt. Co., Inc. Welfare Benefit Plan v. Nations Pers. of Tex., Inc., 343 F.3d 355, 359 (5th Cir.2003), reaffirming that a broad arbitration clause submitting “any dispute” to arbitration constitutes an unambiguous deferral of class arbitration determinations to the arbitrator. See Robinson v. J &K Admin. Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 817 F.3d 193, 197 (5th Cir.2016). In the absence of Supreme Court precedent expressly disavowing Bazzle and in keeping with Second Circuit precedent regarding the arbitrator’s role in interpreting the language of a broad arbitration clause and the persuasive decisions of several sister district courts, the Court finds that the availability of class arbitration under the arbitration provisions at issue should be decided by the arbitrator, not by the Court.

In particular, the Court finds the decisions in In re A2P SMS Antitrust Litig., No. 12 CV 2656, 2014 WL 2445756, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. May 29, 2014) (procedural history omitted) and Edwards v. Macy’s Inc., No. 14 Civ. 8616, 2015 WL 4104718, at *11-12 (S.D.N.Y. June 30, 2015) to be persuasive. In In re A2P SMS, the defendants argued that the applicable arbitration agreement was “silent” as to class-wide arbitration and, therefore, plaintiffs should be precluded from pursuing class arbitration before the AAA. 2014 WL 2445756, at *1. Judge Nathan rejected that argument, holding “that the issue of the availability of class arbitration, like the underlying merits, is for the arbitrator to decide.” Id. In reaching her conclusion, Judge Nathan undertook a careful and well-reasoned review of applicable precedent. She found that “the issue is a close one,” given the tension between the plurality decision in Bazzle and the Supreme Court’s subsequent dicta highlighting the fundamental differences between bilateral and class-wide arbitration. Id. at *11-12. Nevertheless, she found that “the question of the availability. of class arbitration does not go to the power of the arbitrators to hear the dispute, but rather to an issue that simply pertains to the conduct of proceedings that are properly before the arbitrator,” id. at *10; accordingly, whether the arbitration can proceed on a class basis is properly for the arbitrator to decide, id.

Similarly, in Edwards, Judge McMahon granted Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration but held that “it is clear that the issue of whether the [applicable arbitration language] authorizes class-wide arbitration is for the arbitrators in the first instance, not for the court.” 2015 WL 4104718, at *11. Acknowledging Stolt-Nielsen’s prohibition against compelling a non-consenting party to submit to class arbitration where the governing provision was “silent” on the issue, the court noted that the arbitration clause in Edwards contained language referencing the possible “consolidation” of disputes, which could be interpreted to provide for class-wide arbitration. Id. at *10. With respect to the threshold question of “who decides,” Judge McMahon observed that, when the arbitration provision is broad, “there arises a presumption of arbitrability; and if the claim ‘implicates issues of contract construction or the parties’ rights and obligations under it,’ the issue of contract construction is perforce arbitrable.” Id. (quoting Collins & Aikman Prods. Co. v. Bldg. Sys., Inc., 58 F.3d 16, 23 (2d Cir.1995)); see also Edwards, 2015 WL 4104718, at *10 (“Only if the agreement is a narrow one does the court examine the possibility that contract construction might not be arbitrable.” (citing Louis Dreyfus Negoce S.A. v. Blystad Shipping & Trading Inc., 252 F.3d 218, 224 (2d Cir.2001)).

Petitioner’s attempt to distinguish those cases is unavailing. With respect to In re A2P SMS, Petitioner encourages the Court to reject Judge Nathan’s holding based on her acknowledgment that the availability of class arbitration is an issue that contracting parties could conceivably expect a court to resolve. Reply at 5 n.2 (quoting In re A2P SMS, 2014 WL 2445756, at *11). But that acknowledgment only underscores the considered and measured analysis by which Judge Nathan came to the opposite conclusion. Similarly, the fact that Judge Nathan certified for interlocutory appeal the question of “who decides” the availability of class arbitration because there was “substantial ground for dispute,” In re A2P SMS Antitrust Litig., No. 12-CV-2656, 2015 WL 876456, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2, 2015), does not persuade the Court to reject her analysis, particularly given that Judge Nathan also denied defendants’ motion to stay her decision pending appeal, In re A2P SMS Antitrust Litig., No. 12-CV-2656, 2014 WL 4247744, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 27, 2014).³

