Gardner v. Printup , 2 Barb. 83 ( 1847 )

Gridley, J.

The questions presented for the consideration of the court arose upon the seventh clause of the will, which is as follows: “ I do bequeath to my grandchildren, David H. Printup and Joseph H. Printup, sons of William H. Printup, the proceeds of a bond and mortgage I hold against Aaron Briggs and William Schenck, for their use and benefit.” The testator made his will on the 20th of February, 1840, and' died on the 11th day of April, 1842, without in any manner revoking or altering the same. One of the legatees, Joseph H. Printup, died about six months before the testator. The bond and mortgage which were the subject of this bequest, were executed on the 13th of November, 1837, and were respectively conditioned to pay $8000, in six annual instalments, with annual interest on all sums unpaid. The securities were given for a part of the purchase price of a farm sold to the mortgagors by the testator; and it appears from the testimony in the case, that soon after the making of the will he regarded them as doubtful security for the amount, with the amount of interest due thereon. And with the view of getting a partial payment, or additional security, he placed them in the hands of an attorney with directions to foreclose the mortgage, unless some part of the moneys due should be paid, or additional security should be given. Proceedings Were accordingly commenced for the collection of the moneys due Upon the bond, which resulted in a sale by the mortgagors to Nicholas Yost, of a part of the premises described in the mortgage, for the sum of $5000; of which $1700 was paid in cash to the testator, and receipted on the mortgage; and the balance was secured by the bond of Nicholas and George Yost for $3300, executed directly to the testator, «and endorsed by him as a payment upon the mortgage. The evidence shows that, as between the testator and the mortgagors, this was understood to be an absolute payment of the amount secured by the Yost bond. But I infer that it was not' the intention of the testator to relinquish the lien of the mortgage upon the part of the premises conveyed to N. Yost, as a collateral security for the moneys secured by the $3300 bond. I draw this conclusion from the statement made by the witness George Yost; who says that Mr. Printup refused to execute to his father a formal release of the premises purchased by him, but said that he would never enforce the mortgage against those premises, if the purchase price should be paid to him as agreed. It also appeared that during the lifetime of the testator, he received upon the Yost bond the sum of $1515, and at a later period the additional sum of $126.

I. The first question which is material to be decided is, whether the legacy bequeathed to David H. and Joseph H. Printup, is a specific, or a general pecuniary legacy. It is undoubtedly true that the courts have manifested a disposition to regard legacies as general instead of specific, to prevent the contingency of their being defeated by the destruction of the security, or the loss of the fund, out of which they were to have been paid. Accordingly, in several cases in which the testator had specified the fund out of which the sum bequeathed was by the will to be paid, and where, in his lifetime, he had disposed of the fund to other purposes, it was held that his prevailing intention was to give a sum of money lo the legatee, and that the reference to the fund or security was merely an intimation to his executors of that portion of his estate out of which it would be most expedient to pay the sum bequeathed. In these cases the legacies were adjudged to be general, and were ordered to be satisfied out of the testator’s estate, notwithstanding the fund or security had been disposed of before his death. The following belong to this class of cases. (Pulsford v. Hunter, 3 Bro. C. C. 416. Pawlet’s case, T. Raym. 335. Ambler, 566. 2 Ves. jr. 639. Boys v. Williams, 2 Russ. & Myl. 689. Id. 699. 1 Bro. C. C. 472. Ambler, 59. 2 Mad. 223.)

This, however, is clearly a specific-legacy. The testator does not bequeath a certain sum of money, and direct that it shall : be paid out of the proceeds of this mortgage; but he gives the j “proceeds” specifically. He does not give a sum of money, f equal to the amount secured by the mortgage, nor equal in l amount to the sum that was due upon it at the time of making / the will. In other words, he does not make a bequest of a sum of money at all, but of a particular security specified by him, or more strictly speaking, of the “ proceeds ” of that security. Indeed the counsel for the surviving legatee does not claim that this is a general legacy. He however insists that such an interpretation is to be given to the word “proceeds” as to embrace not only the proceeds or avails of the bond and mortgage, which should happen to be on hand at the death of the testator, and capable of being traced and identified as such; but also a sum of money equal to what had been received or collected by the testator, in his lifetime, although used by him in the payment of his debts, or otherwise mingled with and sunk in his general estate. To this construction it seems to me there are several objections. (1.) It would convert this legacy, which is conceded to be specific, into a general pecuniary bequest, and thus prevent the application to it of the principle of ademption, which is universally applicable to the former class of legacies. (9 Ves. 360. 2 P. Wms. 328. 4 Ves. 568. 2 Cox, 180. 2 Ves. 623. 5 Mad. 209.) (2.) The legacy, being specific, as we have already seen, the “proceeds” must exist in some form at the death of the testator, or the principle of ademption applies. This proposition is not denied, but it is argued that they do exist after they have been collected by him and lost in his estate, in the shape of a quasi deposit for the legatee. I cannot assent to this reasoning. As I have already said, it confounds the distinction between specific and general legacies. The “proceeds” of the bond and mortgage may exist in as distinct a form as the original securities, or they may have been lost and have ceased to exist as a separate entity. Of the truth of this proposition the facts of this very case furnish a striking illustration. When, therefore, any part of the proceeds have been used in the payment of debts or otherwise, so as to have lost their separate existence and identity as such proceeds, the legacy is pro tanto, adeemed. There is no substantial difference between the application of the principle to a case like this, and to the case of a bequest of a specific debt or security, which, if paid in whole or in part, is adeemed pro tanto, whether the payment was voluntary or compulsory. (Barker v. Rayner, 5 Mad. 208. Ambler, 569. 9 Ves. 360. 4 Id. 574.) (3.) The parol evidence in the case (which is admissible for that purpose upon the authority of Monck v. Monck, (1 Ball & Beatty, 298,) fortifies the presumption that the ademption was intended by the testator. He had already bestowed upon the legatees a much larger share of his property than upon any of his other grandchildren. He had devised to them, or one of them, a certain farm which was incumbered by an outstanding mortgage, and when he spoke of receiving the moneys from Yost, he declared his intention to apply them to the payment of this incumbrance. It can hardly be presumed that he meant (as he must have done if the construction contended for be the true one,) thus to add to the very liberal provision which he had already made in favor of these legatees. For these reasons I think that the surviving legatee is not entitled to be reimbursed out of the testator’s estate, for the moneys received by him either upon the mortgage or upon the Yost bond.

