Garner v. Behrman Bros. IV, LLC , 260 F. Supp. 3d 369 ( 2017 )

' OPINION & ORDER

PAUL A. ENGELMAYER, District Judge:

Plaintiffs Winifred Marie Garner and Sophia Theus bring this putative class action against Behrman Brothers IV, LLC and Behrman Brothers Management Corp. (collectively, “Behrman”), seeking recovery of unpaid wages and benefits under the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act, 29 U.S.C. § 2101 et seq. (the “WARN Act”). Pending now are Behr-man’s motion to dismiss plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) under, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(7), Dkt. 42, and to drop both defendants under Rule 21, Dkt. 40. For the reasons that follow, the Court denies both motions.

I. Background

A. Factual Background¹

1. Plaintiffs’ Employment with Atherotech

Until February 26, 2016, Garner and Theus were “nominally employed” by Ath-erotech, Inc.- and Atherotech Holdings, Inc. (collectively, “Atherotech”), and worked at Atherotech facilities in Birmingham, Alabama. FAC ¶¶ 5-8. They bring this suit on behalf of themselves and more than 300 other Atherotech employees who lost their jobs when these facilities closed in 2Ó16. Id. ¶¶ 11-12;

2. The Relationship Between Atherotech and Behrman

The FAC alleges that Atherotech and Behrman operated as .a “single employer” and together “owned, operated and controlled” the Atherotech facilities at, which Garner and Theus worked. Id. ¶¶ 10, 13(m). The FAC pleads the following in support of its “single employer” claim:

In or about 2010, Behrman Brothers Management Corp. created Behrman Brothers IV, LLC for the purpose of acquiring Atherotech. Id. ¶ 13(a)-(b). In a Statement of Financial Affairs filed by Atherotech during bankruptcy proceedings on March 21, 2016, Atherotech disclosed that Behrman Brothers IV, LLC held at that time more than 90% of issued shares of Atherotech Holdings, Inc. Id. ¶ 13(c). Atherotech Holdings, Inc. in turn held a 100% interest in Atherotech, Inc. Id. ¶ 13(d).

Behrman and Atherotech shared multiple officers and directors. Such common personnel included: (1) Grant Behrman, a founding partner of Behrman Brothers Management Corp. and a director of Ath-erotech Holdings, Inc.; (2) Robert Flaherty, a former CEO of one of Behrman’s portfolio companies and a' director of Atherotech Holdings, Inc.; (3) Tom Perl-mutter, a partner at Behrman Brothers Management Corp. and a director at Ath-erotech Holdings, Inc.; (4) Mark Visser, a partner at Behrman Brothers Management Corp. and a director at. Atherotech Holdings, Inc.; and (5) Jim McClintic, a former CEO of one of Behrman’s portfolio companies, and a director of Athero-tech Holdings,' Inc. and CEO .of-Athero-tech, Inc.² Id. ¶ 13(e)-(j).

These common officers and directors helped Behrman to “at all" times main-taint ] de-facto control over the operations of Atherotech.” Id. ¶ 13(1). After Behrman acquired Atherotech, Visser “took the lead for [Behrman] in managing the Atherotech entities.” Id, Vissér communicated with McClintic by telephone and email “on a daily or near daily basis” and transmitted to McClintic Behrman’s instructions regarding the management of Atherotech. Id. McClintic carried out these instructions. Id.

Behrman ■ and Atherotech maintained common personnel policies implemented by Behrman through Visser, id.' ¶ 13(k), and Behrman “exercised complete control over the labor decisions concerning Plaintiffs and the Class Members’ employment, including the decision to shut down [the Atherotech facilities] and abruptly terminate them employment,” id. ¶ 13(n).

3. Plant Closings and Alleged WARN Act Violations

The FAC alleges that, after a failed attempt at a sale, Behrman decided to shut down Atherotech and have Atherotech file for bankruptcy. Id. ¶ 13(1). Visser communicated the news of that decision to McClintic. Id. Visser told McClintic “to keep employees in the dark about the impending shutdown” so that the employees would not leave before Behrman was ready. Id. Visser also told McClintic to hold “town hall” style meetings with Ath-erotech employees in the weeks before the shutdown and to give the employees “a false sense of hope that the company was going to continue operating.” Id.

While McClintic thus misled Atherotech employees regarding the company1 future, the FAC alleges, Behrman drafted a “purported WARN notice” regarding the plant’s closing. Id. Visser gave the notice to McClintic and, on behalf of Behrman, instructed McClintic as to how and when to distribute the WARN notice. Id. Visser told McClintic to distribute that notice after the “effective date” of the shutdown of the Atherotech facilities. Id.