With respect to Edwards, Petitioner argues that the court’s holding was conditioned on its finding that the applicable arbitration agreement was “not silent” on the issue of class arbitration because it permitted multiple parties to “consolidate their claims.” Reply at 6 n.3 (citing Edwards, 2015 WL 4104718 at *11). While Judge McMahon agreed with the notion “that a court can and should decide the issue of silence,” Edwards, 2015 WL 4104718 at *12, she did so in the context of finding that, before interpreting the arbitration clause, the court must grapple with the predicate question of “who” should decide the question in the first instance. Id. On that score, the Edwards decision makes clear that “when an arbitration clause is broad, issues of contract construction are for arbitrators, not for the court.” Id. at *11 (citing Collins, 58 F.3d 16, 23).⁴ The Agreements at issue here, which require that “any controversy or dispute” be submitted to arbitration, are undisputedly broad, and therefore the question of the availability of class arbitration is a matter of contract construction for the arbitrator, not the Court, to decide. Edwards, 2015 WL 4104718, at *10 (citation omitted).

Here, as in Edwards, the Court finds that this conclusion is reinforced by the fact that the governing AAA rules in operation at the time the Agreements were executed, and at the time arbitration was sought, grant the arbitrator authority to resolve all questions of contract interpretation, including gateway issues. Although AAA’s Securities Arbitration Rules, effective May 1,1993 (the “1993 Rules”), do not expressly address who decides questions of class arbitration, Section 1 of the 1993 Rules states: “These rules and any amendment of them shall apply in the form obtaining at the time the demand for arbitration ... is received by the AAA.” Turnbull Decl., Ex. G at 8. In 1999, the 1993 Rules were replaced by the Securities Arbitration Supplementary Procedures and the Commercial Arbitration Rules and Mediation Procedures, which provide that an arbitrator has the “power to rule on his or her own jurisdiction, including any objections with respect to the existence, scope, or validity of the arbitration agreement or to the arbitrability of any claim or counterclaim.” Resp. Opp. at 9 (citing AAA Commercial Arbitration Rules and Mediation Procedures). Without deciding whether the incorporation of the 1993 Rules, and in turn the Supplementary Procedures and the Commercial Arbitration Rules, demonstrates that the parties “clearly and unmistakably” delegated the question of class arbitration to an arbitrator, Howsam, 537 U.S. at 83, 123 S.Ct. 588 (quotation omitted), this language nonetheless provides additional support for the Court’s conclusion that the arbitrator, rather than the Court, should determine the availability of classwide arbitration in the first instance.⁵

II. The Williams Action

Petitioner also argues that this case must be dismissed or stayed on “first-filed” grounds based on the Williams Action. See Mem. at 14.⁶ As a threshold issue, Petitioner cites to no case in support of its position that the Court, rather than the arbitrator, should decide the first-filed question as a gateway matter. Even' assuming, arguendo, that the Court has authority to decide the question, dismissal of this action is not appropriate on first-filed grounds. The first-filed rule is a well-established Second Circuit doctrine, based on the principle that “where there are two competing lawsuits, the first suit should have priority, .absent the showing of balance of convenience or special circumstances giving priority to the second.” First City Nat’l Bank & Trust Co. v. Simmons, 878 F.2d 76, 79 (2d Cir.1989) (alterations, citations, and internal quotation marks omitted); see also AEP Energy Servs. Gas Holding Co. v. Bank of Am., N.A., 626 F.3d 699, 722 (2d Cir.2010) (“Deference to the first filing embodies considerations of judicial administration and conservation of resources and recognizes that a party who first brings an issue into a court of competent jurisdiction should be free from the vexation of concurrent litigation over the same subject matter.”) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Pursuant to this rule, “a district court has broad discretion to dismiss a lawsuit that is duplicative of a prior action.” See Castillo v. Taco Bell of Am., LLC, 960 F.Supp.2d 401, 404 (E.D.N.Y. 2018) (citation omitted).

For the first-filed rule to apply, the two cases at issue must be substantially similar, but they need not be identical. See Castillo, 960 F.Supp.2d at 404 (“The lawsuits need not be identical, but the claims and rights raised in the two actions must not differ substantially.”) (citing Wyler-Wittenberg v. MetLife Home Loans, Inc., 899 F.Supp.2d 235, 244 (E.D.N.Y. 2012)); cf. Thomas v. Apple-Metro, Inc., No. 14-CV-4120 VEC, 2015 WL 505384, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 5, 2015), appeal withdrawn (June 30, 2015) (applying the first-filed rule where the lawsuits at issue “seek identical relief, assert nearly identical claims for minimum wage, overtime and tipping violations under Federal law, and have been filed in a sister New York district court with respect to the same class of plaintiffs as against the same core group of Defendants”).