II. The second question to be considered, is, as to what is embraced and intended by the words “proceeds of the bond and mortgage.” I have already in part discussed and disposed of this question. The counsel for the several heirs, whose interest is adverse to that of the surviving legatee, insist that the legacy is merely a bequest of the bond and mortgage, as securities, and that the $3300 bond was an absolute payment of so much of the debt; so that the legacy was reduced, at the death of the testator, to what was actually due upon those securities at that time. In the view which I entertain of the case it is not very material how this point is determined. Nevertheless, I think the court is bound to give effect to all the words employed by the testator in describing the subject matter of the bequest. When he made his will he regarded the security of the mortgage a scanty one; and he probably anticipated that other securities, either as payment of, or as collateral to, the bond and mortgage, might be given. The will speaks at the death of the testator; and if, at that time, the Yost bond can be fairly regarded as a part of the “proceeds” of the original bond and mortgage, it must of necessity pass by the bequest. I am of the opinion, however, that it was something more than mere “proceeds.” It was a substitute for, and a collateral representation of the mortgage, to the amount of $3300. I say collateral, because it represented a part of the debt which was still secured by the mortgage. The mortgage was still a subsisting lien upon the premises purchased by Nicholas Yost, and this bond of N. and G. Yost was only a collateral security for the debt to that amount. It is true that, in equity, Briggs and Schenck were discharged from the personal obligation to pay; and the land retained by them was relieved from the lien of the mortgage, to the extent of the $5000. But the testator expressly refused to release from his mortgage lien the premises bought by Yost; and only gave the purchaser an assurance not to enforce it if the $5000 should be paid. If, however, the $3300 bond had not been paid, he might have enforced his mortgage, for that amount, against the premises in the hands of Yost. If I am right in this conclusion, it may be assumed not only that what remained due upon the Yost bond was literally the proceeds of the original securities, but that the sum in question was actually still due upon and secured by the mortgage; the Yost bond being no more than a collateral security to that amount. The case of Walton v. Walton, (7 John. Ch. Rep, 258,) is conclusive authority to show that a change of the subject matter of a legacy into a different fund, does not defeat the bequest. In that case it was held that the moneys collected and paid in to trustees, upon the expiration of the charter of the U. S. Bank, passed under a bequest of the testator’s interest in 30 shares of the said stock. In the same case it was also decided that a legacy of two shares in the Western Inland Lock Navigation Company, was not adeemed or extinguished, notwithstanding this stock had, in the lifetime of the testator, been, by some arrangement, increased to six shares; and after that, by an act of the legislature, the whole stock had become vested in the state, and a certain sum had been paid to the stockholders as a compensation for its value. A fortiori, in this case, the moneys due upon the Yost bond, at the death of W. I. Printup, passed as a part of the legacy.

III. The only remaining question relates to the right of the. surviving legatee to the whole legacy, notwithstanding the death of his brother. It seems to be settled by the authorities that when a legacy is given to two or more persons jointly, as here, the survivor will take the whole, although the others die in the lifetime of the testator. It has even been held that this consequence would follow, notwithstanding the testator revoked the interest originally given to either of them; for each is a taker of the whole, but not solely: for the whole is bequeathed to both, and not a moiety to each. (See 2 Atk. 220; Ambler, 126, 175; 3 Ves. 629, 632; 1 Vern. 217, 425 ; 3 Bro. C. C. 15; Dickens, 392.) It has been argued, however, that it is a fair ■conclusion that the testator did not intend to give this right of survivorship to the subject of this bequest, because in the third clause of his will he made express provision in favor of the surviving legatee. That clause, however, embraced a devise of real estate as well as a bequest of personal, and therefore, since the enactment of our statute, it was necessary to confer the right of survivorship in the real estate by express language, or the survivor would not take. There is nothing, therefore, to prevent the application of the authorities I have cited upon this point, and they are certainly conclusive.

The surviving legatee is consequently entitled to the whole •of the legacy.

Decree accordingly.