On or about February 26, 2017, Garner, Theus, and some 300 or more employees who worked at or reported to the Athero-tech facilities were discharged without cause as a result of plant closings. Id. ¶¶ 11-12, 18.

Plaintiffs’ claims are under the WARN Act, which “requires employers to give sixty days’ notice to their employees before mass layoffs or plant closings.” Vogt v. Greenmarine Holding, LLC, 318 F.Supp.2d 136, 140 (S.D.N.Y. 2004). The FAC alleges that plaintiffs were not given 60 days advance written notice and did not receive wages and other employee benefits covering the 60-day period after termination. Id. ¶¶ 11, 16, 24, 29.

B. Procedural History

On September 6, 2016, plaintiffs filed an initial complaint, Dkt. 1. It sought (1) compensation for unpaid wages, salary, commissions, bonuses, accrued holiday pay, accrued vacation pay pension, 401(k) contributions, and ERISA benefits for 60 days after their termination; (2) interests on these amounts; (3) Rule 23 class certification; (4) appointment of their counsel as class counsel; and (5) attorneys’ fees and costs, as authorized by the WARN Act, id. ¶ 52.

On October 14, 2016, Behrman filed a motion to dismiss under Rules 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(7), Dkt. 9, and a memorandum of law in support, Dkt. 10. That same day, Behr-man filed a motion to drop both defendants under Rule 21, Dkt. 11, and a memorandum of law in support, Dkt. 12. On November 4, 2016, Plaintiffs filed memoranda in opposition to these motions. Dkts. 25-26. On November 10, 2016, Behrman filed reply memoranda. Dkts. 27-28. On December 15, 2016, the Court heard argument on the pending motions.

On February 7, 2017, plaintiffs filed a motion to file the FAC as an amended complaint. Dkt. 34. On February 16, 2017, Behrman filed a letter in opposition. Dkt. 38. On March 3, 2017, the Court granted the motion to file the FAC and denied as moot the pending motions directed to the underlying complaint. Dkt. 39.

On March 17, 2017, Behrman again moved to drop both defendants under Rule 21, Dkt. 40, and filed a memorandum of law in support, Dkt. 44. Behrman also moved to dismiss the FAC under Rules 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(7), Dkt. 42, and a memorandum of law, Dkt. 45, and declarations, in support. Dkts. 46 and 47. On March 31, 2017, plaintiffs filed memoranda of law in opposition to these motions, Dkts. 48-49. On April 7, 2017, Behrman filed reply memoranda, Dkts. 50-51.

II. Discussion

As noted above, Behrman moves on three grounds: first, to dismiss the PAC under Rule 12(b)(6); second, to dismiss the FAC under Rule 12(b)(7); and third, to drop both defendants under Rule 21. The Court addresses each issue in turn.

A. Rule 12(b)(6)

To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). A claim will only have “facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 663, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). A complaint is properly dismissed, where, as a matter of law, “the allegations in a complaint, however true, could not raise a claim of entitlement to relief.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 558, 127 S.Ct. 1955. Accordingly, a district court must accept as true all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint, and draw all inferences in the plaintiffs favor. ATSI Commc’ns, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87, 98 (2d Cir. 2007). However, that tenet “is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937. Thus, a pleading that offers only “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955.

As noted above, the WARN Act mandates that “an employer with 100 or more employees must, sixty days in advance of a plant closing or mass layoff, provide written notice to each affected employee or their representative, as well as the state.” In re Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., Inc., 467 B.R. 44, 53 (S.D.N.Y. 2012), aff'd sub nom. Grocery Haulers, Inc. v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., 508 Fed.Appx. 63 (2d Cir. 2013). Such written notice must contain:

(1) A statement as to whether the planned action is expected to be permanent or temporary and, if the entire plant is to be closed, a statement to that effect;

(2) The expected date when the plant closing or mass layoff will commence and the expected date when the individual employee will be separated;

(3) An indication whether or not bumping rights exist;

(4) The name and telephone number of a company official to contact for further information.

20 C.F.R. § 639.7(d)(1)-(4). “If an employer who orders a plant closing fails to give the required notice, it is liable to each affected employee for 60 days pay and benefits.” Guippone v. BH S & B Holdings LLC, No. 09 Civ. 1029 (CM), 2010 WL 2077189, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. May 18, 2010), aff'd, 737 F.3d 221 (2d Cir. 2013) (citing U.S.C. § 2104(a)(1)); see also Vogt, 318 F.Supp.2d at 140 (“A principal enforcement mechanism of the Act permits employees to seek damages from their employer in federal court in an amount equivalent to sixty days’ pay and fringe benefits when the employer fails to give proper notice of a mass layoff.”).