Here, apart from Respondents’ claim for unpaid overtime wages as to the “Trainee” class, the Court finds there to be little factual or legal overlap between the two suits. Whereas the Williams Action focuses on unlawful wage and labor practices resulting from Wells Fargo’s alleged practice of discriminating against African-American trainees and its alleged policy of extracting “training costs” from former trainees’ wages, Respondents raise overtime claims with respect to two distinct classes: a Trainee class and an Apprentice class. Even setting aside the significant differences in the legal claims and proposed classes at issue in the two suits, it is clear that the Williams Action will not resolve Respondents’ claims to the extent Respondents seek overtime wages owed to employees independently of any amounts due to the employer for “training costs”; in addition, the Williams Action will not dispose of Respondents’ overtime claims with respect to the Apprentice class. Because the two cases involve substantially different claims, different classes, different facts, different evidence and different law, the Court finds that the first-filed rule does not apply. See Quinn v. Walgreen Co., 958 F.Supp.2d 533, 539 (S.D.N.Y.2013) (refusing to apply first-filed rule where suits did not involve essentially the same issues and parties); Curtis v. Citibank, N.A., 226 F.3d 133, 136 (2d Cir.2000) (Courts must “not [] be swayed by a rough resemblance between the two suits without assuring itself that beyond the resemblance already noted, the claims asserted in both suits are also the same,”).

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Wells Fargo’s Petition is DENIED, and the case shall proceed to arbitration; the arbitrator shall determine the availability of class or collective arbitration in accordance with the operative AAA rules.

Respondents have requested that the Court order Petitioner to show cause why this action should not be dismissed. Resp. Opp. at 15. The Second Circuit has held that district courts lack discretion to dismiss fully-referred arbitration cases when at least one party has requested a stay. See Katz v. Cellco P’ship, 794 F.3d 341, 345 (2d Cir.2015) (“joining] those Circuits that consider a stay of proceedings necessary after all claims have been referred to arbitration and a stay requested”), cert. denied, — U.S.—, 136 S.Ct. 596, 193 L.Ed.2d 471 (2015); see also id. at 346 (“[A] mandatory stay is consistent with the FAA’s underlying policy ‘to move the parties to an arbitrable dispute out of court and into arbitration as quickly and easily as possible.’” (quoting Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 22, 103 S.Ct. 927, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983))). Notwithstanding the fact that this case is postured differently than Katz (in Katz the defendant in a civil action was seeking to compel arbitration of a dispute that had been initiated in federal court, whereas here, both Petitioner and Respondents agree that the underlying dispute must be arbitrated and the parties presumably most interested in expediting arbitration (the Respondents) have requested dismissal), out of an abundance of caution, if either party wishes for this case to be stayed pending arbitration, the party must so inform the Court by letter not later than July 22, 2016. If neither party informs the court by that date that a stay is sought, this case will be dismissed.

SO ORDERED.

1 . The Ninth Circuit has also issued an unpublished opinion endorsing the same view. See Eshagh v. Terminix Int’l Co., L.P., 588 Fed. Appx. 703, 704 (9th Cir.2014) (affirming ditrict court's order striking class allegations and compelling arbitration on the basis that the availability of class arbitration was a "gateway” issue for the court to decide).

2 . Respondents attempt to distinguish Anwar by arguing that there, the court relied entirely on its authority to interpret its prior order compelling arbitration, and, as a result did not fully consider whether class arbitration is a "gateway” issue. See Resp. Opp. at 4; see also Anwar, 950 F.Supp.2d at 639 (The court "did not decide an independent procedural issue related to the arbitration, but rather [entered an order] pursuant to the Court’s continuing jurisdiction 'to enforce and determine the contours of the May 18 Order compelling arbitration’ in the first instance"). While the Anwar court did not cite Bazzle, it expressly considered the question of arbitra-bility, and found that the availability of class arbitration was a "gateway” issue for the court to decide. Anwar, 950 F.Supp.2d at 639.

3 . The Court also notes that the interlocutory appeal in that case was subsequently withdrawn. See Order, In re A2P SMS Antitrust Litig., No, 15-758, Dkt. 15 (2d. Cir. Apr. 3, 2015).