The WARN Act “was enacted in the wake of numerous plant closings in the 1970s and 1980s, in order to soften the blow of job loss to workers and their families by providing some advance notice to allow for transition time' to different employment.” Vogt, 318 F.Supp.2d at 140; see also Guippone, 2010 WL 2077189, at *2 (“Advance notice ‘provides workers and their families time to adjust to the prospective loss of employment, to seek and obtain alternative jobs, and, if necessary, to enter skill training or retraining that will allow workers to successfully compete in the job market.’” (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 689.1)).

“The WARN Act does not address affiliated corporate liability, such as joint or controlling employer liability, but courts have employed the Department of Labor (‘DOL’) regulations issued under the WARN Act to determine such liability.” In re Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., Inc., 467 B.R. at 53 (citing Pearson v. Component Tech. Corp., 247 F.3d 471, 490-91 (3d Cir. 2001); Austen v. Catterton Partners V, LP, 709 F.Supp.2d 168, 173-74 (D. Conn. 2010)); see also Guippone, 737 F.3d at 226 (formally adopting multi-factor test outlined in DOL regulations “as the test to be applied in this Circuit in determining whether WARN liability can be imposed on a parent company”).

“Under the [DOL] regulations promulgated pursuant to the WARN Act ... an ‘employer’ in any given case may encompass both parent and subsidiary ‘depending upon the degree of their independence.’” In re MF Glob. Holdings, Ltd., No. 13 Civ. 07218 (LGS), 2014 WL 4054281, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 14, 2014) (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 639.3(a)(2)). To determine the degree of independence, courts consider factors including “(1) common ownership, (2) common directors and/or officers, (3) unity of personnel policies; (4) dependency of operations, and (5) de facto control.” Guippone, 2010 WL 2077189, at *4.

“As in any balancing test, application of these factors requires a fact-specifíc inquiry, no one factor set out by the DOL is controlling, and all factors need not be present for liability to attach.” Guippone, 737 F.3d at 226. Of course, in conducting this balancing test, the Court does not weigh the strength of the evidence, but rather assesses only whether the FAC alleges facts which, if true, would permit a reasonable factfinder to find Behrman liable under the WARN Act. See Vogt, 318 F.Supp.2d at 144.

Here, Behrman concedes that, as to the relationship between Behrman and Ather-otech, plaintiffs “may have alleged sufficient facts to meet the first and second factors (common ownership and common directors and/or officers).” Dkt. 45 at 20. Behrman argues, however, that the FAC fails to state a claim because it fails to allege sufficient - facts as to the third) fourth, and fifth factors (unity of personnel policies, dependency of operations, and de facto control). Id. at 20-21. Behrman claims that the FAC’s pleadings as to these three elements are conclusory and therefore insufficient to allege that Behr-man was a “single employer” with Athero-tech. Id. at 21.

Viewing the DOL factors together, the Court finds that the FAC alleges “facts which, if true, would permit a jury to find [Behrman] liable for violation of the WARN Act notice provisions.” Vogt, 318 F.Supp.2d at 144-45. Four of the five factors, under the facts alleged, favor liability, including the de facto control factor, which is typically given significant consideration by the courts. Only one factor disfavors liability.

1. Factors Favoring Liability

a. Common Ownership

The common ownership factor favors liability. It inquires “whether a parent or related- entity directly owns a separate corporate entity.” Guippone, 2010 WL 2077189, at *4. Here, the FAC alleges just that — that Behrman had' a direct ownership interest in Atherotech. See FAC ¶ 13(a)-(c) (alleging that Berhman acquired Atherotech in 2010 and publicly disclosed a 90% ownership interest in 2016). Nonetheless, “the finding of common ownership ... ‘is .of .limited significance to the inquiry at hand, since it is well established that stock ownership alone is. not grounds for holding a parent liable for- its subsidiary’s actions.’ ” Guippone, 2010 WL 2077189, at *5 (quoting Vogt, 318 F.Supp.2d at 142).

b. Common Directors and/or Officers

The common directors and/or officers factor favors liability as well. It “ordinarily looks to whether the two nominally separate corporations,” here, Behrman and Atherotech, “(1) actually have the same people occupying officer or director positions with both companies; (2) repeatedly transfer management-level personnel between the companies; or (3) have officers and directors of one company occupying some sort of formal management position with respect to the .second company.” Guippone, 2010 WL 2077189, at *5. The FAC alleges that Behrman .and Atherotech had multiple common directors and/or officers. See FAC ¶ 13(e) — (j) (discussing roles of Visser, McClintic, Flaherty, Perlmutter, and Grant Behrman). However, as “ ‘[i]t is entirely appropriate for directors of a parent corporation to serve as directors of. its subsidiary,’ ” and because “ ‘courts generally presume that the directors are wearing their “subsidiary hats” and not their “parent hats” when acting for the subsidiary,’” common directors and/or officers alone “ ‘cannot be enough ... to establish liability.’ ” Guippone, 2010 WL 2077189, at *5 (quoting Vogt, 318 F.Supp.2d at 142).

c. Unity of . Personnel Policies

The unity of personnel- policies factor- also favors transfer. This factor “ ‘is analogous to the aspect in the federal labor law test concerning centralized control of labor operations, which the Second Circuit has considered to include factors such as centralized hiring and firing; payment of wages, maintenance of personnel records, benefits and participation in collective bargaining.’” Guippone, 2010 WL 2077189, at *5 (quoting Vogt, 318 F.Supp.2d at 142-43 (internal quotation marks and' citation omitted)).

- “In the context of the-WARN Act, the decision to effect a mass layoff is the single most important personnel policy.” Vogt, 318 F.Supp.2d at 143. In Vogt v. Greenmarine Holding, LLC, a complaint alleged that defendant companies “made the decision to effect the mass layoff of [a direct employer’s] employees in violation of the WARN Act notice provisions.” Id. at 143. The Vogt court found that the unity of personnel policies factor favored WARN Act liability even though the complaint contained “no allegations that the defendant entities controlled or even participated in the day-to-day personnel policies or daily labor operations of [the direct employer]” and “no indication that defendant companies played any role, in any day-today employment policies at [the direct employer’s] plant.” Id. Vogt held that allegations as to the actual termination decision could nonetheless satisfy-this factor. See id.. (“[T]he fact that the personnel policy relevant to WARN liability is alleged to have emanated directly from [the defendants] eount[s] strongly in favor of WARN liability for those entities.”).

Significantly, Vogt was decided before “the more rigorous pleading standards applicable since [Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955],” Guippone, 2010 WL 2077189, *t *7. As a result, courts have since declined to find that the unity of personnel policies factor favors liability where a complaint’s allegations as to the defendants’ involvement in the termination decision forming the crux of the WARN Act claim were no more than con-clusory. See id. at *6 (“[W]hile the allegation that defendants directed the employment loss that triggered this lawsuit would otherwise carry considerable weight under this factor, given the conclusory nature of plaintiffs assertions, it does not counsel in favor of liability here from a joint employer status.”).

Here, the FAC alleges that Behrman made the decision to shut down Atherotech and terminate Atherotech’s employees in violation of the WARN Act. Id. These allegations are not fairly termed conclusory. The FAC alleges that it was Behrman that made the ultimate decision to shut down Atherotech, drafted a purported WARN notice, and, through Visser, communicated the shutdown decision to McClintic and gave McClintic specific instructions as to how to communicate with — and mislead— employees regarding Atherotech’s future. See FAC ¶ 13 (l) (alleging instructions to McClintic to hold “ ‘town hall’ style meetings” to falsely reassure employees, and instructions “dictating] the timing and method of distribution of the purported WARN notice”); cf. Guippone, 2010 WL 2077189, at *6 (discounting “broad and conclusory assertions, which fail to name any specific actions taken by specific defendants” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

Moreover, here, more than in Vogt, the FAC alleges that Behrman played a key role in Atherotech’s day-to-day personnel policies or daily labor operations. The FAC alleges that Visser, acting on behalf of Behrman, put into place Atherotech’s common personnel policies and “took the lead for [Behrman] in managing the Atherotech entities.” FAC ¶ 13((). According to the FAC, “on a daily or near daily basis, via telephone and email,” Visser spoke with McClintic and gave McClintic instructions, on Behrman’s behalf, regarding the management of Atherotech, “which McClintic was expected to carry out.” Id.

While the FAC alleges that Visser held a position at Atherotech as a board member at Atherotech Holdings, Inc., the FAC specifically alleges that, with respect to the conduct giving rise to the alleged WARN Act violations, Visser was acting on behalf of the defendant Behrman entities, in his role as a Behrman partner. Id. ¶ 13(i). It alleges that Visser managed the Athero-tech entities “for the Defendants,” id. ¶ 13(l), and that, with respect to Athero-tech personnel policies, Behrman acted “through Mark Visser,” id. ¶ 13(k). The FAC characterizes Visser as an information conduit between Behrman and Ather-otech, alleging specific instances in which Visser provided McClintic with “Defendants’ instructions,” including, as noted, the instance in which Visser relayed instructions regarding distribution of the WARN notice drafted by Behrman. Id. ¶ 13 (l).