4 . In addition, given that the concept of contractual ''silence’’ arose in the peculiar circumstances present in Stolt-Nielsen, where the parties had specifically agreed that the governing arbitration language did not address class arbitration, see Oxford, — U.S. —, 133 S.Ct. 2064, 2069, 186 L.Ed.2d 113 ("The parties in Stolt-Nielsen had entered into an unusual stipulation that they had never reached; an agreement on class arbitration,” (citing Stolt-Nielsen, 559 U.S. at 668-69, 673, 130 S.Ct. 1758)), the Court is left to wonder what purpose can be served by requiring courts to make an initial determination regarding the presence (or absence) of ambiguity in a broad arbitration clause when, at least in this Circuit, precedent suggests that arbitrators are best-suited for that task.

In any event, the Court need not decide whether courts "should decide the issue of silence” because here, as in Edwards, “there is language that is capable of being construed in one of several ways on the issue.” Edwards, 2015 WL 4104718 at *12, Petitioner argues that "[t]he inclusion of the AAA [as] an alternate forum in the Agreements provides further evidence of the intent to individually arbitrate 'disputes, because it prevents parties from avoiding arbitration by simply including the words ‘class action’ or ‘collective action.’ ” Reply at 9 n. 5. The alternate reading, of course, is that AAA was included as an alternate forum to permit parties to proceed as a class or a collective even though, as Wells Fargo knows well, they otherwise would have been precluded from doing so pursuant to FINRA Rule 13204. As the Second Circuit has noted, “Rule 13204 does not prohibit the enforcement of pre-dispute waivers of class and collective action procedures,” Cohen v. UBS Fin. Servs., Inc., 799 F.3d 174, 180 (2d Cir.2015). Given the inclusion of the AAA as an alternate forum to FINRA and the absence of any accompanying class waiver, an arbitrator could find the Agreement is "arguably not-silent” as to the availability of class arbitration. Edwards, 2015 WL 4104718 at *12; see also Jock v. Sterling Jewelers Inc., 646 F.3d 113, 123 (2d Cir.2011) (arbitration agreements may implicitly agree to authorize class-action arbitration) (citations omitted).

5 . While Petitioner argues that other authority from this Circuit militates in support of its position, its cited' cases are inapposite because they do not reach the threshold question of “who decides” the question of class arbitration. See, e.g., Sutherland v. Ernst & Young LLP, 768 F.Supp.2d 547, 554 (S.D.N.Y. 2011), rev’d and remanded, 726 F.3d 290 (2d Cir.2013) (refusing to order defendant to submit to class arbitration after striking a class waiver as unenforceable); Sanders v. Forex Capital Markets, LLC, No. 11 CIV. 0864, 2011 WL 5980202, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 29, 2011) (finding that "the unavailability of class arbitration under the original agreement is not a ground for a finding of substantive uncon-scionability” where neither party argued that class arbitration was a question for the arbitrator to decide); Parisi v. Goldman, Sachs & Co., 710 F.3d 483, 488 (2d Cir.2013) (reversing district court’s finding that arbitration clause unlawfully operated as a waiver of plaintiff’s substantive right under Title VII in finding that plaintiff had no substantive entitlement to proceed via class action procedural mechanism under federal law), Petitioner also relies heavily on Magistrate Judge Francis’s opinion in Chen-Oster v. Goldman, Sachs & Co., 785 F.Supp.2d 394 (S.D.N.Y.2011), rev'd sub nom. on other grounds in Parisi v. Goldman, Sachs & Co., 710 F.3d 483 (2d Cir.2013), but, in that case, the parties agreed that the question of class arbitration should be decided' by the district court rather than the arbitrator. Chen-Oster, 785 F.Supp.2d at 400.

6 . Prior to this action being filed and prior to the Respondents initiating their arbitration proceedings, on March 20, 2014, former Wells Fargo employee Erika Williams filed a putative class and collective action complaint against Wells Fargo in the Northern District of Illinois' (the "Williams Action”). See Mem. at 4 (citing Turnbull Deck Ex. F. (the “Williams Compl.”)). Williams asserted claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, FLSA, Illinois labor law and state common law, Williams Compl, ¶ 1, challenging Wells Fargo’s practice of recouping "training costs” from financial adviser trainees’ wages if such trainees subsequently leave Wells Fargo or are terminated, Williams Compl. ¶¶ 7-8. Williams further alleged that Wells Fargo discriminated against her and other African-American financial adviser trainees. Id. ¶¶ 22-27. She sought class certification of her claims under Illinois law and 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and collective or class certification of a' sub-class of African American trainees who were forced to execute agreements requiring repayment of so-called "Training Costs” in the event of separation from the firm. Id. ¶ 20.