Accordingly, the Court finds that the ■unity of personnel policies factor weighs strongly in favor of liability.

d. De Facto Control

Finally, the factor of de facto control favors liability. “The core of this factor is whether one company was the decision-maker responsible for the employment practice giving rise to the litigation.”' Guippone, 737 F.3d at 227 (quoting In re APA Transp. Corp. Consol. Litig., 541 F.3d 233, 245 (3d Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Guippone, 737 F.3d at 227 (“ ‘[T]he de facto exercise of control prong allows the factfinder to consider whether the parent has specifically directed the allegedly illegal employment practice that forms the basis for the litigation.’ ” (quoting Pearson, 247 F.3d at 491 (internal quotation marks omitted))).

In Guippone v. BH S & B Holdings LLC, the Second Circuit characterized the de facto control factor as key. It explained that, “ ‘because the balancing of the [DOL] factors is not a mechanical exercise, if the de facto exercise of control was particularly striking — for instance, were it effectuated by disregarding] the separate legal personality of its subsidiary[ — ]then liability might be warranted even in the absence of the other factors.’ ” 737 F.3d at 228 (quoting Pearson v. Component Tech. Corp,, 247 F.3d 471, 504 (3d Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). In Guippone, the Circuit vacated a grant of summary judgment to a defendant on a WARN Act claim, and remanded to allow the claim to go forward, finding that, as to the de facto control factor, there was “sufficient evidence from which a jury could conclude that [the parent] directed the layoffs with no regard to [the subsidiary] separate corporate form.” 737 F.3d at 228.

Similarly, in Vogt, the district court denied in part a motion to dismiss a WARN Act complaint, holding that “the allegation that [defendants] directed [plaintiffs’ direct] employer to enter bankruptcy and shut its facilities, is sufficient to warrant discovery into plaintiffs’ claims.” 318 F.Supp.2d at 144. The Court found that, “[w]hile the other factors cited in the DOL test taken together do not conclusively weigh in plaintiffs’ favor, the de facto control element tips the balance towards plaintiffs for purposes of these motions to dismiss.” Id. at 145.

Here, the FAC alleges, as noted, that Behrman (a) decided that Atherotech should shut down and enter bankruptcy; (b) communicated this decision to McClintic through Visser; (c) instructed McClintic how to deceive employees regarding the shutdown; (d) drafted a purported WARN notice, and (e) instructed McClintic on how to distribute that notice after the shutdown. See FAC ¶ 13(¿). This very conduct forms the basis for Plaintiffs’ WARN Act claims.

The allegations here resemble those in Austen v. Catterton Partners V, LP, where the complaint alleged that the defendants “made the decision to file for bankruptcy, shut down the [direct employer’s] facilities, and terminate their employees.” 709 F.Supp.2d 168, 177 (D. Conn. 2010). The district court found that such allegations as to the “precise decisions with which the WARN Act is concerned[,] ... [t]aken together, ... [led] to an inference that Defendants exercised de facto control over the [direct employer].” Id. The Austen court rejected defendants’ argument that such allegations were “too broad and con-clusory to survive a motion to dismiss.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

The Court similarly finds here. The FAC’s allegations of Behrman’s exercise of de facto control over Atherotech, and of Visser’s regular instructions on behalf of Behrman to McClintic regarding the daily management of Atherotech, strongly weigh in favor of liability.

2. Factor Disfavoring Liability

The one factor that disfavors liability is the dependency of operations factor. It “addresses three areas of overlap between related corporations; (1) sharing of administrative or purchasing services, (2) interchanges of employees or equipment, or (3) commingled finances.” Guippone, 2010 WL 2077189, at *6. The FAC does not contain allegations as to these areas. However, no one factor is disposi-tive, Guippone, 737 F.3d at 226, and the absence of allegations as to dependency of operations does not alone prevent a finding of liability, see Vogt, 318 F.Supp.2d at 143 (complaint survives- motion -to dismiss against defendants alleged to have directed shutdown notwithstanding absence of allegations as to dependency of operations).

3. DOL Factors: Conclusion

Considering the DOL factors in combination, the FAC’s allegations would support a jury finding of Behrman’s liability foir WARN Act violations. The'factors of common ownership, common directors and/or officers, unity of personnel policies, and de facto control all favor transfer, and outweigh the only countervailing factor, dependency of operations. The Court therefore denies Behrman’s motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).

B. Rule 12(b)(7)

A party may" seek dismissal under Rule 12(b)(7) for failure to join a necessary party under Rule 19. It requires a district court to “dismiss an action where a parly was not joined only if: (1) an absent party is required, (2) it is not feasible to join the absent party, and (3) it is determined ‘in equity and good conscience’ that the action should not proceed among the existing parties.” In re Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., Inc., 467 B.R. at 58 n.9 (quoting Republic of Phil. v. Pimentel, 553 U.S. 851, 862-63, 128 S.Ct. 2180, 171 L.Ed.2d 131 (2008)).

To determine whether an absent party is “required,” the' Court looks to whether:

(1) in the person’s absence complete relief cannot be accorded among those already parties or (2) the person claims an interest relating to the- subject of the action and is so situated that the disposition of the action in the person’s, absence may (i), as a practical matter impair or impede the person’s ability to protect that interest or (ii) leave any of the persons already parties subject to a substantial risk of incurring double, multiple, or otherwise inconsistent obligations by reason of the claimed interest.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(a). “With respect to the second prong of Rule 19(a), ‘there must be more than an unsupported assertion that [the non-joined party] has a claim to that interest.’ ” Dunn v. Standard Bank London Ltd., No. 05 Civ. 2749 (DLC), 2006 WL 217799, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 30, 2006) (quoting Jonesfilm v. Lion Gate Int'l, 299 F.3d 134, 140 (2d Cir. 2002)).

“Where a court makes a threshold determination that a party is necessary under Rule 19(a) and joinder of the absent party is not feasible for jurisdictional or other reasons, the court must then determine whether the party is ‘indispensable’ under Rule 19(b).” Dunn, 2006 WL 217799, at *2 (citing Universal Reins. Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 312 F.3d 82, 87 (2d Cir. 2002)). It provides that “[t]he court shall determine whether in equity and good conscience the action should proceed among the parties before it, or should be dismissed, the absent person being thus regarded as indispensable.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(b). Rule 19(b) sets forth “factors to be considered by the- court” in determining whether an absent party is indispensable, which include:

first, to what extent a judgment rendered in the pérson’s absence might be prejudicial to the person or those already parties; second, the extent to which, by protective provisions in the judgment, by the shaping of relief, or other-measures, the prejudice can be lessened or. avoided; third, whether a judgment rendered in the person’s absence will be adequate;, fourth, whether the plaintiff will have an adequate remedy if the action is dismissed for nonjoin-der. .

Id.

In its motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(7), Behrman challenges plaintiffs’ failure to join Atheroteeh, which Behrman contends is a necessary and indispensable party under Rule 19. Dkt. 45 at 13. Behr-man asserts — and plaintiffs do not squarely dispute, see Dkt. 49 at 4 — ’that Athero-tech cannot feasibly be joined because plaintiffs missed the deadline to file claims against Atheroteeh, which is in bankruptcy proceedings, Dkt. 45 at 13. Behrman alleges that Atheroteeh is necessary as “a primary participant in the underlying dispute” and “the only entity with access to most of the relevant facts, records, and witnesses needed to litigate this dispute.” Id. at 14-16. Disputing the factual premise of the FAC, Behrman claims that Athero-tech and not Behrman made, the challenged decisions as to facility closing, employee termination, and notification. Id. at 14, 16.

A plaintiff asserting a single employer claim under the WARN Act, however, may choose not to namie a direct employer without foundering on Rule 19, as the Supreme Court has held that joint tortfeasors are not indispensable parties under Rule 19(a), See Temple v. Synthes Corp. Ltd., 498 U.S. 5, 8, 111 S.Ct. 315, 112 L.Ed.2d 263 (1990). According to the Advisory Committee Notes to Rule 19(a),- “a tortfeasor with the usual ‘joint-and-several’ liability is merely a permissive party .to an action against another with like liability.” 28 U.S.C.App. P. 595. “Courts have held that since a tortfeasor who is found liable can seek contribution from a joint tortfeasor, defendants are not prejudiced by the failure to join all tortfeasors in one action.” Chang Young Bak v. Metro-N. R. Co., No. 12 Civ. 3220, 2013 WL 1248581, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2013).

A direct employer, in the context of a WARN Act claim brought under a single employer theory, is such a joint tortfeasor. Law v. Am. Capital Strategies, Ltd., No. Civ. 3:05-0836, 2007 WL 221671, at *18 (M.D. Tenn. Jan. 26, 2007). In Law v. American Capital Strategies, Ltd., the plaintiffs, employees of a common carrier company, Service Transport, .alleged that “shutdowns and/or layoffs at Service Transport were not conducted in accordance with the WARN Act.” Id. at *7. Because Service Transport had become “a defunct liquidating company under the protection of the United States Bankruptcy Court in Delaware,” id. at *1, plaintiffs brought their WARN Act claims only against American Capital Strategies, Ltd. (“American Capital”) — a company that had invested capital in, and provided consulting services to, Service Transport — and alleged that American Capital and Service Transport were “a single employer under the WARN Act,” id. at *1, *13 n.1. The district court rejected American Capital’s motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(7) for failure to join the direct employer, Service Transport. It held that “[t]he allegations in this case suggest that, if anything, Service Transport was a joint tortfeasor or co-conspirator in the alleged failure to comply with the WARN Act by failing to provide notice 60 days or more prior to the closings and layoffs,”. Id. at *18. The Court explained that, “because of joint and several liability, joint tortfeasors and coconspir-ators are not indispensable parties under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure”; Rule 19(a) does pot require joinder of an absent party that, can later be held responsible for contribution or indemnification. Id.; see also Vogt, 318 F.Supp.2d at 137 (allowing WARN Act .claims to proceed in suit not naming plaintiffs direct employer, and noting that, “[bjecause [the direct employer] is in bankruptcy proceedings, it is [not] possible ... to sue the company itself’).

Behrman does not cite any contrary case law, i.e., cases holding that a WARN Act claim based on a single employer theory may not go forward without suing plaintiffs’ direct employer. Instead, Behrman cites a series of cases in which courts considered corporate subsidiaries to be necessary parties where the parent and subsidiary were alleged to be separate legal entities and where the parent’s liability was based on wrongdoing by the subsidiary. See Freeman v. Nw. Acceptance Corp., 754 F.2d 553, 555 (5th Cir. 1985) (subsidiary necessary where, “[a]lthough [parent company] was the only named defendant, the conduct complained of was that of [the parent’s] wholly-owned subsidiary”); Rubier v. Unum Provident Corp., No. 04 Civ. 7102 (DC), 2007 WL 188024, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 25, 2007) (subsidiary necessary where subsidiary “is still a separate legal entity with separate rights and obligations from [the parent company], and it is [the subsidiary’s] rights and obligations that are at the heart of this case”); Nowakowski v. Kohlberg, No. 89 Civ. 5621 (RWS), 1991 WL 3028, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 8, 1991), aff'd, 951 F.2d 1267 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (dismissing, for failure to join an entity, patent claims brought by employee of that entity where plaintiff did “not claim that either [defendant] ever infringed his patent” and “[t]he only connection between the defendants and the patent is through [the absent entity]”). These cases do not include WARN Act claims. And none involve an claim of liability against a parent based on the parent’s own alleged wrongdoing. Here, in contrast, crediting the FAC as the Court must at this stage, Behrman itself is alleged to have violated the WARN Act through its own conduct— its own decisions to shut down Atherotech, to fire Atherotech’s employees, and not to give those employees proper notice. See FAC ¶ 13(Z). Behrman cites no authority that, in such a context, Atherotech is a necessary party.

Accordingly, the Court denies Behr-man’s motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(7).

C. Rule 21

Rule 20(a) permits the joinder of multiple plaintiffs if: “(A) they assert any right to relief jointly, severally, or in the alternative with respect to or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences; and (B) any question of law or fact common to all plaintiffs will arise in the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(1). Both elements are required for a proper joinder of plaintiffs. Deskovic v. City of Peekskill, 673 F.Supp.2d 154, 159 (S.D.N.Y. 2009); Moore’s Federal Practice § 21.02[1] (3d ed. 2009) (“Failure to satisfy either prerequisite for permissive joinder constitutes misjoinder of parties.”).

“If a court concludes that defendants have been improperly joined under Rule 20, it has broad discretion under Rule 21 to sever parties or claims from the action.” Deskovic, 673 F.Supp.2d at 159-60. Rule 21 provides as follows:

Misjoinder of parties is not a ground for dismissing an action. On motion or on its own, the court may at any time, on just terms, add or drop a party. The court may also sever any claim against a party-

Fed. R. Civ. P. 21.

In moving to drop both defendants under Rule 21, Behrman contends that both defendants have been “mis-joined” because Behrman cannot be considered plaintiffs’ employer under the DOL test. See Dkt. 44 at 12-21. Behrman’s Rule 21 motion largely reiterates its claims for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6). See id. But it also contests many factual allegations in the FAC, including as related to Behrman’s involvement in the decision to shut down Atherotech, Behrman’s ownership interest in Atherotech, and Visser’s alleged conduct. Id.

In support of its alternative factual narrative, Behrman offers two declarations by Visser. Dkt. 44, Ex. A-B. It would be improper for the Court to consider these declarations in a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) because for that purpose the Court must accept the FAC’s factual allegations as true. See ATSI Commc’ns, Inc., 493 F.3d at 98. But, in its motion under Rule 21, Behrman invites the Court to conduct the DOL analysis anew, this type premised on Behrman’s version of the facts as set forth in the Visser declarations. In support, Behrman notes that courts have considered defendants’ affidavits in resolving Rule 21 motions. See In re Rezulin Prods. Liability Litig., 133 F.Supp.2d at 281.

This is an improper use of Rule 21. Defendants cannot bypass the standard of review of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion by relabeling the motion as one under Rule 21. Were the Court to simply drop both defendants, such a ruling would effectively dismiss the case. But “[m]isjoinder of parties is not a ground for dismissing an action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 21. And, while Behrman’s version of the facts may ultimate be proven true, the Court, at this stage, cannot presume that such is so.

And the cases on which defendants rely for the proposition that “[c]ourts frequently apply Rule 21 to drop the lone defendant or all defendants from an action,” Dkt. 44 at 28, are far afield. In New Generation Christian Church v. Rockdale Cty., Ga., the Northern District of Georgia allowed a plaintiff to “amend its own name” by ordering “that New Generation True Holiness Church be JOINED as plaintiff, and ... that New Generation Christian Church be DISMISSED as plaintiff.” No. 1:12 Civ. 02138 (JEC), 2014 WL 1304911, at *3, *6 (N.D. Ga. Mar. 27, 2014). In Brown v. Yellow Transp., Inc., the District of Kansas allowed a plaintiff to amend at her own request — her complaint to substitute the defendant with an affiliated corporate entity that she now understood to have been her employer. No. 07-2556 (JWL) (DJW), 2008 WL 1995075 (D. Kan. May 6, 2008). In Petroleum Data Servs., Inc. v. First City Bancorporation of Tex., Inc., the District of Kansas directed the plaintiff to amend the complaint— which had been brought against “First City Bancorporation of Texas, Inc., d/b/a First City National Bank of Midland” to delete First City Bancorporation of Texas and to assert claims solely against that entity’s subsidiary, First City National Bank of Midland. 622 F.Supp. 1022, 1026 (D. Kan. 1985); the Court did so after at argument, “the parties agreed [the parent company] was not a necessary party to this action.” Id. Finally, in Pilgrim v. Ar-tus, the Northern District of New York, on a motion for summary judgment, substituted the Department of Correctional Services (“DOCS”) and the DOCS Commissioner in for a correctional facility superintendent after a pro se plaintiff challenged a DOCS policy under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-l et seq. No. 9:07 Civ. 1001 (GLS) (GHL), 2010 WL 3724881, at *1 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 17, 2010). None of these cases is convincing authority to permit defendants to use Rule 21 to stop this action in its tracks. Each involves wholly distinguishable circumstances, largely involving the removal of parties that both sides agreed did not belong in the case, and involving decisions by courts to allow the substitution of an entity for a sole defendant or plaintiff so as to permit the case to proceed.

Accordingly, the Court exercises its “broad discretion in ruling on a motion brought-under Rule 21,” Glendora v. Malone, 917 F.Supp. 224, 227 (S.D.N.Y. 1996), and denies Behrman’s motion to drop both defendants.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons above, the Court denies Behrman’s motion to dismiss under Rules 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(7) and denies Behrman’s motion to drop -both defendants under Rule 21. The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to close the motions pending at Dkts. 40 and 42. The parties are directed to, within' two weeks of this order, submit' a joint letter to the Court outlining & pro-' posed schédule for next steps in the case, which contemplates the completion of fact discovery within four months.

SO ORDERED.

1 . The Court draws these facts principally from the FAC, Dkt. 34-1. See DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable LLC, 622 F.3d 104, 111 (2d Cir. 2010) ("In considering a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), a district court may consider the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached to the complaint as exhibits, and documents incorporated by reference in the complaint."). For purposes of the motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court accepts all factual allegations in the FAC as true, drawing all reasonable inferences in plaintiffs’ favor. See Koch v. Christie’s Int’l PLC, 699 F.3d 141, 145 (2d Cir. 2012). Solely for purposes of the motions under Rules 12(b)(7) and 21, the Court considers facts outside the pleadings. See Dumann Realty, LLC v. Faust, 267 F.R.D. 101, 101 n.1 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (“When reviewing a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(7), the Court may consider documents and facts outside the pleadings.”); In re Rezulin Prods. Liability Litig., 133 F.Supp.2d 272, 281 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (considering- affidavits filed by defendants in evaluating a Rule 21 motion).

2 . The FAC alleges that Atherotech, Inc. had no board of directors. Id. ¶ 13(j).